Synthetic considerations on the origin and emergence of human language

Human (vocal-articulated) language may be regarded both as a structure and organ, and as an instrument and biosocial behaviour. Its foundation is material and motor, and its development procedural-historical. Examining the relationship between the initial moment (gesture) and the actual result (vocal-articulated language)—at the motor and neural levels—reveals that mental activities occur and develop as a result of the biological organism’s interactions with its natural and social environment. Therefore, language appears not as a consequence of a revolution or of an evolutionary jump, but as a result of organic and gradual developments occurring in a biosocial environment and having the same kind of premises. The many structures contributing to its appearance (osseous, muscular, nervous, genetic) were directed by social events generating behaviours whose exercise led to certain developments. Having achieved structural and behavioral diversification, and in so far as it could benefit evolution, such a development was exploited by the biological and social organism, such that—irrespective of space, time, or the aspects of a particular context—above a certain level of evolution, the various human communities spread throughout the globe exhibited the intrinsic tendency of developing this ability.

THE NOTIONS «MECHANISM» AND «ORGANISM» IN THE SOCIAL ONTOLOGY OF S.L. FRANK

Статья посвящена анализу понятий «механизм» и «организм» в социальной философии С.Л. Франка. Социально-философская концепция Франка помещается в широкий контекст философии XIX-начала XX вв. В статье исследуются связи социальной философии Франка и органических теорий государства и общества. Автор статьи приводит обзор органических теорий: демонстрируется их генезис в немецком классическом идеализме и анализируются подходы, наиболее распространенные в XIX в. В статье обосновывается, что органические теории государства исторически связаны с телеологией И. Канта. Именно в философии Канта впервые появляется важное для философии XIX в. противопоставление организма и механизма. В статье указывается, что специфика этого подхода заключается не столько в естественнонаучной аналогии, сколько в интерпретации отношений части и целого. Автор показывает, что оппозиция механизма и организма сыграла важную роль в истории органических представлений об обществе. Русская социально-философская и политологическая мысль рассматривается в контексте общего развития социальных наук XIX в. Русские философы и обществоведы позаимствовали из западной философии идею оппозиции социального механизма и органицизма. На этой основе в России были выработаны аналогичные философско-правовые концепции, которые также можно отнести к традиции органицизма. Автор относит социально-философскую концепцию С.Л. Франка также к указанной традиции социального органицизма. В статье приводится реконструкция социальной философии Франка и отмечается, что его подход близок к идеям, получившим развитие в немецком классической идеализме. Указывается, что Франк критиковал не органическую теорию как таковую, а распространенную в его время натуралистическую концепцию, отождествлявшую общество с организмом. В этой связи автор показывает вклад Франка в историю органических представлений об обществе. The article is devoted to the analysis of the notions «mechanism» and «organism» in S.L. Frank’s social philosophy. The sociophilosophical conception of S.L. Frank is considered in the context of the philosophy of the XIXth - beginning of the XXth centuries. The article deals with the relations of S.L. Frank’s philosophy to the organic theories of society. The author gives an overview of the organic theories: their genesis in the German idealism and analysis of the widespread approaches in the XIXth century philosophy. The article shows that the organic theories were historically connected with the teleology of I. Kant. I. Kant was the first to propose the very opposition of organism and mechanism. The author points out that the speceficity of this approach consists rather in the interpretation of the relations between the part and the whole, than in the scientific analogy. The author shows that this opposition played a significant role in the organic theory of society. Russian social philosophy and political science are considered in the general context of the social sciences of the XIXth century. Russian philosophers and social sciences borrowed the idea of mechanism and organism from the western philosophy. Based on this approach they developed their own conceptions which can also be referred to the organic tradition. The author refers S.L. Frank’s social philosophy to the tradition of social organism. The article reconstructs the Frank’s social philosophy and points out that his approach is derived from the German classical idealism. It is shown that Frank did not criticized the very organic theory, his criticism was directed against naturalistic theories of his time. The author of the article shows the Frank’s contribution to the organic theory of society.

