scholarly journals Optimasi K-Klasterisasi Ketahanan Pangan Kabupaten Jember Menggunakan Metode Elbow

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Aski Widdatul Fuadah ◽  
Fajrin Nurman Arifin ◽  
Oktalia Juwita
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
K Value ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Data Grouping ◽  
The Right

Clustering is a process of grouping data based on similarities or similarities with other members in a group. Food security is the condition of a country to provide food for individuals, which does not conflict with beliefs, religion and culture and leads a healthy, active and productive life. Food instability and food insecurity can be caused by many factors, one of which is natural disasters. In 2020, Jember Regency experienced 121 natural disasters. Determination of the optimal K value is done to get the right number of group divisions from the clustering process, in this case using the elbow method. The data used in the clustering process are sub-districts in Jember Regency using transient attributes or natural disaster events. Based on the results of sub-district data grouping from the number of clusters k=1 to k=10, the optimal k value was found at the value of k = 4 with the SSE (Sum of Square Error) value = 24,809.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Economic and Resource Security, Ch.27 Food Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elver Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Fundamental Rights And Freedoms ◽  
The Right

This chapter focuses on food security. Although ‘food security’ is not a legal concept and does not impose rights or responsibilities, it is a necessary precondition to the full enjoyment of the right to food. The right to food is enshrined in article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an integral part of the right to an adequate standard of living. As this right is indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent with all other fundamental rights and freedoms, it is ultimately essential for a secure, safe, and harmonious world. The chapter demonstrates that severe food insecurity continues to inflict massive casualties and create and prolong conflicts and emergencies despite well-established rules of international law, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. It then looks at the international law principles protecting food security with the aim to diffuse emergency situations that create instability, inequality, and unrest, including those resulting from conflicts and natural disasters. The chapter provides suggestions for enforcing and enhancing existing laws and for the adoption of a new international convention which will set out clear duties and obligations for States and non-State actors with a view to eliminating food insecurity and preventing violations of the right to food for a safer, more secure world.

scholarly journals Globally Securing Food in an Insecure World – Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Global Food

This paper looks into the necessity of a global governance system for food security from a "humane" side, with a focus on countries and MNCs. It also explores potential mechanisms to drive MNCs involvement in the global governance of food security into a more inclusive path. Furthermore, the paper explores a more sustainable side to globally governing food security. All in all, this paper calls for the reshaping of a global governance system that better matches the root causes of food insecurity, rather than tries to solve hunger with food aid and provision. The solution starts with asking the right questions. The global governance system should adopt a sole human rights framework while addressing food insecurity. It should acknowledge that questions such as “for whose benefit?” is just as important as “how to produce more?”. Although effective, International Governmental Organizations should further consider how global rules affect different people, who will bear the risks, who will get the benefits from changes, who remain disempowered, and whose ability to control is neglected or enhanced. Global food policy should not just be feeding people, but rather feeding them equitably, appropriately, and sustainably. This brings about a new global food regime that’s integrative of the human right to food.

scholarly journals Regional disaster risk management strategies for food security: Probing Southern African Development Community channels for influencing national policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Happy M. Tirivangasi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Risk Management Strategies

Natural disasters and food insecurity are directly interconnected. Climate change related hazards such as floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, droughts and other risks can weaken food security and severely impact agricultural activities. Consequently, this has an impact on market access, trade, food supply, reduced income, increased food prices, decreased farm income and employment. Natural disasters create poverty, which in turn increases the prevalence of food insecurity and malnutrition. It is clear that disasters put food security at risk. The poorest people in the community are affected by food insecurity and disasters; hence, there is a need to be prepared as well as be in a position to manage disasters. Without serious efforts to address them, the risks of disasters will become an increasingly serious obstacle to sustainable development and the achievement of sustainable development goals, particularly goal number 2 ‘end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture’. In recent years, countries in southern Africa have experienced an increase in the frequency, magnitude and impact of climate change–related hazards such as droughts, veld fire, depleting water resources and flood events. This research aims to reveal Southern African Development Community disaster risk management strategies for food security to see how they an influence and shape policy at the national level in southern Africa. Sustainable Livelihood approach was adopted as the main theoretical framework for the study. The qualitative Analysis is based largely on data from databases such as national reports, regional reports and empirical findings on the disaster management–sustainable development nexus.

Sovereign Debt and the Right to Food

2018 ◽  
pp. 186-209
Author(s):  
Olivier De Schutter
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Trade Liberalisation ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Subsidies

Sovereign debt and the measures imposed on indebted nations, in conjunction with trade liberalisation under the WTO or other similar regimes have forced many countries to forego traditional food security schemes, particularly through state subsidies. As a result, price fluctuations in staple commodities as well as currency fluctuations have forced poorer nations to effectively surrender their food sovereignty in favour of their multilateral trade obligations, investment obligations and debt repayment agreements with both private and public lenders, particularly through the facilitation of multilateral development banks. This chapter traces the roots of food insecurity as a result of sovereign debt-related measures, policies and effects. It does so through particular paradigms, especially through the work of pertinent UN mandates. It examines in what manner the right to food, as enshrined in the ICESCR, may be fulfilled as well as how food security can co-exist alongside trade liberalisation.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate on Food Security in Mainland China: A New Perspective Based on Characteristics of Major Agricultural Natural Disasters and Grain Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingpeng Guo ◽  
Kebiao Mao ◽  
Yinghui Zhao ◽  
Zhong Lu ◽  
Lu Xiaoping
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Mk Test ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Grain Losses

