Violent Death Rates and Risk for Released Prisoners in North Carolina

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Edward Lize ◽  
Anna M. Scheyett ◽  
Candice R. Morgan ◽  
Scott K. Proescholdbell ◽  
Tammy Norwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Abuse Treatment

Released prisoners face high risk of early mortality. The risk of violent death, specifically homicide and suicide, are addressed in this study. Data on inmates released from the North Carolina Division of Adult Corrections (N= 476) matched to the Violent Death Reporting System are analyzed to estimate rates and demographic and criminal justice–related predictors. Violent death rates for persons released from prison were more than 7 times higher than for the general adult population. Results from multinomial logistic regression indicate decreased homicide risk for every year of age, whereas male gender and minority race increased risk. For suicide, minority race, release without supervision, and substance abuse treatment in prison decreased fatality risk. By contrast, a history of mental illness increased suicide risk. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

scholarly journals Distribution of health anxiety in a general adult population and associations with demographic and social network characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anja Davis Norbye ◽  
Birgit Abelsen ◽  
Olav Helge Førde ◽  
Unni Ringberg
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Distribution ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
General Adult Population

Abstract Background Health anxiety (HA) is associated with increased risk of disability, increased health care utilization and reduced quality of life. However, there is no consensus on which factors are important for the level of HA. The aim of this study was to explore the distribution of HA in a general adult population and to investigate whether demographic and social factors were associated with HA. Methods This study used cross-sectional data from the seventh Tromsø study. A total of 18 064 participants aged 40 years or older were included in the analysis. The six-item Whiteley Index (WI-6) with a 5-point Likert scale was used to measure HA. Sociodemographic factors included age, sex, education, household income, quality of friendship and participation in an organized activity. Results HA showed an exponential distribution among the participants with a median score of 2 points out of 24 points. In total, 75% had a total score of 5 points or less, whereas 1% had a score >14 points. Education, household income, quality of friendship and participation in organized activity were significantly associated with HA. The variable quality of friendship demonstrated the strongest association with HA. Conclusion Our study showed an exponential distribution of HA in a general adult population. There was no evident cut-off point to distinguish participants with severe HA based on their WI-6 score, indicating the importance of analysing HA as a complex, continuous construct. HA demonstrated strong associations with quality of friendship and participation in an organized activity.

scholarly journals Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmert Roberts ◽  
Vanessa Delgado Nunes ◽  
Sara Buckner ◽  
Susan Latchem ◽  
Margaret Constanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Paracetamol Toxicity

ObjectivesWe conducted a systematic literature review to assess the adverse event (AE) profile of paracetamol.MethodsWe searched Medline and Embase from database inception to 1 May 2013. We screened for observational studies in English, which reported mortality, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal (GI) or renal AEs in the general adult population at standard analgesic doses of paracetamol. Study quality was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Pooled or adjusted summary statistics were presented for each outcome.ResultsOf 1888 studies retrieved, 8 met inclusion criteria, and all were cohort studies. Comparing paracetamol use versus no use, of two studies reporting mortality one showed a dose–response and reported an increased relative rate of mortality from 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98) to 1.63 (1.58 to 1.68). Of four studies reporting cardiovascular AEs, all showed a dose–response with one reporting an increased risk ratio of all cardiovascular AEs from 1.19 (0.81 to 1.75) to 1.68 (1.10 to 2.57). One study reporting GI AEs reported a dose–response with increased relative rate of GI AEs or bleeds from 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) to 1.49 (1.34 to 1.66). Of four studies reporting renal AEs, three reported a dose–response with one reporting an increasing OR of ≥30% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from 1.40 (0.79 to 2.48) to 2.19 (1.4 to 3.43).DiscussionGiven the observational nature of the data, channelling bias may have had an important impact. However, the dose–response seen for most endpoints suggests a considerable degree of paracetamol toxicity especially at the upper end of standard analgesic doses.

