A Longitudinal, Multilevel Analysis of Homicide Against Children Aged 0–9 Years Using State-Level Characteristics: 1979–2007

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Douglas ◽  
Jennifer Vanderminden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Longitudinal Growth Modeling ◽  
Over Time

Annually, over a thousand children are the victims of homicide in the United States Homicide among younger children, 0–9 years of age, is usually perpetrated by parents and caregivers. Researchers neither have tracked changes in the homicide rate among young children over time nor have they used theory to understand what factors may drive these changes. In this analysis of state-level data, we used longitudinal growth modeling and ecological theory to examine changes in homicide rate against children aged 0–9 years from 1979 to 2007. Our results indicate that states are relatively consistent, over time, in their homicide rates. Furthermore, a cultural context of criminal and risky behavior is positively associated with homicide against children. We discuss implications for future research and prevention.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

Distribution and capacity utilization in the United States: evidence from state-level data

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-267
Author(s):  
Luke Petach
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coordination Failure ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Us States ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Strategy I

Applying previously unused regional data to the problem of wage- versus profit-led growth, this paper estimates a demand-and-distribution system for a panel of US states for the years 1974 to 2014. Using variation in minimum-wage policy across states as an instrument for the labor share, I find that – at a regional level – the United States is strongly wage-led. In the absence of a satisfactory econometric identification strategy, I estimate the distributive curve non-parametrically. The results suggest the presence of significant non-linearities, with US states exhibiting profit-squeeze dynamics at low levels of capacity utilization and wage-squeeze dynamics at high levels. These results suggest difficulties for wage-led policy akin to a coordination failure.

scholarly journals Mask adherence and rate of COVID-19 across the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie B. Fischer ◽  
Nedghie Adrien ◽  
Jeremiah J. Silguero ◽  
Julianne J. Hopper ◽  
Abir I. Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
General Public ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
High Adherence ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Public Health Officials

AbstractMask wearing has been advocated by public health officials as a way to reduce the spread of COVID-19. In the United States, policies on mask wearing have varied from state to state over the course of the pandemic. Even as more and more government leaders encourage or even mandate mask wearing, many citizens still resist the notion. Our research examines mask wearing policy and adherence in association with COVID-19 case rates. We used state-level data on mask wearing policy for the general public and on proportion of residents who stated they always wear masks in public. For all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC), these data were abstracted by month for April ⍰ September 2020 to measure their impact on COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month (May ⍰ October 2020). Monthly COVID-19 case rates (number of cases per capita over two weeks) >200 per 100,000 residents were considered high. Fourteen of the 15 states with no mask wearing policy for the general public through September reported a high COVID-19 rate. Of the 8 states with at least 75% mask adherence, none reported a high COVID-19 rate. States with the lowest levels of mask adherence were most likely to have high COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month, independent of mask policy or demographic factors. Mean COVID-19 rates for states with at least 75% mask adherence in the preceding month was 109.26 per 100,000 compared to 249.99 per 100,000 for those with less adherence. Our analysis suggests high adherence to mask wearing could be a key factor in reducing the spread of COVID-19. This association between high mask adherence and reduced COVID-19 rates should influence policy makers and public health officials to focus on ways to improve mask adherence across the population in order to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.

Why Who Cleans Counts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Davis ◽  
Theodore Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Level Data ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Childhood Home ◽  
Over Time

While housework is an often-studied phenomenon, Why Who Cleans Counts frames the performance of housework as a way to understand power dynamics within couples. Using couple-level data from the United States-based National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,906), we perform Latent Profile Analysis to identify five categories, or classes, of couples: Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload. The book describes how the housework classes and the behaviors of the couples within them reveal the power dynamics within the couples, power dynamics that center around gendered norms. Using Latent Trajectory Analysis, we follow the couples over time to examine change and stability in their housework performance; their behavior over time also reveals the use of power in their relationships. Finally, we examine the reported housework time of the adult children of the NSFH couples to determine the extent to which the power dynamics experienced in one’s childhood home shapes one’s own adult gendered performance of housework. The book concludes with suggestions for how practitioners and scholars might use the book’s findings given the changing demographics of the United States.

Longitudinal Associations of Conscientiousness and Neuroticism With Perceived Mastery and Constraints for Aging Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752199289
Author(s):  
Masahiro Toyama ◽  
Heather R. Fuller ◽  
Joel M. Hektner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
Perceived Constraints ◽  
Over Time

It has not been well understood how conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with two related but distinct dimensions of perceived control (i.e., perceived mastery and constraints) among aging adults. The present study examined these associations and their change over time, while addressing whether they differ by age or gender. For respondents aged 50+ at baseline (N = 2,768) in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, multilevel modeling analyses were conducted to assess how conscientiousness and neuroticism predicted perceived mastery and constraints over 2 decades. As expected, higher conscientiousness and lower neuroticism (for both between- and within-person variability) predicted higher perceived mastery and lower perceived constraints overall. Nuanced findings emerged related to age, gender and change over time for different associations of conscientiousness and neuroticism with the outcomes. These findings can inform future research suggesting directions of further investigations for these complex associations.

The availability of state-level data on interstate cattle movements in the United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Forde ◽  
A Hillberg-Seitzinger ◽  
D Dargatz ◽  
N Wineland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cattle Movements ◽  
Level Data

scholarly journals Viability of Organic Production in Rural Counties: County and State-Level Evidence from the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genti Kostandini ◽  
Elton Mykerezi ◽  
Eftila Tanellari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Natural Amenities ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Positive Effect

We investigate the determinants of organic farming in the United States. State-level data show that the organic farming sector has grown over the last decade, but growth has been very heterogeneous with few states accounting for most of the growth. Further analyses of county data reveal that favorable natural amenities, water for irrigation, and government payments have a positive effect on most measures of organic farming used here. Results further point out that organic farming operations are more popular among young farmers. Adjacency to metro areas is also an important determinant for the number of organic operations. Organic farming is more important for the agricultural sector of the areas that are somewhat remote but that does not appear to be the case for very remote rural areas.

scholarly journals Oral histories of Exum Mountain Guides who began guiding between 1947 and 1965

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Kimberly E. Giel ◽  
Yolonda Youngs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Office Staff ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comprehensive History ◽  
Over Time

Exum Mountain Guides is the oldest climbing guide service in North America. Exum guides have been integral to the growth of guiding as a profession as well as mountaineering in Grand Teton National Park, across the United States, and internationally. However, no comprehensive history of the guides and the guide service exists, nor have individual stories been consistently captured. This project conducted oral histories with guides, clients, and staff of Exum Mountain Guides, and then used those interviews to look at the pathways taken to become a guide, common experiences and characteristics between the guides, and what guiding life was like for those guides who began guiding prior to 1965. Future research is needed to collect additional oral histories and analyze the histories of guides who began guiding after 1965, as well as those of office staff, clients, and others and investigate changes that have occurred over time.   Featured photo from Figure 1 in report.

Assessing growth in occupational licensing of low-income occupations: 1993-2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-218
Author(s):  
Edward Timmons ◽  
Brian Meehan ◽  
Andrew Meehan ◽  
John Hazenstab
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
State Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Occupational Licensing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the changes in low- and moderate-income occupational licensing over time. Design/methodology/approach Using US state level data, the authors document the rise in occupational licensing for low- and moderate-income occupations over the 1993-2012 period. Findings States averaged 32 additional low- and moderate-income occupations licensed over this period. Louisiana added the most licenses with 59 new licenses for these occupations, while Oklahoma and Kentucky only added 15 licenses for these low- and moderate-income occupations. Originality/value These data have not been documented before and should provide useful for future research into occupational licensing.

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