Testing a Mediational Model of Sexually Aggressive Behavior in Nonincarcerated Perpetrators

This study examined a psychological model of male sexually aggressive behavior toward women. Forty-seven men who reported completing or attempting acts that legally represent rape in most states and 56 nonviolent men completed measures assessing early home environment, attitudes regarding women and relationships, impulsive behaviors, and peers’ characteristics. As predicted, sexually aggressive behavior was associated with exposure to negative childhood experiences with fathers. These experiences included reports of emotionally distant, uncaring fathers and witnessing father-perpetrated domestic violence. The relationship between poorer fathering and sexually aggressive behavior was partially mediated by impulse control problems as a young adult. Although having delinquent peers and endorsements of hostile attitudes toward women and rigid sex-role beliefs, predicted perpetration, contrary to expectations, neither mediated the relationship between poorer fathering and perpetration.

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Factor Validation and Refinement of the Sex-Role Questionnaire and its Relationship to the Attitudes toward Women Scale

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3c.1155 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1155-1174 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Richard L. Smith ◽

David W. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Sex Role ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Sensitivity Factor ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Item Questionnaire ◽

Scale Total Score ◽

Separate Factor ◽

The Common ◽

The Relationship

Separate factor analytic studies of the 82-item Sex-role Questionnaire and of its original 38 stereotypic items were performed to evaluate and extend previous structural analyses. The 82-item questionnaire and the 55-item Attitudes Toward Women Scale were administered to 208 female and 243 male tennis players. Results yielded three orthogonal Sex-role Questionnaire factors accounting for 33% of the total variance. This structure also held for the 38 stereotypic items. Loadings on an unrotated first principal axis yielded a description of Social Desirability. After rotation, variance spread to an Assertiveness Factor (10%), a Sensitivity Factor (12%), and a Rationality Factor (11%). From these factors were derived three highly reliable 15-item scales. The three scales combined to produce a refined 45-item Sex-role Questionnaire with an over-all reliability alpha of .83. The correlation between the 82-item instrument total score and the 55-item attitude scale total score was a low .25. The common variance was primarily attributable to the relationship between the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and the Sensitivity Factor. This relationship was enhanced little by refinement of the Sex-role Questionnaire.

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The Relationship of Sex, Sex Role, and Mental Health

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb00727.x ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 573-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Deana Dorman Logan ◽

Ellyn Kaschak

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Sex Role ◽

Well Being ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Role Identification ◽

Health Differences ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Mental health differences due to sex, sex-role identification, and sex-role attitudes were investigated using 109 undergraduate students. Females reported higher levels of depression and anxiety. Both males and females with more liberal scores on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale scored higher on the Well-Being Scale of the California Psychological Inventory. No differences due to androgyny were found.

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The Influence Of Misogynous Rap Music On Sexual Aggression Against Women

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00287.x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 195-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Christy Barongan ◽

Gordon C. Nagayama Hall

Keyword(s):

Aggressive Behavior ◽

Sexual Aggression ◽

Rap Music ◽

Cognitive Distortions ◽

Neutral Condition ◽

Sexually Aggressive ◽

The Relationship ◽

Female Confederate

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cognitive distortions concerning women on sexually aggressive behavior in the laboratory. Twenty-seven men listened to misogynous rap music and 27 men listened to neutral rap music. Participants then viewed neutral, sexual-violent, and assaultive film vignettes and chose one of the vignettes to show to a female confederate. Among the participants in the misogynous music condition, 30% showed the assaultive vignette and 70% showed the neutral vignette. In the neutral condition, 7% showed the sexual-violent or assaultive vignette and 93% showed the neutral vignette. Participants who showed the sexual-violent or assaultive stimuli reported that the confederate was more upset and uncomfortable in viewing these stimuli than did participants who showed the neutral vignette. These findings suggest that misogynous music facilitates sexually aggressive behavior and support the relationship between cognitive distortions and sexual aggression.