Under the background of global warming, China has experienced frequent natural disasters that have seriously affected grain production in recent decades. Based on historical documents from 1978-2014, we explored the spatio-temporal variation of five major kinds of natural disasters and grain losses in China using statistical techniques: the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, social network analysis (SNA), and geographic information system (GIS) tools. The disaster intensity index (Q) clearly showed the variation of natural disasters; all of China experienced a significant increasing trend at an annual scale, reaching its peak (27.77%) in 2000. The step change points in floods, droughts, hail, and low-temperature events began to occur in 1983, 1988, 1988, 1992, respectively, while no obvious trend was detected for typhoon activity from 2001 to 2014. Drought and flood were the most serious types of disaster over the last four decades, accounting for more than 50% of total grain losses. Eight major provinces were identified with severe grain losses: Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Anhui, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Hubei. Five studied natural disaster types were identified throughout the seven physical geographical regions. Spatial distribution for the different disaster types showed significant geographical distribution characteristics. Natural disasters gradually became more diverse from north to south. Droughts, hail, and low-temperature disasters were randomly distributed throughout China; flood and typhoon disasters exhibited significant spatial auto-correlation and clustering patterns. Finally, in accordance with the intensity of natural disaster, the annual grain losses at the provincial scale initially increased (ranging from 0.14 million to 3.26 million tonnes in 1978-2000), and then decreased after 2000 (ranging from 3.26 million to 1.58 million tonnes in 2000-2014). The center of gravity of grain losses gradually moved northward. These results emphasize that developing different strategies for disaster prevention and mitigation programs in the major grain producing areas (e.g., Heilongjiang, Shandong, and Henan) are critical and important to China's food security.

scholarly journals Broken promises: a rights-based analysis of marginalised livelihoods and experiences of food insecurity in large-scale land investments in Tanzania

Food Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atenchong Talleh Nkobou ◽  
Andrew Ainslie ◽  
Stefanie Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Critical Requirement ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
The Right ◽  
Livelihoods Framework

AbstractProponents of large-scale land investments (LSLI) still promote them as a development opportunity, which can lead, among other benefits, to job creation and enhanced food security for local communities. However, there is increasing evidence that these investments often deprive affected communities of their access to land, with multiple negative impacts on livelihoods, food security and on the environment. This paper relies on empirical data to present an analysis of LSLI and food (in)security – crucially at the level of individuals in two villages in the Ruvuma region, Tanzania, over 10 years after the acquisition of village land within the Southern African Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). We introduce an innovative framework that permits an integration of a rights-based approach with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to explore smallholders’ livelihoods and experiences of food insecurity. Our paper demonstrates how this integration, along with attention we have given to the FAO’s PANTHER principles, adds the missing yet crucial dimension of accountability on the part of national governments as duty bearers. Our findings show that in the case of these two villages, the human rights principles of participation, accountability, transparency and empowerment are severely undermined, with women bearing the brunt in all these domains. This overall state of affairs is, we argue, due to inadequate monitoring and evaluation of LSLI processes themselves and low levels of commitment on the part of institutions in Tanzania to monitor the promises made by investors. This in turn demonstrates an accountability deficit on the part of duty-bearers within LSLIs, and limited capacity of affected community members to claim their rights. Individual food insecurity experience in the two communities correlates, among other characteristics, with lack of land ownership, employment and income-generating activities. The rights-based livelihoods framework applied in this study points to serious deficiencies in the LSLI model as presently endorsed in SAGCOT, and emphasises the fact that access to land in Tanzania is a precondition for the realisation of the right to adequate food and thus a critical requirement for achieving and maintaining food and nutrition security. We conclude by arguing that progressive coalitions within and beyond national states must devise policies and institutions that empower individuals and civil society actors to make demands on their governments to respect, protect and fulfil their obligations regarding the legally enforceable right to food.

