PPARG-LYPLAL1 Multi-Allelic Combination Associated with Obesity and Overweight in Mexican Adolescent Females

Objective: We studied multi-loci variants to identify the contribution of six candidate genes (ADIPOQ, CDH13, LYPLAL1, MC4R, PPARG and PGC1A) in the development of obesity and overweight.Design: We genotyped 404 chromosomes with eleven SNPs in Mexican female adolescents, who were subdivided into two groups (obesity-overweight and normal-weight) using the World Health Organization parameters. Genomic (800 chromosomes) and ancestral (208 chromosomes) controls were included to reduce the population bias. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and caloric intake were obtained only in the groups of Mexican female adolescents.Results: A positive genotype-phenotype association was found that involves the multi-allelic combination of three risk alleles (one in PPARG and two in LYPLAL1) with obesity and overweight (OR=3.1, P=.010). This combination also exhibited a significant association with waist circumference (P=.030) and triglycerides levels (P=.030). These associations were supported by a logistic regression analysis adjusted for several confounding variables.Conclusions: Our data suggest the joint participation of PPARG-LYPLAL1 genes in metabolic disorders development. Hence, these genes could act as potential biomarkers in obesity and overweight. Our findings underscore the complexity of metabolic disorders and provide evidence about the importance of multi-loci analysis to study complex diseases.Ethn Dis. 2016;26(4):477-484; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.477

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Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre mulheres eutróficas

Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas ◽

10.9771/cmbio.v11i2.6682 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

Marcela Ribeiro da Costa ◽

Durval Sobreiro Júnior ◽

Crésio Alves

Keyword(s):

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Font Size ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Skin Fold ◽

Methods Of Evaluation ◽

Health Organization ◽

Body Compositions

Introdução - Apesar da ampla utilização e significativa correlação do IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) com o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade, estudos recentes sugerem pouca associação dos valores intermediários de sobrepeso com o percentual de gordura corporal, o que pode subestimar a prevalência de elevada adiposidade e seus riscos à saúde. Métodos - Este estudo comparou o diagnóstico de mulheres consideradas eutróficas pelo critério de IMC preconizado pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde) com a avaliação segundo o cálculo do percentual de gordura corporal aferido por pregas cutâneas. Foram analisadas as fichas de avaliação física de duzentas e quatro alunas matriculadas em uma academia exclusiva para mulheres de Salvador, Bahia, em 2010. Foram analisados peso, altura, prega cutânea tricipital, supra-ilíaca e coxa, além dos cálculos de IMC e percentual de gordura corporal através do programa EVO®. Resultados - Foi observado que apenas 25,95% das mulheres eutróficas pelo valor do IMC permaneceram com mesmo diagnóstico nutricional após avaliação do percentual de gordura corporal. A prevalência de obesidade, segundo o IMC, foi de 6,37% da amostra total, enquanto essa prevalência entre mulheres eutróficas pelo IMC, após avaliação da composição corporal, foi de 38,17%, 6 vezes maior. Observou-se, também, influência da idade na adequação do IMC e percentual de gordura corporal. Discussão - Os achados deste estudo foram compatíveis com outros resultados encontrados na literatura, sugerindo subdiagnóstico do sobrepeso e da obesidade através da classificação do IMC e a necessidade da associação de métodos para uma avaliação clínica mais adequada e um diagnóstico do estado nutricional mais preciso. Abstract Introduction: The BMI (Body Mass Index) is the major parameter currently recommended by the WHO (world health organization) to determine the diagnosis and the treatment to obesity and overweight. The intermediate BMI classification could underestimate the diagnosis when is compared with other evaluation methods. Methods: the aim of this paper is show the relationship between normal BMI and the high percentage body fat evaluated by skin fold thicknesses protocol (Pollock, 1984) in woman from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. We compared the classification diagnosis based in BMI and skin fold thicknesses in 204 women age between 20 to 59 years. Results: in our sample, according with the classification based in BMI 74% of subjects was considered normal weight. When we analyzed the skin fold classification only 26% remain with the same diagnosis. Conclusions: Our outcome shows the role of the BMI in the diagnosis of the obesity and overweight must to be considerated and added to other methods of evaluation of the body compositions a skin fold protocols.

