scholarly journals A REVIEW ON GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WILD PLANTS BY USING DIFFERENT GENETIC MARKERS

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Wild Plants

Genetic Diversity Among Saudi Peganum harmala and Rhazya stricta Populations Using Chemical and ISSR Markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1134-1146
Author(s):  
Magda E. Abd-Elgawad ◽  
Modhi O. Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Molecular Polymorphism ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Rhazya Stricta

Background:The vernacular name 'Harmal' is used for two plant species in Saudi Arabia, i.e. Peganum harmala L. and Rhazya stricta Decne. Both are important medicinal plants which offer interesting pharmacological properties.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among different populations of harmal based on chemical variations of alkaloids and molecular polymorphism.Methods:Total alkaloids were extracted from plants of three populations of each species and estimated by using spectrophotometer and the chemical compounds were analyzed by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular polymorphism was estimated by using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) fingerprints.Results:The results showed that the alkaloids content of R. stricta was higher than P. harmala populations. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of (65-53) compounds in R. stricta and P. harmala, and the percentage of polymorphism was found to be 93.2%. Sixteen ISSR primers produced 170 scorable bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer and 75%-100% polymorphism. The cluster analysis using the unweighted pair-group method of the arithmetic average (UPGMA) method based on combined data of GC-MS and ISSR markers divided the six harmal genotypes into two major groups.Conclusion:The existence of variations in chemical and genetic markers is useful for the selection of potential genotypes for medicinal use, and for breeding lines for medicinal substances production to spare wild plants from uncontrolled harvesting for folk medicine.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates from southern Pakistan using pvcsp and pvmsp1 genetic markers

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsheen Raza ◽  
Najia K Ghanchi ◽  
Ali M Thaver ◽  
Sana Jafri ◽  
Mohammad A Beg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Clinical Isolates

scholarly journals Informational-Statistical Aspects of Genetic Diversity in Tsigai and Tsurcana Ecotypes from Romania

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Gheorghe HRINCĂ
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Allelic Distribution ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Genetic Structures ◽  
Genetic Diversity Level

The main objective of this paper is to measure the relationships between the ecotypes belonging to the Tigai and Tsurcana breeds of Romania and to quantify the genetic diversity within them from the informational statistics point of view, depending on the relief forms of the biotope in which they live, using the genetic variants of some selective genetic markers. The researches were carried out on ecotypes of the most ubiquitous sheep breeds in Romania, Tsigai and Tsurcana whose biotopes are circumscribed by more relief forms: plain, hilly, sub-mountainous and mountainous. The sheep were electrophoretically typified at the determinant loci of haemoglobin and transferrin. Using the allelic frequencies of the haemoglobin and transferrin systems that have been processed by concepts of informational statistics, the differentiation / similarity degree among ecotypes within the two breeds was quantified by the genetic distance (D) and the informational correlation coefficient (Rx,y), as well as the diversity level (d) of the genetic structures of these ecotypes on the basis of informational energy (e). Also, the heterozygosity degree (Ht) at the Hb and Tf loci was calculated in relation to the genetic diversity level. The paper analyzes the causes of genetic similarities and differentiations among the ecotypes of these two breeds at the level of the two biochemical-genetic loci: allelic distribution of haemoglobin and transferrin, altitude of relief forms, habitat conditions etc. The benefits of such studies are also presented for the improvement, breeding and conservation of the ecotypes of these two sheep breeds from Romania.

Mapping the Brassica Genome

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Lydiate ◽  
Andrew Sharpe ◽  
Ulf Lagercrantz ◽  
Isobel Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
General Structure ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Brassica Genome ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Species

The six cultivated species of Brassica furnish a wide range of crop types (including oilseed, vegetable and fodder crops) which seem quite different when observed under normal cultivation (Figure 1). However, Brassica species and a large number of other wild and cultivated species are all closely related (Figure 2) and genetic exchange through sexual crosses is possible across most of this very extensive gene pool. Traditionally, the investigation of genome organization in plants has employed cytology to study chromosomes and genetic markers to define linkage groups. Cytology is difficult in Brassica because the chromosomes are small, but the genus is very amenable to investigations using molecular-genetic markers because of the high degree of natural polymorphism. Gene homology and the general structure of the genome seems to be conserved between Brassica and related genera and modern marker technologies are freely interchangeable across this group. However, the collinearity of related chromosomes in different Brassica species has been disrupted frequently by chromosomal translocations. Thus Brassica species have quite distinct genetic maps, in contrast to cereal species where collinear homoeologous chromosomes are the general rule. The mapping of the Brassica genome will have a considerable impact on the breeding of Brassica crops. In particular, it will facilitate the transfer of beneficial genes between species and the rapid introgression of genes from wild plants into useful cultivars. These improvements in breeding should be translated into crops which are more easily adapted to suit the needs of new agronomic practices and the demands of a changing environment.

scholarly journals GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PUMMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA [BURM.] MERRILL), CITRON (C. MEDICA L.), AND TRIFOLIATE ORANGE (PONCIRUS TRIFOLIATA [L.] RAF) EVALUATED USING RFLPS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 624b-624
Author(s):  
Mikeal L. Roose ◽  
Claire T. Federici ◽  
Gregory P. Copenhaver
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Citrus Germplasm ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Novel Alleles ◽  
Citrus Variety

