State policy and public opinion on the formation of the institution of police village constables

Author(s):  
Chingiz Ahmedov

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and legal regulation of the activities of the lower ranks of the county police of the Russian Empire from the first half of the XIX to the beginning of the XX century. The rea-sons for the introduction of police custody in the territory of Astrakhan, Baku, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Samara provinces and the Kingdom of Poland are considered by the author. The position according to which in the second half of the XIX century the im-portance of protecting public order and public safety in rural areas was actualized in the state policy of the Russian Empire is substantiated by the author. The reasons for that were the reforms carried out at that time. The most important reform was the abolition of serfdom. The lack of a sufficient number of police officials in the coun-tryside, erforming law enforcement functions, was the reason for the introduction of the institution of police village constables. On the basis of archival and other historical sources, the article shows that the activities of police village constables from the state bodies and the liberal press were evaluated differently: state structures noted the positive results of the activities of police village constables to ensure public order and the safety of society and the state; in contrast, the liberal community absolutized the distrust of the activities of police village constables and the lack of their support from the population. The existing contradictions between society and the state were one of the reasons for the destruction of the law enforcement system and the collapse of the Russian Empire itself.

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 463-478
Author(s):  
A. A. Solnyshkin ◽  
N. M. Korneva

The article deals with the history of relations between the Orthodox Church and the state and society. The importance of the religious component as a factor that played one of the key roles in the relationship between the state and society in Russia in the 19th — early 20th centuries is emphasized. The history of the development of responsibility for crimes against faith is traced. Particular attention is paid to this type of religious crime as sacrilege. The definition of “sacrilege” is given as a property encroachment directed at sacred or consecrated objects, as well as at church property. A detailed description of this type of crime is given and, using examples of judicial precedents of the law enforcement practice of the Russian Empire of the 19th century, its features are shown. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it traces the evolution of the concept of “sacrilege” in Russian legislation of the 19th — early 20th centuries and determines the main trends in the field of law enforcement in relation to these crimes. It is proved that, despite the all-Russian tendency to gradually mitigate punishments for committing many religious crimes at the beginning of the 20th century, mitigation of responsibility in relation to sacrilege did not happen.


2020 ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Марина Петровна Войтеховская ◽  
Светлана Анатольевна Кочурина ◽  
Наталия Игоревна Сухачёва