scholarly journals The Dose-Response Relationship between The triglyceride-glucose index and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus Using Publicly Available Data: A Longitudinal Study in Chinese Obesity adult population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
jiacheng he
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Tyg Index ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Triglyceride Glucose Index ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract BackgroundTriglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but research on this relationship is limited in Obesity population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between TyG index and the risk of incident T2DM in Chinese Obesity adult population.Methods80,919 participants with BMI≥ 24 were selected from a prospective cohort study data which was collected between 2010 and 2016 across 32 sites and 11 cities in China.The risk of incident T2DM according to TyG index was estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and a two-piece wise linear regression model was developed to find out the threshold effect.The formula for TyG index was expressed as ln[fasting triglyceride leve (mg/dL)× fasting plasma glucose level(mg/dL)/2].ResultsAfter follow-up, 3008 ( 3.7%) patients developed T2DM. After adjusting for potential confounders, as a continuous variable, TyG index was associated with an increased risk of incident T2DM (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 3.81; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 3.56-4.09.Further analysis revealed a positive curvilinear association between TyG index and incident T2DM, with a saturation effect predicted at 9.328. When the TyG index was less than 9.328, the risk of incident T2DM increased significantly[HR 4.778 (4.149,5.462), P< 0.001], while the risk became gentle when beyond 9.328[HR 2.61 (2.123,3.209), P< 0.001]. Subgroup analyses showed that the association between TyG index and incident T2DM stably existed in different subgroups.ConclusionsTyG index was a significant predictor of subsequent risk of incident T2DM in Chinese Obesity adult population. An increase in TyG index of one unit increased the risk of developing T2DM by 3.81-fold.

Are Pregnant and Postpartum Women: At Increased Risk for Violent Death? Suicide and Homicide Findings from North Carolina

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 660-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazaleh Samandari ◽  
Sandra L. Martin ◽  
Lawrence L. Kupper ◽  
Sharon Schiro ◽  
Tammy Norwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Increased Risk

scholarly journals Suicide and Homicide in North Carolina: Initial Findings From the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-525
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Martin ◽  
Scott Proescholdbell ◽  
Tammy Norwood ◽  
Lawrence L. Kupper
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
The North

scholarly journals Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth T. Cirulli ◽  
Kelly M. Schiabor Barrett ◽  
Stephen Riffle ◽  
Alexandre Bolze ◽  
Iva Neveux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
General Adult Population

It is increasingly recognized that SARS-CoV-2 can produce long-term complications after recovery from the acute effects of infection. Here, we report the analysis of 32 self-reported short and long-term symptoms in a general adult population cohort comprised of 357 COVID-19+ cases, 5,497 SARS-CoV-2-negative controls, and 19,095 non-tested individuals. The majority of our COVID-19+ cases are mild, with only 9 of the 357 COVID-19+ cases having been hospitalized. Our results show that 36.1% of COVID-19+ cases have symptoms lasting longer than 30 days, and 14.8% still have at least one symptom after 90 days. These numbers are higher for COVID-19+ cases who were initially more ill, 44.9% at 30 days and 20.8% at 90 days, but even for very mild and initially asymptomatic cases, 21.3% have complications persist for 30 days or longer. In contrast, only 8.4% of participants from the general untested population develop new symptoms lasting longer than 30 days due to any illness during the same study period. The long-term symptoms most enriched in those with COVID-19 are anosmia, ageusia, difficulty concentrating, dyspnea, memory loss, confusion, chest pain, and pain with deep breaths. In addition to individuals who are initially more sick having more long-term symptoms, we additionally observe that individuals who have an initial symptom of dyspnea are significantly more likely to develop long-term symptoms. Importantly, our study finds that the overall level of illness is an important variable to account for when assessing the statistical significance of symptoms that are associated with COVID-19. Our study provides a baseline from which to understand the frequency of COVID-19 long-term symptoms at the population level and demonstrates that, although those most likely to develop long-term COVID-19 complications are those who initially have more severe illness, even those with mild or asymptomatic courses of infection are at increased risk of long-term complications.

scholarly journals Predictors of Clinician Tobacco Intervention Counseling in Six North Carolina Free Clinics

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. TUI.S9350 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Spangler ◽  
Eun-Young Song ◽  
Jessica Richardson Pockey ◽  
Erin L. Sutfin ◽  
Donald W. Helme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Free Clinics ◽  
The North ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Current Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Intervention