To assess genetic diversity in the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection, all accessions of pummelo (59), citron (24), and trifoliate orange (48) were studied for RFLP variation using 11-18 cDNA probes that had previously been shown to reveal polymorphism in a broad range of citrus germplasm. Inheritance studies have shown that these probes hybridize to at least 20 loci. The taxa studied are believed to represent biological species rather than hybrids. Citrons were nearly monomorphic and most appeared homozygous at all of the loci studied. Pummelos were very polymorphic and highly heterozygous. Trifoliate orange, an important source of disease resistance in rootstock breeding, was nearly monomorphic but moderately heterozygous (17% of loci). Most accessions of trifoliate orange have evidently differentiated only by mutation. One multilocus probe separated trifoliate orange accessions into 3 groups. Two new trifoliate orange accessions had novel alleles at some loci. The use of genetic markers to recognize hybrid accessions classified as members of species will be discussed.

scholarly journals Evolution during seed production for ecological restoration? A molecular analysis of 19 species finds only minor genomic changes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Conrady ◽  
Christian Lampei ◽  
Oliver Bossdorf ◽  
Walter Durka ◽  
Anna Bucharova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Wild Plants

A growing number of restoration projects require large amounts of seeds. As harvesting natural populations cannot cover the demand, wild plants are often propagated in large-scale monocultures. There are concerns that this cultivation process may cause genetic drift and unintended selection, which would alter the genetic properties of the cultivated populations and reduce their genetic diversity. Such changes could reduce the pre-existing adaptation of restored populations, and limit their adaptability to environmental change. We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and a pool-sequencing approach to test for genetic differentiation and changes in gene diversity during cultivation in 19 wild grassland species, comparing the source populations and up to four consecutive cultivation generations grown from these sources. We then linked the magnitudes of genetic changes to the species breeding systems and seed dormancy, to understand the roles of these traits in genetic change. The propagation of native seeds for ecosystem restoration changed the genetic composition of the cultivated generations only moderately. The genetic differentiation we observed as a consequence of cultivation was much lower than the natural genetic differentiation between different source regions, and the propagated generations harbored even higher gene diversity than wild-collected seeds. Genetic change was stronger in self-compatible species, probably as a result of increased outcrossing in the monocultures. Synthesis and applications: Our study indicates that large-scale seed production maintains the genetic integrity of natural populations. Increased genetic diversity may even increase the adaptive potential of propagated seeds, which makes them especially suitable for ecological restoration. However, we have been working with seeds from Germany and Austria, where the seed production is regulated and certified. Whether other seed production systems perform equally well remains to be tested.

scholarly journals Comparative genetic and epigenetic diversity in pairs of sympatric, closely related plants with contrasting distribution ranges in south-eastern Iberian mountains

AoB Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Medrano ◽  
Conchita Alonso ◽  
Pilar Bazaga ◽  
Esmeralda López ◽  
Carlos M Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Epigenetic Variation ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Epigenetic Diversity

Abstract Genetic diversity defines the evolutionary potential of a species, yet mounting evidence suggests that epigenetic diversity could also contribute to adaptation. Elucidating the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic variation in wild populations remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists, and the intriguing possibility that epigenetic diversity could compensate for the loss of genetic diversity is one aspect that remains basically unexplored in wild plants. This hypothesis is addressed in this paper by comparing the extent and patterns of genetic and epigenetic diversity of phylogenetically closely related but ecologically disparate species. Seven pairs of congeneric species from Cazorla mountains in south-eastern Spain were studied, each pair consisting of one endemic, restricted-range species associated to stressful environments, and one widespread species occupying more favourable habitats. The prediction was tested that endemic species should have lower genetic diversity due to population fragmentation, and higher epigenetic diversity induced by environmental stress, than their widespread congeners. Genetic (DNA sequence variants) and epigenetic (DNA cytosine methylation variants) diversities and their possible co-variation were assessed in three populations of each focal species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive AFLP (MSAP). All species and populations exhibited moderate to high levels of genetic polymorphism irrespective of their ecological characteristics. Epigenetic diversity was greater than genetic diversity in all cases. Only in endemic species were the two variables positively related, but the difference between epigenetic and genetic diversity was greater at populations with low genetic polymorphism. Results revealed that the relationship between genetic and epigenetic diversity can be more complex than envisaged by the simple hypothesis addressed in this study, and highlight the need of additional research on the actual role of epigenetic variation as a source of phenotypic diversity before a realistic understanding of the evolutionary relevance of epigenetic phenomena in plant adaptation can be achieved.

Application of molecular markers in parental selection in soybean

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sudaric ◽  
M. Vrataric ◽  
I. Rajcan ◽  
T. Duvnjak ◽  
M. Volenik
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Parental Selection ◽  
Soybean Germplasm ◽  
Diversity Assessment

The rate of genetic gain in the quantity and quality of soybean grain depends considerably on the genetic diversity of the selected parental components. Genetic diversity assessment is a crucial aspect of breeding that maximizes genetic improvement. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of the selected soybean germplasm using genetic markers, as well as to compare the effectiveness of breeding procedures with and without the use of genetic markers in parental selection. The genetic relationships within the selected soybean germplasm were estimated using 14 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The agronomic performance (grain yield, protein and oil content in the grain) of the parental components and derived lines was determined in field trials. Based on SSR marker data and phenotypic data, an association was found between the agronomic performance of the derived lines and the genetic distance between the parental lines. Crosses between more diverse parents resulted in derived lines with greater values for grain yield and grain quality compared with the parents than crosses between similar parents. The results indicated the usefulness of genetic marker information in parental selection, contributing to breeding efficiency.

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