scholarly journals Conversion of Crude Glycerol from by-Product Biodiesel into Bio-additive of Fuel through Acetylation Reaction based on Modified Zeolite Catalyst

ALCHEMY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heny Dewajani ◽  
Windi Zamrudy ◽  
Hadi Saroso ◽  
Satria Paramarta ◽  
Wahyudianto Mulya
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
By Products

<p class="BodyAbstract">Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels produced from the transesterification reaction between triglycerides and alcohols with glycerol by-products. So far, the resulting crude glycerol has not been maximally utilized because of its low purity. So, it is necessary to purify glycerol before turning it into a more useful compound. The purified glycerol can be reacted with acetic acid within esterification reaction (acetylation process) using an acid catalyst to produce glycerol triacetate (triacetin). One of the uses of triacetin as an additive in gasoline and biodiesel. The purpose of this study is to utilize glycerol from by-products from biodiesel production to bio-additive materials that can improve fuel quality and are environmentally friendly. The method used in this study begins with the purification of crude glycerol, modification of zeolite catalyst with impregnated of nickel metal followed by an acetylation reaction which held on temperature of 100°C for 60 min. The experimental results are analyzed using base titration to determine the remaining unreacted acids and are applied as bio-additives by adding them to commercial fuels and measured the increasing octane numbers. The result shows that the reaction conversion increases with increasing mole ratio of reactants and catalysts with the best results in the mole ratio of acetic acid and glycerol is 9:1 and catalyst 5% by weight of acetic acid with a conversion of 66.02%. As bio-additives the reaction product could increase the octane number of commercial fuel by 6.5 up to 8.5%.</p><p> </p>Keywords: glycerol, acetylation reaction, mofified zeolite, bio-additive

scholarly journals Synthesis of Nano-Sized Protonic Acid Catalyst and Initial Kinetic Study of Esterification Reaction of Methanol with Acetic Acid

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4988-4994
Author(s):  
Jianjun Zhu ◽  
Qiuqing Cui ◽  
Jiangping Peng ◽  
Li Li Zhang ◽  
Zhongqing Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Protonic Acid

scholarly journals Production of biodiesel from Annona muricata seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 01011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-Leong Wong ◽  
Waye-Hong Lim ◽  
Jet Si ◽  
Man-Kee Lam ◽  
Yeek-Chia Ho
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Temperature Time

Biodiesel is one of the effective alternative fuels to overcome the problems associated with environmental issues and energy crisis. However, the production of biodiesel from edible oil has provoked the food versus fuel dispute. Thus, a non-edible crop, Annona muricata, is selected as the raw material to produce oil for biodiesel production. In this study, A. muricata oil was extracted with n-hexane at 70 °C for 6 h. Subsequently, the oil was transesterified with methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce biodiesel. The significance of transesterification parameters including temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and oil-to-methanol ratio on biodiesel yield (%) was established through two-level factorial design. The factorial design shows that all parameters are significant. Besides, the high content of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) in the resultant biodiesel suggests that A. muricata biodiesel could display good fuel quality. This hypothesis is proven by the excellent calorific value (39.21 MJ kg-1).

scholarly journals Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using S–TiO2/SBA-15 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hossain ◽  
Md Siddik Bhuyan ◽  
Abul Md Ashraful Alam ◽  
Yong Seo
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The aim of this research was to synthesize, characterize, and apply a heterogeneous acid catalyst to optimum biodiesel production from hydrolyzed waste cooking oil via an esterification reaction, to meet society’s future demands. The solid acid catalyst S–TiO2/SBA-15 was synthesized by a direct wet impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated using analytical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was studied to validate the experimental results. The catalytic effect on biodiesel production was examined by varying the parameters as follows: temperatures of 160 to 220 °C, 20–35 min reaction time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio between 5:1 and 20:1, and catalyst loading of 0.5%–1.25%. The maximum biodiesel yield was 94.96 ± 0.12% obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 200 °C, 30 min, and 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio with 1.0% catalyst loading. The catalyst was reused successfully three times with 90% efficiency without regeneration. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be within the limits set by the specifications of the biodiesel standard. This solid acid catalytic method can replace the conventional homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Rufino da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Peçanha Ramos ◽  
Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda ◽  
Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase ◽  
Niobic Acid

