scholarly journals Can Managers Appraise Performance Too Often?

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devaun M. Kite ◽  
Jeffrey P. Katz ◽  
Marilyn T. Zarzeski
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Performance Appraisals ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Relationship

<span>This paper discusses the relationship between the frequency of performance appraisal and escalation of commitment to a losing course of action. It is commonly thought that the more often employees are appraised, the more effective they become. Contrary to this view, we discuss conditions that cause employees, particularly project managers responsible for capital budgeting decisions, to stick with decisions that have been shown to result in negative consequences for the company. We report the results of a set of work place simulations where the frequency of performance appraisal affected the length of commitment to losing courses of action as well as the managers perceptions about their personal benefits resulting from those decisions. The results suggest that frequent performance appraisals during the course of long-term projects may divert managers from the profit maximization goal sought by the owners of the firm.</span>

The Relationship Between Long‐Term Strategy and Capital Budgeting

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
Steven D. Grossman ◽  
Richard Lindhe
Keyword(s):  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Interaction between Tourism Carrying Capacity and Coastal Squeeze in Mazatlan, Mexico

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Pedro Aguilar ◽  
Edgar Mendoza ◽  
Rodolfo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Time Perspectives ◽  
Coastal Squeeze ◽  
The Relationship

While many coastal areas are affected by coastal squeeze, quantitative estimations of this phenomenon are still limited. Ambiguity concerning the degree of coastal squeeze, combined with a lack of knowledge on its interaction with human activities may lead to inadequate and unsuccessful management responses. The objective of the present research was to quantify the degree of coastal squeeze on the highly urbanized coast of Mazatlan, Mexico, and to investigate the relationship between the development of tourism and coastal squeeze from various time perspectives. The Drivers, Exchanges, States of the environment, Consequences, and Responses (DESCR) framework was applied to identify the chronic, negative consequences of dense tourism in the area, together with the assessment of coastal squeeze. A Tourism Load Capacity (TLC) estimation was made and correlated with the DESCR results, showing that coastal squeeze is inversely correlated with tourism load in Mazatlan. The medium-intensity coastal squeeze currently experienced in Mazatlan requires interventions to avoid severe degradation of the ecosystem on which the local tourism industry relies, for which immediate, long-term, and administrative recommendations are given.

The Murder of Jane McCrea

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Weddle
Keyword(s):  
Revolutionary War ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Friendly Fire ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Relationship

This short chapter discusses one of the most infamous events of the Saratoga campaign, and, indeed, the entire Revolutionary war: the murder of Jane McCrea. As Burgoyne’s army slowly advanced, many Americans sought refuge away from the potential fighting. Jane McCrea, a Loyalist, was captured by some of Burgoyne’s Indian allies and as they conveyed her back to their camp, she was killed, most likely by friendly fire from American soldiers, and scalped. This notorious event led to a crisis in the relationship between Burgoyne and his Indians and it would ultimately inflame American passions against the British. While the tragedy’s impact on the Saratoga campaign was minimal, it did have long-term negative consequences for the British war effort.

scholarly journals Social Support Coverage and the Well-Being of Elderly Widows and Married Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
RITSUKO WATANABE GREENE ◽  
SHEILA FELD
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between social support coverage and well-being was examined in four subgroups from a national sample of women ages 50 and older: first married ( N = 151), widows ( N = 144), widows within the last five years ( n = 60), and widows for longer than five years ( n = 84). The index of support coverage represented how many of six functions were carried out by at least one supporter. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that support coverage is associated with well-being in all subgroups, and (2) that social support is more strongly associated with well-being in the subgroups experiencing higher stress, that is, widows more than married women and recent widows more than long-term ones. The hypotheses were not supported. Instead, the relationships between social support and well-being were positive in some groups and negative in others. The importance of considering the causal directions of links between social support and well-being and the possible negative consequences of receiving social support are discussed.

Is Smoking Stigma Clouding the Objectivity of Employee Performance Appraisal?

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ronald Gilbert ◽  
Edward L. Hannan ◽  
Kevin B. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Performance Appraisals ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between supervisors' and project leaders' perceptions about the smoking behavior of their subordinate employees and their performance appraisals of their employees. Those who were perceived to be smokers were rated lower than those perceived to be nonsmokers on four of nine job performance measures when controlling for age, race, and gender. The findings suggest smoking stigma may negatively affect the perceptions of one's overall job performance, especially in terms of one's professional comportment, working relations with others, and dependability.

Workplace Ostracism and Its Negative Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Zheng ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Hang-Yue Ngo ◽  
Xiao-Yu Liu ◽  
Wengjuan Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Workplace Ostracism ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Workplace ostracism, conceived as to being ignored or excluded by others, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. One essential topic in this area is how to reduce or even eliminate the negative consequences of workplace ostracism. Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, the current study assesses the relationship between workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes, as well as the moderating role played by psychological capital, using data collected from 256 employees in three companies in the northern part of China. The study yields two important findings: (1) workplace ostracism is positively related to intention to leave and (2) psychological capital moderates the effect of workplace ostracism on affective commitment and intention to leave. This paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for organizations and employees, along with recommendations for future research.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

Risk Attitude and Corporate Investment under Output Market Uncertainty: Evidence from The Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Ninh Le Khuong ◽  
Nghiem Le Tan ◽  
Tho Huynh Huu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Firm Investment ◽  
Output Market ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to detect the impact of firm managers’ risk attitude on the relationship between the degree of output market uncertainty and firm investment. The findings show that there is a negative relationship between these two aspects for risk-averse managers while there is a positive relationship for risk-loving ones, since they have different utility functions. Based on the findings, this paper proposes recommendations for firm managers to take into account when making investment decisions and long-term business strategies as well.

Financial Folly and Spain’s Black Legend

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Black Legend ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
The Relationship

This epilogue argues that Castile was solvent throughout Philip II's reign. A complex web of contractual obligations designed to ensure repayment governed the relationship between the king and his bankers. The same contracts allowed great flexibility for both the Crown and bankers when liquidity was tight. The risk of potential defaults was not a surprise; their likelihood was priced into the loan contracts. As a consequence, virtually every banking family turned a profit over the long term, while the king benefited from their services to run the largest empire that had yet existed. The epilogue then looks at the economic history version of Spain's Black Legend. The economic history version of the Black Legend emerged from a combination of two narratives: a rich historical tradition analyzing the decline of Spain as an economic and military power from the seventeenth century onward, combined with new institutional analysis highlighting the unconstrained power of the monarch.

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