THE UNDERLYING STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH NOMINAL COMPOUNDS WITHOUT A VERBAL ELEMENT AND THEIR SERBIAN TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Bojana M. Jakovljević
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Linguistic Means

The paper presents the most significant results of a broader corpus-based research of English nominal compounds without a verbal element and their Serbian translation equivalents. Considering the underlying clausal nature of compound lexemes as well as the low productivity of compounding in Serbian, the goal of the research is twofold: firstly, to explore the linguistic means employed in the translation of English verbless nominal compounds into Serbian; and secondly, to examine if there is a relation between the underlying structures of the English compounds in question and their Serbian translation patterns. In addition to the fact that Serbian translation equivalents primarily correspond to noun phrases with different types of modification, the results of the research also point to a considerable correspondence between the underlying structures of the analyzed English compounds and surface realizations of their Serbian equivalents.

Indefiniteness and Specificity

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Von Heusinger
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Category Specificity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Standard Tests ◽  
Linguistic Means

The semantic–pragmatic category ‘specificity’ is used to describe various semantic and pragmatic contrasts of indefinite noun phrases. This chapter will first provide a brief illustration of different linguistic means to express these contrasts in different languages. Second, it will categorize different types of specificity according to the semantic and pragmatic contexts in which they can be found. The standard tests for these different kinds of specificity are also discussed. In the third section a comparison is made between four families of theoretical approaches to specificity and the chapter concludes with the notion that specificity can be best understood by ‘referential anchoring’.

Foil Gas Bearing With Compression Springs: Analyses and Experiments

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-ho Song ◽  
Daejong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Loss Factor ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Equivalent Viscous Damping ◽  
Foil Bearings ◽  
Foil Bearing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structural Loss ◽  
Compression Springs ◽  
Gas Bearing

A new foil gas bearing with spring bumps was constructed, analyzed, and tested. The new foil gas bearing uses a series of compression springs as compliant underlying structures instead of corrugated bump foils. Experiments on the stiffness of the spring bumps show an excellent agreement with an analytical model developed for the spring bumps. Load capacity, structural stiffness, and equivalent viscous damping (and structural loss factor) were measured to demonstrate the feasibility of the new foil bearing. Orbit and coast-down simulations using the calculated stiffness and measured structural loss factor indicate that the damping of underlying structure can suppress the maximum peak at the critical speed very effectively but not the onset of hydrodynamic rotor-bearing instability. However, the damping plays an important role in suppressing the subsynchronous vibrations under limit cycles. The observation is believed to be true with any air foil bearings with different types of elastic foundations.

The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
The Core ◽  
Grammatical Number ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linguistic Means

This volume offers an overview of current research on grammatical number in language. The chapters Part i of the handbook present foundational notions in the study of grammatical number covering the semantic analyses of plurality, the mass–count distinction, the relationship between number and quantity expressions and the mental representation of number and individuation. The core instance of grammatical number is marking for number distinctions in nominal expressions as in English the book/the books and the chapters in Part ii, Number in the nominal domain, explore morphological, semantic, and syntactic aspects of number marking within noun phrases. The contributions examine morphological marking of number the relationship between syntax and nominal number marking, and the interactions between numeral classifiers with semantic number and number marking. They also address cases of mismatches in form and meaning with respect to number displayed by lexical plurals and collective nouns. The final chapter reviews nominal number processing from the perspective of language pathologies. While number marking on nouns has been the focus of most research on number, number distinctions can also be found in the event domain. Part iii, Number in the event domain, presents an overview of different linguistic means of expressing plurality in the event domain, covering verbal plurality marking, pluractional modifiers of the form Noun preposition Noun, frequency adjectives and dependent indefinites. Part iv provides fifteen case studies examining different aspects of grammatical number marking in a range of typologically diverse languages.

Appositive compounds in dialectal and sociolinguistic varieties of French

2020 ◽  
pp. 326-346
Author(s):  
Brigitte L. M. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Different Types

Over the last 100 years, appositive compounding—combining two nouns in apposition—has become one of the most productive word formation processes in French. In an attempt to account for this dramatic spread and building on existing diachronic research, this article examines the occurrence of appositive compounds in non-standard French during the twentieth century, in a number of Gallo-Romance dialects and in Poilu, a sociolect from the early twentieth century, bringing together historical, dialectal, and sociolinguistic data. Analysis includes the identification of the different types of appositive compound and their underlying structure. Moreover word order patterns and their potential geographic correlates will be investigated as well as the role of metaphors and metonymy. Data reflecting geographic variation and sociolinguistic stratification will thus help to determine what factors were at play in the expansion of appositive compounding in contemporary French.

scholarly journals Implicitness and experimental methods in language variation research

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Rosseel ◽  
Stefan Grondelaers
Keyword(s):  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Terminological Confusion

AbstractThis special issue brings together research that reflects on the status and role of different types of language attitudes, and the methods required to study them. Many linguists distinguish between explicit and implicit attitudes towards language, but more often than not it remains unclear how these constructs are defined, and what their potential significance is for the study of language variation and change. The contributions to this issue address this question by critically reflecting on theory and methodology, by highlighting (and clarifying) the terminological confusion, and by showcasing new methods and tools. It is hoped that this special issue can inspire theoretical and methodological convergence in a notoriously fragmented field, so that attitude researchers can identify the underlying structure of language attitudes, and the theoretical significance of language evaluation to processes of language variation and change.