Вопросы введения всеобщего начального обучения в деятельности Государственной думы Российской империи долгое время не были в поле зрения исследователей, интересКочурина к теме возрос в связи с восстановлением парламентских традиций и глубоким реформированием системы образования. На основе исторических источников показано, что в начале XX в. данный вопрос был, пожалуй, единственным, не вызывавшим разногласий между политическими партиями. Но он так и не был решен из-за длившихся на протяжении шести лет дискуссий между фракциями в Государственной думе, Думой и Государственным советом, парламентом и правительством по сопутствующим проблемам – об обязательности или предоставлении права получения начального образования, о размерах финансирования и характере управления министерскими и церковными школами, о языке преподавания в начальной школе в местностях с нерусским населением, о роли органов местного самоуправления в развитии школьного дела и др. Первая Государственная дума в силу кратковременного существования не сумела приступить к рассмотрению законопроекта о введении всеобщего начального обучения, Государственная дума II созыва – приступила, но ее досрочный роспуск не позволил принять сколько-нибудь существенных решений по вопросу. Третья Государственная дума оказалась единственной в дореволюционной истории России, выдержавшей полный срок полномочий. Результаты ее деятельности в области просвещения закрепили за ней название «Дума народного образования». Было рассмотрено более 300 законодательных инициатив в области науки и образования, в том числе 15 законопроектов по начальному образованию, дополнительные ассигнования на начальную школу выросли почти на 40 млн руб. в год. Но принятый Думой законопроект о введении всеобщего начального обучения не прошел в Государственном совете. Депутаты четвертого созыва вновь дискутировали по содержанию проекта, разработанного Третьей Думой. Главной причиной конфликтов был вопрос о церковно-приходских школах. В последний раз в истории Думы законопроект был внесен министром народного просвещения П. Н. Игнатьевым 28 августа 1916 г., но решение по нему так и не было принято. Вместе с тем за годы работы Государственных дум на развитие начального образования, подготовку педагогов, заработную плату учителей и строительство новых школ были выделены невиданные до того времени средства, а статьи государственных расходов на школьное дело увеличились почти вдвое. The introduction of universal primary education in the activities of the State Duma of the Russian Empire was for a long time not under the attention of the researchers, and interest in the topic increased due to the restoration of parliamentary traditions and deep reform of the education system. Historical sources show that at the beginning of the XX century, this issue was probably the only one that did not cause disagreements between political parties. But it was never resolved because of the six years of discussions between the factions in the State Duma, the Duma and the Council of State, the Parliament and the Government on related issues – the mandatory or granting of the right to receive primary education, the amount of funding and the nature of the management of Ministerial and Church schools, the language of teaching in primary schools in areas with non-Russian populations, about the role of local governments in the development of school Affairs, and others. The First State Duma, owing to its short existence, was unable to consider the draft law on the introduction of universal primary education, the Second Duma began its work, but its early dissolution did not allow any significant decisions to be taken on the issue. The Third State Duma was the only one in the pre-revolutionary history of Russia that lasted a full term of office, and the results of its activities in the field of education gave it the name “Duma of national education”. More than 300 legislative initiatives in the field of science and education were considered, including 15 draft laws on primary education, and additional allocations for primary schools increased by almost 40 million rubles a year. But the bill passed by the Duma on the introduction of universal primary education did not pass in the State Council. The Deputies of the fourth convocation again discussed the content of the draft developed by the Third Duma. The main cause of the conflicts was the issue of parochial schools. The last time in the history of the Duma a bill was introduced by the Minister of Public Education, P. N. Ignatiev, on 28 August 1916, but the decision on it was never made. However, during the years of operation of the State Duma, unprecedented resources have been allocated for the development of primary education, the training of teachers, the salaries of teachers and the construction of new schools, and public spending on schools almost doubled.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Ilhom Juraev ◽  

In this article, the author analyzes McGahan's novels “Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva” which is about the history of Uzbekistan, and distinguishes that these novels according to their peculiarities highlight the history of Uzbekistan particularly the last quarter of XIX century when the valley invaded by Soviet Russia and author shared his thoughts on the basis of historical sources and gave some summaries.Relying on these summaries we obtain necessary information about the valley’s political, economic and cultural life


Author(s):  
Gennadiy G. Bril’ ◽  
Leonid N. Zaytsev

The article examines the process of origin and formation of the political police of Kostroma Province in the mid-19th century. Special attention is paid to the issue of its staffi ng and the wide use of army offi cers for service in the political police. The chronological framework covers a little-studied period of activity of the political police in Kostroma Province. The authors of the article note that the Highest orders of military ranks that had a special place in the appointment of the headquarters and chief offi cers of the political police. On the basis of archival materials, the main directions of service activities of the highest ranks of the political police in the region are analysed. The article reveals the contribution of the gendarmes’ Corps chiefs to the protection of public order during the period under review. The author reveals the attitude of the authorities to literacy among the lower ranks of the gendarmerie. On the basis of historical and archival documents, it is concluded that the successful career of offi cers was promoted by conscientious performance of their offi cial duties, their «excellent-diligent and zealous service». It is concluded that special attention was paid to discipline among the gendarmes. The political police were independent of other branches of government, and were subordinate only to the headquarters of the gendarmes’ corps and the third division of His Imperial Majesty’s own offi ce. Gaps in the historical and legal coverage of the work of the state security Agency in the province of the Russian Empire at the fi rst stage of its existence are fi lled.