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Impact of obesity on hypertension: A review

IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science ◽

10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2021.007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

Abdussalam

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Health Problems ◽

World Health ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Extreme Obesity ◽

Biological Mechanisms ◽

Ideal Weight ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Health Organization

The primary cause of extreme obesity and overweight is a disparity between energy consumption and expenditure. Obesity is technically described as the excess deposition of 20% or more body fat over a person's ideal weight of body. The latter is an individual's maximum healthy value, which is measured primarily based on age, build, height, and degree of muscular growth. Obesity, on the other hand, is diagnosed by comparing an individual's weight to his or her height and calculating the BMI. The NIH has set a maximum of 30 kg/m2 as the threshold for being considered obese. As a result, amid World Health Organization warnings, obesity is on the rise in children and adults around the world. Obesity's rise, as well as the scope of related health problems, has significant ramifications for both people and public healthcare systems. Obesity is linked to increased chances of injury, sickness, and death, and it is one of the world's most overlooked public health problems. Obesity is linked to cardiac problems, which are the primary cause of death globally especially hypertension and diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying obesity-related hypertension and other metabolic disorders have yet to be thoroughly studied. We looked at the connection among obese and heart disease, specifically the biological mechanisms that link obese and hypertension, in this study.

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POS0561 OBESITY PHENOTYPES IN EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2961 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 515.1-515

Author(s):

Y. Gorbunova ◽

T. Popkova ◽

L. Kondrateva ◽

M. Cherkasova ◽

E. Nasonov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

World Health ◽

Early Ra ◽

Metabolically Healthy

Background:Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and obesity have a lower risk of early death than patients with normal weight due to the so-called “obesity paradox”. Available publications discuss three phenotypes of obesity: classical obesity, metabolically healthy overweight/obesity, and latent obesity (normal weight associated with metabolic disorders, most importantly - with insulin resistance and adipocytokines imbalance).Objectives:To clarify the prevalence of obesity phenotypes and to identify factors predisposing to «latent obesity» in early RA without diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia.Methods:The study included 35 pts (23 women, 12 men) with early RA (criteria ACR / EULAR, 2010), 56 [43,0; 60,0] years old, naïve to treatment with glucocorticoids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatics, without established diabetes mellitus. Pts were seropositive for IgM RF and anti-CCP, with highly active RA (DAS28 5,9 [5,2; 6,4]; SDAI 35,4 [27,0; 45,8], and CDAI 31,0 [26,0; 44,0]) scores, and median disease duration of 8.0 [6,0;15.0] months. Electrochemiluminescence assay Elecsys (Roche Diagnostics) was used to measure patients’ insulin levels, and ELISA (DBS – Diagnostics Biochem Canada Inc.) - for evaluation of serum leptin concentrations. Insulin resistance (IR) was defined as Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index (HOMA-IR) ≥2,77. Leptin levels were considered elevated at values ≥11,1 ng/ml for women, ≥5,6 ng/ml for men. The overweight/obesity status was determined by World Health Organization criteria in pts with body mass index (BMI) ≥25kg/m2.Results:Overweight/obesity were documented in 19 (54, 3%) pts with early RA, 4/19 (21%) had high leptin levels and IR, 11/19 (58%) had isolated hyperleptinemia. Normal BMI was found in 16 (45,7%) pts with early RA, 2/16 (12,5%) had elevated leptin levels and IR, and 6/16 (37,5%) – only hyperleptinemia. Four (21%) out of 19 overweight and 8 (50%) out of 16 pts with normal BMI did not show any metabolic disorders (p=0,02). Сlassical obesity was found in 15 (43%), and latent obesity – in 8 (23%) pts with early RA. Leptin levels correlated with waist circumference (r=0,58, p=0,02), BMI (r=0,71, p=0,0006), ESR (r=0,5, p=0,02) in the overweight/obese pts, and with waist circumference (r=0,59, p=0,03), IgM RF (r=0,58, p=0,03), triglyceride levels (r=0,77, p=0,003), and atherogenic index (r=0,62, p=0,03) in pts with normal weight.Conclusion:The classical obesity phenotype associated with abdominal obesity and inflammation was the most common and prevailing over other phenotypes in early RA. Latent obesity was less common and was associated with an unfavorable lipid profile and accumulation of abdominal fat, therefore increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in RA. Metabolically healthy overweight/obesity in early RA was really a rare phenotype.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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AB0421 EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT ON COMPLEMENT LEVELS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4097 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1510.3-1510