New science of art of Hans Sedlmayr

This article provides a brief systemic analysis of the key concepts of the so-called new science of art developed by the Austrian art historian Hans Sedlmayr. The result of Seldmayr’s pursuits are reflected in creation of his own philosophy of art and culture based on a particular worldview. The cognition of the whole, along with individual and unique, underlies this science. Understanding is the goal of scientific knowledge for Sedlmayr. It suggests not only abstract knowledge, but peculiar existential experience as well. Sedlmayr interprets the understanding of artwork as its contemplation, which in turn, is identical to its actualization or presence. In Seldlmayr’s art of science, epistemologies and ontologies merge into each other. He interprets artworks simultaneously as the event and as the social organism, which overcomes the linearity of time and fragmentation of plurality. This artificial complex system, built on the paradoxical identity of the single and plenty, is both finite and infinite. Sedlmayr’s views encompass classical and nonclassical approach towards cognition of the whole. He relies on the principles of monism, seeking to reduce all concepts to a single basis, single point of singularity that designates the synthesis of all the moments of the whole and can be expressed by a single category. The main category, which resembles the center of the opposites, is the “midpoint” (Mitte). The aforementioned ideas are consistent and logical only in such scientific worldview that identifies ontology and epistemology, which implies the unity of contemplation and phenomenon of the artwork. Therefore, in Sedlmayr's constructions, actualization or revival of the artwork is identical with its comprehension. The systemic approach towards the artwork reflected in the theoretical works of Sedlmayr extends the boundaries of art science and converges with philosophy.

The Ideas of Russian Slavophiles and Occidentalists as Reflected in Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Discourse on Freedom

When developing ideological concepts and creating literary characters, Dostoyevsky drew from, among others, the ideas of the then most important trends in the Russian thought: Slavophilic and Occidental, as refl ected, among other examples, in his discourse on freedom. The condemnation of certain aspects of Western European civilization, present in the writer’s work – often articulated by the Slavophiles – expresses his aversion to negative freedom and excessive individualism, which undercut the roots of the social organism. Dostoyevsky’s affi nity with the Slavophiles is also refl ected in his positive attitude towards the Russian people and fascination with the unspoiled Christianity and community which they preserved. The formation of Dostoyevsky’s views was also infl uenced by the Occidentalists. The need to maintain the personality ideal, as the Occidentalists understood it, was extremely important to him. The writer glorifi ed the values that cemented the Orthodox community, without negating the knowledge and experience gained in the course of the 200-year Europeanization of the upper classes of the Russian society. He considered Occidentalism to be a phenomenon “leaning towards” specifi c social realities from which it drew its strength. The writer envisaged a harmonious coexistence of freedom and love, their unity. In his opinion, this unity could not be an expression of excess, egoism, pride, moral and moral promiscuity, exaggerated individualism and rationalism. He equated genuine freedom with commitment to God and to the well-being of the humankind.

The Isolationist Pathology of Sovereignism (Three Historical Cases for Analysis)

The article examines the isolationist pathology of sovereignism in the loss of subjective capacity in the changing political reality. The article aims to study the isolationist policy of sovereignism, the consequences of which are considered a pathology of the countries’ social organism. The study was carried out in the analytical strategy of searching for the measure of sovereignism and its pathology, in the search for the general, special and singular in specific historical cases of isolationism of states. The authors found out that sovereignism differs in quality, the degree of implementation in achieving the integrity of society and government, solving the problem of superiority, equality and inequality of states, their influence and efficiency. States, depending on the degree of sovereignism, are classified into 1) rogue countries, 2) colonial countries, 3) countries under external control, 4) regional leaders and 5) su­perpowers. States differ according to the measure of sovereignism: 1) with developed sovereignism, 2) de­veloping sovereignism, 3) with destroyed sovereignism and statehood; 4) with undeveloped sovereignism and statehood; 5) with chaotic sovereignism. Scientific intelligence has made it possible to actualize the issue of the predictive study of the isolationist policy consequences at all levels of political reality in order to make appropriate strategic decisions.

ACCOUNTING FOR THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE ECONOMY

The economic system is a complex social organism undergoing a constant process of metamorphosis. The conceptual framework of political economy captures the compo-nents of this system, its interaction with the socio-political superstructure, as well as its inherent contradictions. The article examines the laws of system development and their impact on econom-ic growth. It is revealed that the laws of development are the foundation on which the theoretical foundations of economic analysis are implemented and the assessment, diagnosis and forecasting of organizations' development is carried out. Accounting for the laws of system development al-lowed us to identify the main analytical tasks and indicators - the parameters of the organization that are affected by the laws considered. The main result of the economic reforms of independent Kazakhstan was the creation of a market-type economy and a system of effective state regulation that is adequate to the principles of market management. The process of economic reform is not complete: Kazakhstan's economic policy is gradually focusing on supporting its own most profit-able industries.