Author(s):  
Andrii Boiko-Gagarin

The article analyzes the main terms used by law enforcement investigators and editors of the old newspapers regarding to counterfeiters, the forged money, and the process of selling them. Evidence of lexis in relation to counterfeiting has been traced from the criminal cases stored in the state historical archives of Ukraine and Poland, as well as in newspapers periodicals of Ukrainian cities. Most of the sources used in the study are published for the first time. The counterfeiters in Russian empire were called «manufacturer», «counterfeiter», but in Austro-Hungarian – the «counterfeiter» and «deceiver». The process of falsification in the newspapers of Galicia was defined in relation to money, as «made», «fabricated», in the Russian Empire – «cooked», «fabricated» and others. Most often, the definition of a counterfeiter’s personality was referred to as «counterfeiter», «coin counterfeiter», «counterfeiter». The place of counterfeiting was positioned as a «mint», often with the note «secret» or «illegal». In most newspaper publications, organized gangs of counterfeiters were described as а «gang banditti». Linguistic tautology «counterfeiting of counterfeit coins» is oftenly applied to counterfeit manufacturers. In terms of paper money, the definition «paper» and «picture» were used. The Galician press often called the trial of counterfeiters a «massacre». In 1915 in Chernihiv the credit notes signed by cashier S. Brut because of misinformation about their fraud, the population became wary of exchanging such a money, calling it «Brut’s rubles». For flat metal engraved cliches to print counterfeit assignments and credit cards the term «boards» was used, and coin counterfeiting tools are referred to as «counterfeiting machines» or «weapon tools».


Author(s):  
Dmitriy I. Frolov

The purpose of this work is to give a brief analysis of the legal status of spiritual Christians Molokans in the Russian Empire, following the dynamics of state legal regulation. The problem of the individual sectarian groups status remains little studied in both domestic and foreign literature, which determines its relevance. We use the following research methods: chronological, problem and analytical. We analyze the norms of administrative and criminal law in force in the 19th - early 20th centuries in the Russian Empire, which regulate the rights and obligations of subjects assigned to the Molokan sect. The analysis showed that the legal impact of the state on the Molokans was repressive and causal throughout most of the studied period. Only the reign of Alexander I was marked by a loyal attitude towards sectarians. After the revolutionary events of 1905, a number of civil and religious freedoms were granted to the Molokans, however, one cannot speak of the religious equality of all subjects during this period. After 1905, specialized acts were passed regulating the procedure for registering communities, holding conventions, organizing religious education, and other areas of public relations.


Author(s):  
Natal'ya N. Okutina

This article examines the formation and development of the petty bourgeois' self-government of the late 18th — the early 19th centuries. The author made an attempt to reveal the main stages of development of petty bourgeois' self-government in Russia within the framework of the proposed periodisation. The paper analyses the main legal acts and the changes they make to the legal regulation of the activities of the local government bodies within a certain historical framework. The author provides an analysis of the legal regulation of issues of an intra-class nature and the representation of members of petty-bourgeois corporations in local government and state bodies. On the basis of the conducted research, conclusions are drawn up on the need for further reform of the existing forms of public participation in solving local issues, taking into account historical experience.


Author(s):  
N.U. Shayakhmetov ◽  

Forests and woodlands of the steppe region of Kazakhstan are an important element of the agrarian landscape of this region. The colonial agrarian policy of the Russian Empire in Kazakhstan was carried out not only through the mass resettlement of peasants and the seizure of fertile land, but also the seizure of forests and forest lands of Kazakh lands. According to the Steppe Regulations of 1891, forests and forest lands in the Kazakh steppe were declared the state property of the Russian Empire. In the process of implementing the agrarian colonial policy, the forest lands of the steppe regions became objects of commercial production. These factors became a prerequisite for a change in the agrarian landscape and a crisis in the ecosystem of the steppe regions in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries


2021 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Galina Mykhailenko

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern. During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.


Author(s):  
Н.А. Маркова ◽  
А.В. Солодовникова

Данная статья посвящена изучению исторического опыта государственно-правового регулирования отношений в сфере экологической безопасности населения, проживающего в городах Российской империи. В ходе исследования были выделены основные направления государственной политики в области обеспечения санитарного благополучия городов, отмечены ключевые проблемы, препятствующие ее успешной реализации. This article is devoted to the study of the historical experience of state and legal regulation of relations in the field of environmental safety of the population living in the cities of the Russian Empire. In the course of the study, the main directions of state policy in the field of ensuring the sanitary well-being of cities were identified, and the key problems that hinder its successful implementation were noted.


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