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Relationships between Sex-Role Orientation and Attitudes toward Women as Managers

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1979.45.3.828 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 828-830 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Michael Collins ◽

L. K. Waters ◽

Carrie Wherry Waters

Keyword(s):

Sex Role ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Role Orientation ◽

Sex Role Orientation ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Managerial Roles ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between attitudes toward women performing in managerial roles and sex-role orientation was examined by correlating scores on subscales of the Women as Managers Scale with scores derived from the Bern Sex-role Inventory within homogeneous biological sex samples of 117 males and 222 females. Within each sex sample there were modest, but significant, relationships between sex-role orientation and attitudes toward women as managers; the direction of the relationships was significantly different for males and females. Those males and females who were more sex-stereotyped toward their own biological sex were less favorable about women performing in managerial roles.

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Relationship between Sex-Role Attitudes and Attitudes toward Violence among Incarcerated Male Juvenile Offenders

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.552 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 552-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christine E. Daley ◽

Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Offenders ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Juvenile Delinquents ◽

Sex Role ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Sex Role Attitudes ◽

Attitudes Toward Violence ◽

Violent Acts ◽

The Relationship

The purpose was to investigate the relationship between sex-role attitudes, as measured by the Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents, and attitudes toward violence, as measured by the Attitudes Toward Violence Survey, among 81 incarcerated male juvenile delinquents. No association was found between sex-role attitudes and sensitivity toward violence; however, a statistically significant relationship emerged between sex-role attitudes and propensity toward violence. Specifically, offenders who reported the most traditional attitudes toward women's rights and roles were more apt to report that they would engage in violent acts if they were certain of not being punished. Implications are discussed.

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An Exploration of Self-Reported Sexually Aggressive Behavior

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0011128785031002009 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 306-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Christine Alder

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Aggressive Behavior ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Sexual Aggression ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Feminist Literature ◽

Sexually Aggressive ◽

Using Data

Using data from the final wave of a longitudinal study of males, this article examines propositions derived from feminist literature regarding male attributes that may distinguish sexually aggressive males from others. The findings suggest that the most important factor is the presence of sexually aggressive friends. In its effect this factor interacts with (1) attitudes legitimizing sexual aggression against women and (2) service in Vietnam. More general attitudes toward women, alienation, and education appear to have indirect effects. Overall, the findings are consistent with arguments in the feminist literature concerning influences on rape or sexually aggressive behavior.

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Sex-Role Identification and Goal Orientation in Teenage Females

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1979.44.2.363 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 363-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sharon L. Rakowski ◽

Jonelle M. Farrow

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Goal Orientation ◽

Junior High ◽

Sex Role ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Career Goals ◽

Role Identification ◽

Sex Role Stereotyping ◽

Traditional Careers ◽

The Relationship

The present research examined the relationship between sex-role stereotyping and career goals of young women from a junior high and high school. Questionnaires administered include measures of attitudes toward women, careers, and goal orientation. Although most subjects ( n = 57 of 91) chose careers within traditional sex-typed areas, there were differences between both career and sex-role attitudes of junior high and the high school females who selected non-traditional careers.

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The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Gender-Role Orientation in Four National Samples

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001.28.2.78 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 78-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stefan J. Troche ◽

Nina Weber ◽

Karina Hennigs ◽

Carl-René Andresen ◽

Thomas H. Rammsayer

Keyword(s):

Gender Role ◽

Sex Role ◽

Role Orientation ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Gender Role Orientation ◽

Left Hand ◽

Fourth Finger ◽

And Gender ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Abstract. The ratio of second to fourth finger length (2D:4D ratio) is sexually dimorphic with women having higher 2D:4D ratio than men. Recent studies on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation yielded rather inconsistent results. The present study examines the moderating influence of nationality on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation, as assessed with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, as a possible explanation for these inconsistencies. Participants were 176 female and 171 male university students from Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden ranging in age from 19 to 32 years. Left-hand 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in men than in women across all nationalities. Right-hand 2D:4D ratio differed only between Swedish males and females indicating that nationality might effectively moderate the sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D ratio. In none of the examined nationalities was a reliable relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation obtained. Thus, the assumption of nationality-related between-population differences does not seem to account for the inconsistent results on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation.

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