scholarly journals Medical ethics in relationship with moribund patient

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Shabalin ◽  
S. N. Shatokhina
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Terminal State ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Living Nature ◽  
Dying Patient

The continuous changes in the basic values of modern society are based on transformations in the field of intellectual communication, an avalanche-like increase in the volume of new knowledge, the emergence of new medical technology, and a sharp increase in attention to human rights. These processes exacerbate deontological problems, which are most difficult to manifest when a doctor comes into contact with a dying patient. Purpose of the study. To improve the quality of medical care for a patient in a terminal state. Research results. For most people, death is associated with severe physical and spiritual suffering. The doctor can alleviate this suffering only with a deep understanding of the phenomenon of death, both from scientific and religious positions. The article analyzes the philosophical foundations of medical ethics, knowledge of which is necessary for a doctor when communicating with a dying patient. The modern understanding of death as a natural event necessary to support the development of living nature is given. It is shown that our society has not yet developed the principles of the culture of death. In connection with the development of modern medical technologies, it became necessary to search for new criteria for death. The modern legal and moral interpretation of the human right to death with dignity is considered. The difficulty of communicating information about a fatal diagnosis to a patient is noted: when a bitter truth is possible, and when a “holy” lie is needed. The proposition is put forward that the complexity and contradictory nature of the problem of euthanasia is solved by providing the terminal patient with high-quality palliative care. Conclusion. Despite all the wonderful judgments about the necessity and importance of death in the development of mankind, the tragedy of personal death cannot be removed even by the most optimistic philosophy. However, a doctor, armed with modern knowledge, possessing modern deontological methods, endowed with high moral qualities, can significantly reduce the level of feeling of this tragedy. Death is an important stage in a person's life, the confidence of all living people that their terminal period will be provided with proper care and attention, will greatly improve the quality and the entire period of a person's life.

scholarly journals Education as Cultural Frame

2021 ◽  
pp. 267-284
Author(s):  
John W. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Political Society ◽  
Cultural Model ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The World

AbstractEducation, both mass and elite, has spread everywhere over recent centuries, generally taking globally standardized forms. The studies in this book address its distinctively compulsory form. It is originally organized for the collective good of religious and later political society, and more recently formulated as a citizen—and later human—right. Educational expansion is global, and greatly affected by worldwide organizations. But regional variations matter too, as education spreads out from the Western core. A key to understanding the diffusion of education is to see it as reflecting cultural and political forces, not principally economic ones that obviously vary greatly around the world. Education reflects a cultural model of a secularized modern society, much more than economic interests and structures, and its commonalities are visible everywhere.

LIBRARY OF A NEW TYPE AS A CULTURAL UNIVERSAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
A. S. Plyakhotko ◽  
◽  
E. M. Akulich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Modern Library ◽  
New Type ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
Social Organism ◽  
Changing Role

The relevance of the study of a new type of library as a cultural universal is due to the fact that the modern library remains the most democratic tool in the world for access to knowledge for all citizens, regardless of their age and social status. The library, being a social organism, cannot exist outside of the spiritual life of society, it is one of the most important tools of its development. Changing role of information in modern society directly affects the transformation of some functions of libraries. The study of the ontological foundations of the library can help to reveal its mission at the turn of the epochs. The aim of the study is to consider the phenomenon of the library in the historical context as an institution of culture, providing circulation of social experience. Transformations in the life of society and in the activity of the library as a social organism create the task of defining a strategy for its development. When considering this problem, a systematic approach was used. Culture is considered as a system of supra-biological programs, in which the library acts as an element of this system. General logical methods of cognition such as analogy, analysis, synthesis, generalization and prediction were also applied. The material of the article characterizes the library of a new type as a cultural universal, accumulating and broadcasting social experience. The article presents the philosophical foundations of the library in the context of the universals of culture, describes its main functions, reveals the essence and characteristics of the library of a new type, identifies socio-cultural practices as an important factor in the formation of information mobility of students. As a result of the study the following conclusions were made: 1. The ontological foundations of the traditional and modern library are common, which characterizes it as a cultural universal. 2. The transformation of the functions of modern libraries led to the emergence of a new type of library. 3. Consideration and study of the philosophical foundations of the library of a new type let to reveal its mission at the turn of the epochs, as well as to predict further ways of its development.

scholarly journals Any Chance for the Enforceability of the Human Right to Subsistence?

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-162
Author(s):  
Celia Fernández Aller
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Right

It is not true that the idea of the right to subsistence should not give rise to much controversy. In fact, social rights are not considered as fundamental rights by everyone. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether abstract social rights –and the right to subsistence in particular- should be put in constitutions and laws and if judges should be given powers to interpret them. The philosophical foundations and the content of the right are studied and five great challenges are presented, although the most powerful one is to focus on the social and political enforceability of the fundamental right to subsistence. Assessing the effectiveness of the right to subsistence, and the right to food particularly, is a complex issue. In the legal discourse, the question seems to be only suggested.  Even when the Constitutions expressly recognize this right in some countries, its implementation faces many constraints. The progressive realization of ESC rights requires a complex interaction of policies and programs in a wide range of sectors and institutions.The scientific method used in this work is the legal-sociological method, regarding the understanding of the rules, the lack of them, their effectiveness,  etc.   Several methodological techniques have been used, such as social and legal analysis, legal deduction and induction, description and interdisciplinarity.