Author(s):

L. Kondrateva ◽

T. Popkova ◽

E. Nasonov ◽

A. Lila

Keyword(s):

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Normal Weight ◽

World Health ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Obesity Status ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Complement System

Background:The complement system is a recognized biomarker for diagnosis or monitoring of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (pts). But on the other hand, it has been linked to insulin resistance and obesity in general population.Objectives:To find out whether overweight/obesity can modify C3 or C4 levels in SLE pts.Methods:A total of 92 SLE pts (83 women, 9 men, 39 [34;47] years old) were enrolled in the study. Median disease duration was 6[2;14] years, and SLE activity using SLEDAI-2K was 4[2;8]. SLE pts were treated with glucocorticoids (89%), hydroxychloroquine (78%), immunosuppressants (28%), biologics (10%). The overweight/obesity status was determined by World Health Organization criteria in patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥25kg/m2.Results:Overweight/obesity were established in 46% SLE pts. Overweight/obese SLE pts were older than pts with normal BMI (40[36;48] vs 37[31;44] years, р=0,02), and had lower SLEDAI-2K (3[2;6] vs 6[4;8], p<0,01). Lower C3 concentrations were found in 36% overweight/obese pts vs 68% pts with normal weight (р<0,01), decreased C4 levels - in 19% vs 30% pts (p=0,33), median C3 concentrations were 0,98[0,81;1,14] g/l vs 0,84[0,69;0;96] g/l (р<0,01), and C4 levels were 0,15[0,10;0,19] g/l vs 0,12[0,09;0,16] g/l, respectively (p=0,03). C3 and C4 levels negatively correlated with SLEDAI-2K (r=-0,5, p<0,01 for both), the effect was more strongly pronounced in patients with BMI≥25kg/m2 (r=-0,6, p<0,01 for both) than in those with normal weight (r=-0,2, p=0,09 for C3, r=-0,3, p=0,04 for C4).Conclusion:Overweight/obesity status in SLE pts was associated with increased levels of complement proteins, therefore decreased C3 or C4 levels in patients with BMI≥25kg/m2 are more likely related to disease activity and, can potentially induce SLE flares.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

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Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Amongst Bahraini Adolescents Aged 12-15 years Attending Primary Care Health Centers

Journal of the Bahrain Medical Society ◽

10.26715/jbms.2019.1_26022019b ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 37-43

Keyword(s):

Normal Weight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

World Health ◽

Morbidly Obese ◽

Electronic File ◽

Final Sample ◽

Younger Age ◽

Primary Care Health ◽

Care Health ◽

Health Organization

Background and objective: The increase in obesity amongst adolescents is one of the most important public health concerns in many countries, including the Kingdom of Bahrain. The objective of the current study was to measure the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Bahraini adolescents. This study will aid in a better understanding of the issue and in pursuing preventive measures and campaigns to alleviate the problem. Methods: The weight, height, and body mass index of 9057 Bahraini adolescents was obtained from the Ministry of Health via the nation-wide health electronic file—I-Seha. The final sample consisted of 8463 adolescents; of which 4687 and 3776 were female and males, respectively. References standards from the World Health Organization were used to qualify the adolescents into normal weight, underweight, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 42.3%. Among females the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 21.5% and 20.8%, respectively, whereas in males. the prevalence was 18% and 24.3%, respectively. The lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity was among males aged 15 years (36.4%) and highest among males aged 12 years (47.4%). While in females the prevalence of overweight and obesity was lowest and highest amongst 15-year-olds (38.3%) and 12-year-olds (48.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high in adolescents in the Kingdom of Bahrain, especially in the younger age group. This increases the urgency to undertake measures to control the problem in the younger population, in order to reduce serious outcomes.