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60∘C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200∘C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Sulfonated Mesoporous Silica-Carbon Composite Derived from a Silicate-Polyethylene Glycol Gel and Its Application as Solid Acid Catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Shofiyya Julaika ◽  
Agus Farid Fadli ◽  
Widiyastuti Widiyastuti ◽  
Heru Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Solid acid catalyst is a promising alternative to the counterpart homogeneous acid for esterification reaction from the viewpoint of reusability and environmental concerns. This work aims to develop sulfonated mesoporous silica-carbon composite as solid acid catalyst for the esterification. The catalyst was synthesized from sodium silicate as the silica precursor and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both carbon precursor and template via a sol-gel route in an aqueous system. Then, it was carbonized to produce mesoporous silica-carbon composite. Using the proposed method, the surface area of the silica-carbon composite could reach as high as 1074.21 m2/g. Although the surface area decreased to 614.02 m²/g when it was functionalized with sulfonate groups, the composite had a high ionic capacity of 5.3 mEq/g and exhibited high catalytic activity for esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol. At a reaction temperature of 80 °C, the acetic acid conversion reached 76.55% in 4 h. In addition, the catalyst had good reusability, which can be comparable with the commercial catalyst Foltrol F-007. It appears that the sulfonated silica-carbon composite prepared from sodium silicate using PEG as the carbon source a promising candidate as catalyst for esterification and the related area. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

Synthesis of Zeolite Catalyst from Geothermal Solid Waste for Crude Glycerol Dehydration to Acrolein

2020 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Widayat ◽  
John Philia ◽  
Thariq Farsha ◽  
Fahmi Rifaldi
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Glycerol Dehydration ◽  
Ft Ir

Limited reserves of conventional fossil fuels have led people to come up with alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that mostly produced nowadays. Glycerol as byproduct of biodiesel production can be converted to acrolein trough dehydration reaction. Acrolein is an important intermediate for the production of chemicals product and also used for agricultures. Application of various catalyst in glycerol dehydration to acrolein has been reported. Zeolite is a micro-porous, alumino-silicate mineral that can be used as catalyst for this reaction. Geothermal solid waste contains silica that can be used as zeolite catalyst raw material. In this research, zeolite catalyst was synthesized from geothermal solid waste in hydrothermal reactor at 150°C for 8 hours. The catalyst product was characterized by EDX and showed that the zeolite catalyst was analcime type. BET characterization showed that this catalyst has mesoporous surface area. Catalyst application on glycerol dehydration was occurred in fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. This process produced liquid product and analysed by FT-IR. The FT-IR result showed that the liquid product contains acrolein. The variation amount of catalyst in dehydration process affect to the glycerol conversion. The increasing of catalyst amount enhanced glycerol conversion.

scholarly journals Utilization of Biodiesel By-Products for Biogas Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Kolesárová ◽  
Miroslav Hutňan ◽  
Igor Bodík ◽  
Viera Špalková
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Degradation ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Cakes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biodiesel Purification ◽  
Washing Water ◽  
By Products

This contribution reviews the possibility of using the by-products from biodiesel production as substrates for anaerobic digestion and production of biogas. The process of biodiesel production is predominantly carried out by catalyzed transesterification. Besides desired methylesters, this reaction provides also few other products, including crude glycerol, oil-pressed cakes, and washing water. Crude glycerol or g-phase is heavier separate liquid phase, composed mainly by glycerol. A couple of studies have demonstrated the possibility of biogas production, using g-phase as a single substrate, and it has also shown a great potential as a cosubstrate by anaerobic treatment of different types of organic waste or energy crops. Oil cakes or oil meals are solid residues obtained after oil extraction from the seeds. Another possible by-product is the washing water from raw biodiesel purification, which is an oily and soapy liquid. All of these materials have been suggested as feasible substrates for anaerobic degradation, although some issues and inhibitory factors have to be considered.