About the specificity of the impact of communicative technological innovations on political processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan

A complex of various technological innovations, which, first of all, have information and communication content, among which it is necessary to mention news and analytical Internet portals, messengers like Whatsapp, hybrid and convergent media tools such as Telegram and Facebook, video hosting and editing services (Youtube and TikTok), streaming platforms, and numerous other technological solutions have a great impact on political processes in Central Asia, transforming them and reformatting them. Their influence is most pronounced in Kazakhstan, for a number of reasons, among which a higher standard of living of the population and, accordingly, the paying capacity of the audience, the depth of Internet penetration, the development of the communication sphere, etc. In this regard, the situation in Kazakhstan presented to be largely as a model for the entire region of Central Asia. The impact of communicative technological innovations in the Republic of Kazakhstan is manifested through the intensification of socio-political processes, the restructuring of society, through the emergence of new groups of influence, as well as the creation of dialogue and discussion platforms, often of an informal plan, which contribute both to the unification and differentiation of the social organism. This gives rise to various dilemmas in the choice of state approaches to the use of communicative technological innovations, which is expressed both in encouraging the development of the information and communication sphere, and in attempts to limit civic activity if it goes through the channels of new means of communication. The author suggests that in the coming years, the impact of communicative technological innovations on political processes in Kazakhstan will be under the sign of the two indicated contradictory tendencies (striving for freedom and control), especially considering the neighborhood with the two powers, China and the Russian Federation, with their predominantly repressive logic of interaction state with society.

The values of traditional Kazakh culture

Eastern (including Kazakh-Turkic) philosophy differs from classical Western philosophy in that it does not make a major distinction between the universals of culture and philosophy. For Kazakh traditional society, philosophizing is characteristic of a non-abstract, extremely generalized, figuratively complete form of reflection. For the most part, philosophical categories and concepts are reflected and enshrined in artistic and religious texts. Therefore, the study of Kazakh philosophers should be conducted in a broader socio-cultural context. A holistic conceptual understanding of the worldview universals of a nomadic civilization is one of the most urgent tasks of modern Kazakh philosophy. To accomplish this task, we have at our disposal a huge amount of material from the monuments of the Orkhon-Yenisei runic writings, to priceless samples of oral folk art in the form of folk legends, heroic epics, proverbs, and sayings, the poetical and musical heritage of the zhyrau-akyns, etc. Traditional Kazakh culture is the quintessence and reflection of a special nomadic type of economy. Nomadic civilization is an example of a favorable coexistence between nature and man. An eco-friendly lifestyle was a reflection of the internal attitude towards maintaining harmony between man and nature. At the same time, the Kazakhs managed to create a special socionormative culture based on deep spiritual traditions that widely regulated social relations. The genus origin was the fundamental principle of the individual's self-identification and linked him by inseparable blood ties with the community and the territory of residence as a continuation of his social and natural existence. A nomadic collective was a hierarchically designed social organism, where human life was strictly regulated. Every action in everyday life had not only practical, but also spiritual meaning, value. Sacralization of actions took place through the ritual. Almost every single thing in everyday life was endowed with symbolic meaning. Having mastered the methods, principles and categorical apparatus of Western philosophy, modern Kazakh philosophy has become capable of deeply analyzing and actualizing the past examples of the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. At the same time, it opens itself up to other cultures and thus new opportunities for intercivilizational dialogue appear.

Innovative ecosystems in digital economy

The article examines the formation and management of innovative ecosystems in the digital economy. Approaches to determining and content of the term “innovation ecosystem” are analyzed, the specifics and conditions of management of innovative ecosystems are investigated. There has been analyzed the concept of ecosystem as a complex self-organizing, self-regulating, self-sufficient system. There have been considered the research works devoted to innovative systems. The innovation ecosystems are viewed by scientists as the effective cooperation mechanisms aimed at combining individual proposals from different firms into a single customer-oriented proposal. In terms of a systematic approach the innovation ecosystem is defined as a living social organism, which is continuously changing under the influence of agents' behavior and the business units of the ecosystem. One of the key conditions for effective functioning of the innovation ecosystem is the use of innovation management methods. The choice or combination of ways to interact to manage an ecosystem depends on three things: the ecosystem strategy, the market environment, and the general risk appetite of agents and business units. An important aspect of ecosystem management is training of qualified personnel with a completely new type of thinking. Ecosystem manageability is found to dependent on the ability of professionals to adapt to the rapidly changing economic conditions and to continuously improve their skills. It has been inferred that the innovation ecosystem is a complex production and commercial structure, the functioning of which is associated with the unification of various kinds of business units, educational and scientific organizations to develop innovative products and services using advanced technologies, including digital ones.