scholarly journals Citra Merek Dan Promosi Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi Kasus Bs Coffee & Donuts)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-203
Author(s):  
Mila Camelia ◽  
Budi Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Mempertahankan suatu usaha bukanlah hal yang mudah ditengah persaingan yang ketat dan adanya permasalahan yang timbul akibat sesuatu yang tidak terduga seperti bencana alam yang sedang dihadapi hampir seluruh bidang usaha di dunia yaitu permasalah yang timbul akibat pandemi covid-19 yang menimpulkan adanya peraturan pemerintah dalam pembatasan sosial dan juga adanya penurunan daya beli masyarakat yang juga mempengaruhi pendapatan suatu usaha. Untuk menghadapi itu sangat penting bagi seorang wirausaha untuk menetapkan strategi yang tepat untuk mempertahankan usahnya. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah BS Coffee Donuts yang mana cafe tersebut masih mampu bertahan dan menjalankan usaha ditengah pandemi covid-19 dan ketat persaingan terbukti dengan tidak pernah sepinya pengunjung yang melakukan pesanan dine-in maupun take away. Metode penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah orang yang pernah mengkonsumsi produk BS Coffee Donuts dan bersedia untuk mengisi kuisioner yang disebarkan oleh peneliti. Penentuan sample pada penelitian ini didasarkan pada dua kriteria yaitu orang yang pernah membeli produk BS Coffee Donuts yang berjumlah 41 orang. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa variabel citra merek dan promosi merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumen BS Coffee Donuts. Maintaining a business is not easy in the midst of intense competition and there are problems that arise due to something unexpected such as natural disasters that are being faced by almost all business fields in the world, namely problems that arise due to the covid-19 pandemic which has led to government regulations in social restrictions. and also a decrease in people's purchasing power which also affects the income of a business. To deal with it, it is very important for an entrepreneur to set the right strategy to maintain his business. The object in this research is BS Coffee Donuts, where the cafe is still able to survive and run a business in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic and tight competition as evidenced by the never empty visitors who order dine-in and take away. This research method is descriptive analysis. The population in this study were people who had consumed BS Coffee Donuts products and were willing to fill out the questionnaire distributed by the researcher. Determination of the sample in this study is based on two criteria, namely people who have bought BS Coffee Donuts products, amounting to 41 people. The results of this study indicate that brand image and promotion variables are factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions for BS Coffee Donuts.

scholarly journals Bringing home the right to food in Canada: challenges and possibilities for achieving food security

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Rideout ◽  
Graham Riches ◽  
Aleck Ostry ◽  
Don Buckingham ◽  
Rod MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The Right ◽  
Social Safety Nets

AbstractWe offer a critique of Canada's approach to domestic food security with respect to international agreements, justiciability and case law, the breakdown of the public safety net, the institutionalisation of charitable approaches to food insecurity, and the need for ‘joined-up’ food and nutrition policies. We examined Canada's commitments to the right to food, as well as Canadian policies, case law and social trends, in order to assess Canada's performance with respect to the human right to food. We found that while Canada has been a leader in signing international human rights agreements, including those relating to the right to food, domestic action has lagged and food insecurity increased. We provide recommendations for policy changes that could deal with complex issues of state accountability, social safety nets and vulnerable populations, and joined-up policy frameworks that could help realise the right to adequate food in Canada and other developed nations.

scholarly journals Commonification of Food as an Approach for the Achievement of Food Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wasonga Orago
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Right

The commodification of food is one of the many causes of food insecurity as it occasions the inability of poor households to access the available food because of high prices and dysfunctional markets. A change of approach from commodification to commonification to deal with food insecurity at the national, regional and global level is the way to go. As commodification of food is a social construct adopted as a result of deliberate societal policy-making, commonification can similarly be adopted through legal and institutional design at the local, national and international levels; creating polycentric systems for the management of food-producing resources for the local communities. With commonification, decisions relating to the use of local resources for the production, processing, distribution and consumption of food are made at the local level, to ensure that other socioeconomic and cultural aspects of food are considered in the decision-making processes. The integrated aspects of the right to food and food democracy are critical components of the commonification approach to food security.

scholarly journals Validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale and Prevalence of Food Insecurity in the Bahamas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Karpyn ◽  
M. Gail Headley ◽  
Zeleka Knowles ◽  
Erecia Hepburn ◽  
Nicole Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Rasch Modelling ◽  
Landline Telephone

Abstract Background: Despite United Nations’ recommendations to monitor food insecurity using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), to date there are no published reports of its validity for the Bahamas, nor have prevalence rates of moderate or severe food insecurity been reported for the nation. At the same time, food security is a deep concern, with increasing incidence of natural disasters and health concerns related to diet-related disease and dietary quality plaguing the nation.Objectives: This paper aims to examine 1) the validity of the FIES for use in the Bahamas, 2) moderate and severe food insecurity prevalence, and 3) the socio-demographic factors which contribute to increased food insecurity.Methods: The FIES was administered via randomized and weighted landline telephone survey in Nassau, Bahamas to 1,000 participants in June and July of 2017. The Rasch modelling procedure was applied to examine tool validity, and outcomes used to report prevalence. A regression analysis informed the relationship between household variables and food security.Results: The FIES met acceptable ranges for fit statistics for all eight items and the overall Rasch reliability is 0.7. The prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity is 21%, and the prevalence of severe food insecurity is 10%. Statistically significant variables that contribute to food insecurity include education, age, gender, and presence of diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease.Conclusions: This study, which is among the first to comprehensively measure food security in The Bahamas, provides a baseline for further research and evaluation of practices aimed at mitigating food insecurity in SIDS. Further, this study provides a baseline for future research which may seek to understand the impacts of Hurricane Dorian. Post-disaster food security data is needed to further understand the extent to which food security is impacted by natural disasters and identify which sectors and stakeholders are most vital in restructuring the agricultural sector and improving food availability following such catastrophic events.

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