Cooperation with patients - guarantee of successful treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Saperov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Professional Preparation ◽  
Treatment Model ◽  
Professional Skills ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Physician Relationship ◽  
Main Factors

The aim of the study was to substantiate the necessity of efficient therapeutic cooperation between the doctor and the patient. The main factors determining such cooperation are considered including odontologicalbehaviour of the physician, the choice of the adequate treatment model, compliance with the principles and rules of medical ethics, deontological requirements regulating the patient/physician relationship. Special attention is given to such issues as the doctor’s authority, patient’s confidence, and professional preparation of the first patient’s visit. The authority of the physician depends on his professional skills and moral qualities, such as sense of duty, humanism, and love for his occupation. The causes behindfailed relationships between the doctor and the patient are considered with special reference to deontological flaws on the part of the physician.

Vulnerability of terrestrial transportation lines to natural events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unni Eidsvig ◽  
Nikola Tanasic ◽  
Rade Hajdin ◽  
Christina Ekeheien ◽  
Luca Piciullo
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Structural Vulnerability ◽  
Functional Loss ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Transportation Line

<p>Our modern society relies on well-functioning transport systems providing mobility, transport safety and regularity. Maintaining the operational state of roads and railways during extreme weather events or other natural events is an important and demanding task. Natural events may cause damage to transportation assets, which can immediately or over time result in functional loss of a transportation line. For instance, a reduced culvert capacity due to debris deposition and clogging, could cause flooding of a road/rail. Some natural events can lead directly to loss of service, even without damaging an asset, like the occurrence of avalanches on a transportation line, blocking the related traffic. To reduce risks of failures posed by natural hazards, it is essential to assess vulnerability of transportation networks to such events.</p><p>A well-established way to analyse vulnerability is to use damage-, loss- or fragility functions. Such functions can express both functional vulnerability, representing the functional loss for a transportation line, and structural vulnerability representing damage degree or the exceedance probability of damage levels pertinent to a transportation asset. These functions can all be expressed in terms of event intensity, which is a parameter characterizing the damaging potential of a natural event.</p><p>In order to analyse functional vulnerability, various asset types with their interdependencies i.e. network topology and geographical coincidence must be considered. Here, the applied damage and fragility functions for evaluating structural vulnerability must account for location specific data on assets and asset properties. The review of existing damage-, loss- and fragility functions showed that these are not sufficient for intended analysis and need to be updated to consider various natural events and related failure modes. Recommendations are provided on how to elaborate new damage-, loss- and fragility functions to overcome a large number of uncertainties related to impacts of natural events on infrastructure and account for resistance of infrastructure. These recommendations concern both the choice of intensity parameters for different types of hazards and definition of possible failure modes, the methods for developing the functions and the assessment of the relationship between structural vulnerability of the asset and functional vulnerability.</p><p>The research leading to these and future results receives funding from the European Community’s H2020 Programme MG-7-1-2017 Resilience to extreme (natural and man-made) events, under Grant Agreement number: 769255 - "GIS-based infrastructure management system for optimized response to extreme events of terrestrial transport networks (SAFEWAY)".</p>

scholarly journals Transformation of types of religiosity in the context of globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
S. V. Trophimov
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Practice Elements

The article outlines the transformation of types of religiosity in the conditions of modern Western society. An assessment of the religious situation in contemporary Western society at the end of the 20th century and some examples are given. Particular attention is paid to the crisis of secular regulation of religion in modern society. Paradoxically, the weakening of the regulatory capacity of religious institutions leads to a weakening of the secular state. Religion, displaced into the private sphere, undergoes significant transformations. The active expansion of neoliberal ideology through the leading actors of globalism has significantly changed the nature of the socialization of individuals, their relation to the world and the ability to communicate. As a result of the principles of freedom of conscience and religious pluralism enshrined in both constitutions and in public morals, the individual’s right to choose his religious beliefs is generally accepted, and therefore the human right to form a religious identity proves to be primary in relation to a religious tradition controlled by institutions. If earlier the younger generation accepted the experience of the older generations, partially modifying it, but on the whole following it and finding in it suitable models of behavior, today the main emphasis is given to individual experience, shared with others, and acceptance of personal responsibility. Even adherents of traditional confessions themselves bring to their religious practice elements of eastern religions and esotericism, but discard elements of their own traditions that they consider “out-ofdate” or “do not fit into the way of modern life”. The institutional crisis of the establishment of the truths of faith favors the increase in the number of belief systems of individual communities. In a changing religious situation, the state should seek a new model of interaction with religious organizations and groups. The material is provided useful for comparative studies of the religious situation in Russia and Western Europe.

scholarly journals Secure in «risk society»

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Il'ya Chestnov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The State ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Protected Object ◽  
The Individual

This article is about secure issues. Secure as the object of research is considered in the historical and socio-cultural context. Theoretical representation and secure issues in “risk society” is the object of research. The post-classical methodology used by the author assumes the analysis of security in the historical and socio-cultural context. This context is a post-modern society characterized by risk and uncertainty. In this regard, the author suggests reviewing the established ideas about security. Security includes two dimensions – objective and mental (mental, subjective), which complement each other. In this case, security is the idea of the security of the individual, the state, and society constructed by the authorities. Constructability and relativity of security are its most important characteristics in the «risk society». Today, security is one of the fundamental human rights. The content of security as a human right is also a measure of freedom. This right is guaranteed by security measures developed and implemented by the state and civil society. Such measures are aimed at the person who may pose a security threat, and the protected object. These measures are historically variable and relative to the threats that appear to be most relevant.

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