Anaerobic treatment of biodiesel by-products in a pilot scale reactor

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Kolesárová ◽  
Miroslav Hutňan ◽  
Viera Špalková ◽  
Rastislav Kuffa ◽  
Igor Bodík
Keyword(s):  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Volumetric Loading ◽  
By Products

AbstractIn this work, long-term operation of a pilot scale mixed anaerobic reactor processing crude glycerol and rapeseed meal is discussed. These materials are generated as by-products of biodiesel production. Mixed reactor was operated under mesophilic conditions for the period of 654 days. Total cumulative production of biogas reached 379 m3 (at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature). Maximum volumetric loading achieved during the operation was 2.17 kg m−3 d−1 for the crude glycerol dose of 2 L. When dosing crude glycerol as a single substrate, average specific production of biogas of 0.76 m3 per L of the g-phase was achieved. The lack of nutrients in the g-phase had to be compensated by an addition of ammonium nitrogen in the form of urea into the reactor. Long term processing of crude glycerol demonstrated that accumulation of dissolved inorganic salts in the reactor can lead to inhibition of the methanogenic activity of microorganisms, causing breakdown of the system. Co-fermentation of crude glycerol with rapeseed meal provided stable biogas production and it was shown to be a feasible way of anaerobic degradation of these substrates. At the maximum volumetric load of 1.33 kg m−3 d−1 (500 mL of g-phase and 500 g of rapeseed meal), the average biogas production reached 0.58 m3 d−1.

The Control of Attached Acid Groups on Sulfonated Polystyrene Nanospheres through the Design of Material Structure

2012 ◽  
Vol 182-183 ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
Xiao Ning Tian ◽  
Zhong Qing Jiang ◽  
Li Li Zhang ◽  
Li Juan Luo ◽  
X.S. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Sulfonated Polystyrene ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Polystyrene Nanospheres ◽  
Sulfonic Acid Groups

Linearlinking polystyrene nanospheres (LPSs) with uniform size dispersion were synthesized by the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization method. And with the adding of divinylbenzene (DVB) crosslinking polystyrene nanospheres (CPSs) was also prepared. It was found out that the partical size of prepared nanospheres changed with the continuous increment of added DVB. The sulfonation of resultant polystyrene nanospheres yielded solids with sulfonic acid groups. The relationship between nanospheres material structure and attached acid groups was investigated in detail. It was observed that the amount of added DVB is the main factor which can affect the amount and thermal stability of attached sulfonic acid groups. The catalytic performance of resultant solid acid catalysts was evaluated through the esterification reaction of methanol with acetic acid. Moreover, the prepared sulfonated polystyrene nanospheres show higher acetic acid conversion than the commercial one, therefore the sulfonated nanospheres could be an excellent potential replacement for liquid acid catalyst.

scholarly journals Archaeal Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Co- and Terpolyesters from Biodiesel Industry-Derived By-Products

Archaea ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Hermann-Krauss ◽  
Martin Koller ◽  
Alexander Muhr ◽  
Hubert Fasl ◽  
Franz Stelzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Volumetric Productivity ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Haloferax Mediterranei ◽  
Average Molar Mass ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Pure Glycerol ◽  
By Products

The archaeonHaloferax mediterraneiwas selected for production of PHA co- and terpolyesters using inexpensive crude glycerol phase (CGP) from biodiesel production as carbon source. CGP was assessed by comparison with the application of pure glycerol. Applying pure glycerol, a copolyester with a molar fraction of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) of 0.90 mol/mol and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) of 0.10 mol/mol, was produced at a volumetric productivity of 0.12 g/Lh and an intracellular PHA content of 75.4 wt.-% in the sum of biomass protein plus PHA. Application of CGP resulted in the same polyester composition and volumetric productivity, indicating the feasibility of applying CGP as feedstock. Analysis of molar mass distribution revealed a weight average molar massMwof 150 kDa and polydispersityPiof 2.1 for pure glycerol and 253 kDa and 2.7 for CGP, respectively; melting temperatures ranged between 130 and 140°C in both setups. Supplyingγ-butyrolactone as 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) precursor resulted in a poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate] (PHBHV4HB) terpolyester containing 3HV (0.12 mol/mol) and 4HB (0.05 mol/mol) in the poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) matrix; in addition, this process runs without sterilization of the bioreactor. The terpolyester displayed reduced melting (melting endotherms at 122 and 137°C) and glass transition temperature (2.5°C), increased molar mass (391 kDa), and a polydispersity similar to the copolyesters.

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