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Characterisation and correlates of stunting among Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6–19 years

Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics ◽

10.1017/gheg.2019.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Uttara Partap ◽

Elizabeth H. Young ◽

Pascale Allotey ◽

Manjinder S. Sandhu ◽

Daniel D. Reidpath

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Normal Weight ◽

World Health ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Older Children ◽

Normal Height ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Health Organization

AbstractBackgroundDespite emerging evidence regarding the reversibility of stunting at older ages, most stunting research continues to focus on children below 5 years of age. We aimed to assess stunting prevalence and examine the sociodemographic distribution of stunting risk among older children and adolescents in a Malaysian population.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data on 6759 children and adolescents aged 6–19 years living in Segamat, Malaysia. We compared prevalence estimates for stunting defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) references, using Cohen's κ coefficient. Associations between sociodemographic indices and stunting risk were examined using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors.ResultsThe classification of children and adolescents as stunted or normal height differed considerably between the two references (CDC v. WHO; κ for agreement: 0.73), but prevalence of stunting was high regardless of reference (crude prevalence: CDC 29.2%; WHO: 19.1%). Stunting risk was approximately 19% higher among underweight v. normal weight children and adolescents (p = 0.030) and 21% lower among overweight children and adolescents (p = 0.001), and decreased strongly with improved household drinking water sources [risk ratio (RR) for water piped into house: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.30–0.41, p < 0.001). Protective effects were also observed for improved sanitation facilities (RR for flush toilet: 0.41, 95% CI 0.19–0.88, p = 0.023). Associations were not materially affected in multiple sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsOur findings justify a framework for strategies addressing stunting across childhood, and highlight the need for consensus on a single definition of stunting in older children and adolescents to streamline monitoring efforts.

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Repurposing of Chloroquine and Its Derivative, Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: Implications for People Living with HIV in Africa

10.20944/preprints202004.0395.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chiagoziem Otuechere

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

World Health ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Short Term ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Proven Efficacy ◽

Health Organization ◽

Living With Hiv

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. Unfortunately, finding a vaccine or developing drugs from the scratch is a time-consuming luxury given the widespread and high fatality rates of the virus. In the short term, repurposing of drugs already in use seem to be the most rational step to quickly and effectively curb the virus. Several antiviral agents had been proposed as possible remedies, but the 4-aminoquinolines, Chloroquine (CHQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCHQ) appear to be generating more interest. They are generic, cheaply available and have proven efficacy against malaria parasites in Africa. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), on the other hand, targets the immune system thereby reducing the patient’s ability to fight infections. Sadly, 68% of the global HIV burden occur in Africa. It is therefore anticipated that incidence of severe forms of COVID-19 could occur in Africa because of associated endemic conditions that compromise the immune system. With CHQ and HCHQ being considered for clinical use against COVID-19, there is a need to highlight their potential merits and confounding variables in the subgroup of patients with or without HIV.

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Time-trends of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren in Kuwait over a 13-year period (2007–2019): repeated cross-sectional study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021003177 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-39

Author(s):

Abdullah Al-Taiar ◽

Nawal Alqaoud ◽

Ali H. Ziyab ◽

Faheema Alanezi ◽

Monica Subhakaran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Measured Weight ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Health Organization ◽

Objectively Measured

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to examine age-specific trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren in Kuwait over a 13-year period (2007 to 2019) using the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) definitions. Design: Using cross-sectional approach, Kuwait Nutrition Surveillance System (KNSS) objectively measured weight and height of schoolchildren over a 13-year period. Log-binomial regression models were used to examine age-specific trends of obesity and overweight over the study period. Setting: Public primary, middle, and high schools in all provinces of Kuwait. Participants: Schoolchildren aged 5-19 years (N 172 603) Results: According to the WHO definition, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren respectively increased from 17.73% and 21.37% in 2007 to 20.19% and 28.39% in 2019 (P for trends<0.001). There is evidence that the obesity in females (but not males) has levelled off in the period 2014-2019 according to the three definitions of obesity, which is corroborated by a similar trend in the mean of BMI-for-age Z score. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity and overweight in schoolchildren in Kuwait has risen over the last 13 years and trends are similar across all definitions. Obesity is no longer increasing at the same pace and there is evidence that the prevalence of obesity in females has plateaued. The current level of childhood overweight and obesity is too high and requires community-based and school-based interventions.