While the poor and the uninsured are at increased risk for tobacco use, up to two thirds of these patients express interest in near-term quitting. Nonetheless, tobacco counseling rates remain low in clinics serving these patients. As part of a larger tobacco intervention project in North Carolina free clinics, we gathered baseline data on patient characteristics in six randomly selected facilities affiliated with the North Carolina Association of Free Clinics. An exit interview was completed by 231 patients; 126 (54%) were tobacco users. Among all patients, 71% had been asked by a clinician about tobacco use in the past 3 months. Among tobacco users, 68% had received at least one other counseling step (assessment; advice; or assistance). Patients with asthma and current tobacco users had a two-fold increase in being asked about tobacco use. Patients' diagnoses–-in particular asthma–-can remind clinicians of tobacco intervention.

scholarly journals Intentional weight loss as a predictor of type 2 diabetes occurrence in a general adult population

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001560
Author(s):  
Laura Sares-Jäske ◽  
Paul Knekt ◽  
Antti Eranti ◽  
Niina E Kaartinen ◽  
Markku Heliövaara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Intentional Weight Loss ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Incident Cases

IntroductionObservational and intervention studies have verified that weight loss predicts a reduced type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. At the population level, knowledge on the prediction of self-report intentional weight loss (IWL) on T2D incidence is, however, sparse. We studied the prediction of self-report IWL on T2D incidence during a 15-year follow-up in a general adult population.Research design and methodsThe study sample from the representative Finnish Health 2000 Survey comprised 4270 individuals, aged 30–69 years. IWL was determined with questions concerning dieting attempts and weight loss during the year prior to baseline. Incident T2D cases during a 15-year follow-up were drawn from national health registers. The strength of the association between IWL and T2D incidence was estimated with the Cox model.ResultsDuring the follow-up, 417 incident cases of T2D occurred. IWL predicted an increased risk of T2D incidence (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.87, p=0.008) in a multivariable model. In interaction analyses comparing individuals with and without IWL, a suggestively elevated risk emerged in men, the younger age group, among less-educated people and in individuals with unfavorable values in several lifestyle factors.ConclusionsSelf-report IWL may predict an increased risk of T2D in long-term, probably due to self-implemented IWL tending to fail. The initial prevention of weight gain and support for weight maintenance after weight loss deserve greater emphasis in order to prevent T2D.

scholarly journals Micronutrient intake and food sources in the very old: analysis of the Newcastle 85+ Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Mendonça ◽  
Tom R. Hill ◽  
Antoneta Granic ◽  
Karen Davies ◽  
Joanna Collerton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Very Old ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractA number of socio-economic, biological and lifestyle characteristics change with advancing age and place very old adults at increased risk of micronutrient deficiencies. The aim of this study was to assess vitamin and mineral intakes and respective food sources in 793 75-year-olds (302 men and 491 women) in the North-East of England, participating in the Newcastle 85+ Study. Micronutrient intakes were estimated using a multiple-pass recall tool (2×24 h recalls). Determinants of micronutrient intake were assessed with multinomial logistic regression. Median vitamin D, Ca and Mg intakes were 2·0 (interquartile range (IQR) 1·2–6·5) µg/d, 731 (IQR 554–916) mg/d and 215 (IQR 166–266) mg/d, respectively. Fe intake was 8·7 (IQR 6·7–11·6) mg/d, and Se intake was 39·0 (IQR 27·3–55·5) µg/d. Cereals and cereal products were the top contributors to intakes of folate (31·5 %), Fe (49·2 %) and Se (46·7 %) and the second highest contributors to intakes of vitamin D (23·8 %), Ca (27·5 %) and K (15·8 %). More than 95 % (n756) of the participants had vitamin D intakes below the UK’s Reference Nutrient Intake (10 µg/d). In all, >20 % of the participants were below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake for Mg (n175), K (n238) and Se (n418) (comparisons with dietary reference values (DRV) do not include supplements). As most DRV are not age specific and have been extrapolated from younger populations, results should be interpreted with caution. Participants with higher education, from higher social class and who were more physically active had more nutrient-dense diets. More studies are needed to inform the development of age-specific DRV for micronutrients for the very old.

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