What kind of Scandinavian? On interrogative noun phrases across North Germanic

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Alexander Vangsnes
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Central Objective ◽  
Interesting Pattern ◽  
Dp Structure ◽  
Different Types

A central objective of this paper is to show how much variation there is across Scandinavian with respect to the morphosyntactic form of interrogative noun phrases. The present paper focuses on three main types of such DPs: (i) phrases involving a cognate of English which, (ii) phrases involving the same element as manner ‘how’ (which is morphologically complex and distinct from degree ‘how’), and (iii) phrases involving ‘what’ with or without an overt kind noun. With respect to all of these different types of noun-phrase-internal wh-expressions an interesting pattern seems to emerge: there are reasons to hold that adnominal wh-expressions start out as modifiers, yielding kind-querying noun phrases, and then develop into determiners, yielding token-querying noun phrases. Although further investigations will have to determine whether such a developmental path (or cycle) is quite general in nature, it can be made perfect sense of with reference to grammaticalization triggered by wh-movement which operates on a DP-structure that distinguishes modification from determination in such a way that the locus of determination is higher than modification.

scholarly journals Woordvormingsprocédé's Bij Verwijzing Naar Objecten in Tweede-Taalverwervingsprocessen van Volwassenen

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Broeder ◽  
Guus Extra
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
First Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Acquisition Processes

The following questions are taken into account: . what types of word formation principles are used by language learners? . what lexemes are combined in nominal compounds (N+N) and nomi-nal circumscriptions (N+prep+N)? . what semantic relations are expressed in nominal compounds? . what binding principles are taken into account? . what suffixes are used in derivational processes? . what semantic roles do these suffixes refer to? Data analysis is based on the use of L2 Dutch by 2 Turkish and 2 Moroccan adult informants in 2 types of activities (film commenting and conversation), at 3 different moments in the course of language learning (Ntotal=4 informants χ 2 activities χ 3 moments = 24 transcribed texts). In accordance with findings on first language acquisition processes, compounds not only precede derivations, but at the same time they compensate for standard derivations, thus resulting in lexical innova-tions. All informants make a creative and innovative use of a variety of compounding principles. In addition, opposite principles in Arabic and Turkish seem to lead to different preferences of our learners: . the Turkish informants make more use of different types of nominal compounds than do the Moroccan informants; . only the Turkish informants make more use of left oriented com-pounds, based on a combination of more than two lexemes; . only the Moroccan informants make use of circumscriptions. Finally, the following preferences of our learners are in accordance with standard language preferences: nominal compounds, in comparison with other types of compounding; . specifier head compounds, in comparison with other nominal com-pounds; . goal relations in specifier head compounds, in comparison with other types of semantic relations; . zero marking as a binding principle within specifier head com-pounds, in comparison with other binding principles.

scholarly journals Specificity distinction

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Donka F. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Way

This paper is concerned with semantic noun phrase typology, focusing on the question of how to draw fine-grained distinctions necessary for an accurate account of natural language phenomena. In the extensive literature on this topic, the most commonly encountered parameters of classification concern the semantic type of the denotation of the noun phrase, the familiarity or novelty of its referent, the quantificational/nonquantificational distinction (connected to the weak/strong dichotomy), as well as, more recently, the question of whether the noun phrase is choice-functional or not (see Reinhart 1997, Winter 1997, Kratzer 1998, Matthewson 1999). In the discussion that follows I will attempt to make the following general points: (i) phenomena involving the behavior of noun phrases both within and across languages point to the need of establishing further distinctions that are too fine-grained to be caught in the net of these typologies; (ii) some of the relevant distinctions can be captured in terms of conditions on assignment functions; (iii) distribution and scopal peculiarities of noun phrases may result from constraints they impose on the way variables they introduce are to be assigned values. Section 2 reviews the typology of definite noun phrases introduced in Farkas 2000 and the way it provides support for the general points above. Section 3 examines some of the problems raised by recognizing the rich variety of 'indefinite' noun phrases found in natural language and by attempting to capture their distribution and interpretation. Common to the typologies discussed in the two sections is the issue of marking different types of variation in the interpretation of a noun phrase. In the light of this discussion, specificity turns out to be an epiphenomenon connected to a family of distinctions that are marked differently in different languages.  

scholarly journals EPISTEMIC MODALITY IN TED TALKS ON EDUCATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ton Nu My Nhat ◽  
Nguyen Thi Dieu Minh
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Modal Auxiliaries ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Ted Talks ◽  
Linguistic Means

This paper aims to investigate the epistemic markers in TED talks. The data for the study is 100 TED talks on education. The mixed method of both the quantitative and qualitative approaches was manipulated to capture the use of the linguistic means to convey epistemic modality in terms of degrees of certainty and range of devices. The findings indicate that epistemic modality is pervasive in this genre, with approximately one-tenth of the sentences in the data being epistemically modalized by TED speakers via a range of linguistic means of different types and epistemic strength. The analysis unveils a clear tendency to select the middle level of commitment and make use of epistemic modal auxiliaries to frame their statements with personal attitudes and opinions. The examination of epistemic devices in the data also suggests speakers’ preference to use epistemic adverbials to realize certainty and employ epistemic modals to denote probability and possibility. The study yields pedagogical implications for developing an efficient use of epistemic modality in oral presentation of academic discourse.

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