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Actividad física realizada por escolares españoles según edad y género (Physical activity carried out by Spanish schoolchildren according to age and gender)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i39.77252 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 238-245

Author(s):

José Eugenio Rodríguez-Fernández ◽

Javier Rico-Díaz ◽

Pedro Josué Neira-Martín ◽

Rubén Navarro-Patón

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

World Health ◽

School Sports ◽

Health Promotion And Education ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

And Gender ◽

Health Organization ◽

Educación Primaria ◽

Out Of School

Estilos de vida poco saludables, asociados a casos de sedentarismo, obesidad y sobrepeso, constituyen un grave problema de salud de la población infantil en España. A pesar de los esfuerzos de organismos como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) por promover programas de promoción y educación para la salud en los colegios, los índices de sobrepeso y obesidad siguen siendo muy elevados en nuestro país. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de actividad física en escolares españoles de 5º y 6º de educación primaria. Participaron 1009 estudiantes de 10 y 12 años (Medad = 10.85, DE = 0.79), empleando como instrumento para la recogida de datos el Inventario de Actividad Física Habitual para Escolares (IAFHE). Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto del género y la práctica deportiva fuera del colegio (NPFC) (p < .001), la práctica de actividad física durante el recreo (AFDR) (p < .001) y la práctica de actividades sedentarias (PAS) (p < .001); también, respecto de la edad y la AFDR (p = .001). Los niños practican mayor cantidad de actividad física que las niñas dentro y fuera del colegio, pero, en ambos casos, están por debajo de las recomendaciones de la OMS, debiendo reflexionar sobre los hábitos saludables fomentados desde la educación física escolar. Abstract. Unhealthy lifestyles, associated with cases of sedentary lifestyle, obesity and overweight, constitute a serious health problem for children in Spain. Despite the efforts of organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), to promote health promotion and education programs in schools, rates of overweight and obesity remain very high in our country. The objective of this study was to determine the level of physical activity in Spanish students of 5th and 6th grade of primary education. A total of 1009 students of 10 and 12 years old (Mage = 10.85, DE = 0.79), responded the Inventory of Habitual Physical Activity for Schoolchildren (IAFHE), used as the instrument for data collection. The results show statistically significant differences by gender and out-of-school sports practice (NPOS) (p < .001), physical activity during recess (PADR) (p < .001) and sedentary activities (PSA) (p < .001); by age and PADR as well (p = .001). Boys practice more physical activity than girls in and out of school, but, in both cases, they are below WHO recommendations, which should arouse a reflection on healthy habits promoted through school physical education.

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Implementation of the Nutritional Health Promotion Center in University Students of the Faculty of Mexicali Medicine

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 192-192

Author(s):

Nadia Ivanna González Ezquivel ◽

Mitzy Dafne Ramírez Romero ◽

Josefina Ruiz Esparza ◽

Carlos Olvera Sandoval ◽

Daniela González Valencia

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

University Students ◽

Average Energy ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Nutritional Health ◽

Health Organization ◽

Index Value

Abstract Objectives To implement the Nutritional Health Promotion Center (CEPSAN) in the population student of the Mexicali medical school during 2019. Methods Descriptive study. It was performed in university students and external volunteers, both sexes; each participant had a nutritional medical history; anthropometric measurement, estimation of the Body Mass Index and analysis of body composition by electrical bioimpedance in ioi 353 equipment; total energy expenditure was determined and an individualized food plan was provided, a challenge system based on the health recommendations of the World Health Organization 2012 was established, food consumption frequency questionnaire (one week) was applied. The results were coded and captured in The Food Processor ESHA version 2016 to estimate nutrients, the protocol was repeated every 15 days. Results Nutritional consultations were carried out with initial medical assessment to a total of n = 84 participants, 50% (n = 42) were university students and the other 50% were external volunteers. 52% of university students were normal weight, while 34% overweight, 12% obese and 2% underweight. 71% of external volunteers were overweight and obese. The average energy consumption in university students was 3000 kcal per day, a guideline to indicate an adequate consumption in quality and quantity during nutritional counseling. The average waist-to-hip index value in university women was 0.82 and in men 0.93, both below the risk point. In external volunteers, the waist-to-hip index was 0.87 and 0.95, women and men, respectively. Conclusions In the first stage of CEPSAN, it was possible to standardize the general care procedure, the timely identification of health risk in patients and the promotion of nutritional health through individualized meal plans. Funding Sources Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente, 2019. UABC-PTC-775.

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