scholarly journals Kinderkosten und Familiengründung: Erste Befunde einer Prüfung der Neuen Haushaltsökonomie unter Verwendung von Paardaten

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-129
Author(s):  
Daniela Klaus

The aim of this contribution is to examine basic implications of the New Home Economics (NHE) with respect to family formation using data from couples. This investigation extends the multitude of empirical applications of the NHE in two ways: First, the often neglected income hypothesis is tested simultaneously to the prominent opportunity cost hypothesis. Second, child-related costs are measured directly rather than assumed from individual’s socio-economic position since they were indicated by the respondent’s individual perception. Within a pre-study of the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics a sub-sample of 237 couples was conducted in 2006. Due to the cross-sectional nature of the data and the limited validity of some indices the findings are only of preliminary character. They suggest only a moderate confirmation of the NHE. At least, some evidence is provided for the opportunity cost hypothesis. The higher woman’s educational level the higher her job related opportunity costs which finally decrease the likelihood of the first birth. No evidence is found with respect to the income hypothesis as man’s positive educational effect on family formation seems not to be mediated by the direct childrelated costs perceived by his female partner. Counterevidence is also related to the costs perceived by the male partner as they are not only independent of the educational level but also irrelevant in terms of family formation. Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Familiengründung wird die empirische Relevanz der Neuen Haushaltsökonomie (NHE) untersucht. Dabei geht dieser Beitrag in zweierlei Hinsicht über die übliche Anwendung dieses Ansatzes hinaus: Einerseits wird, parallel zur Opportunitätenkostenhypothese, die oft vernachlässigte Einkommenshypothese berücksichtigt. Andererseits wird das in diesem Erklärungszusammenhang zentrale Konzept der Kinderkosten nicht, wie üblich, über bildungs- oder erwerbsbezogene Indikatoren operationalisiert, sondern über die subjektive Einschätzung der persönlichen Relevanz unterschiedlicher Kostenaspekte von Elternschaft. Die Analyse basiert auf Daten von 237 Paaren, die im Rahmen einer Vorstudie des Projektes Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics 2006 erhoben worden sind. Die angesichts des Querschnittscharakters der Daten sowie der eingeschränkten Validität einiger Indikatoren vorläufigen Ergebnisse lassen sich allenfalls als mittelmäßige Bestätigung der NHE interpretieren. Zumindest gewisse Unterstützung erfährt die Opportunitätenkostenhypothese: Mit zunehmender Bildung der Frau steigen die von ihr wahrgenommenen Opportunitätenkosten, was die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Familiengründung herabsetzt. Auch die von der Frau angegebenen direkten Kosten, die mit dem Bildungsniveau ihres Partners sinken, beeinflussen die Erstgeburt negativ, was zunächst für die Einkommenshypothese spricht. Allerdings kann nicht bestätigt werden, dass dieser positive Bildungseffekt seine Wirksamkeit über die Kinderkosten erlangt. Schließlich erweisen sich die von den Männern wahrgenommenen Kinderkosten weder als bildungsabhängig noch haben sie einen Einfluss auf die Familiengründung.

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 3288-3297
Author(s):  
Anna Strid ◽  
Elinor Hallström ◽  
Therese Hjorth ◽  
Ingegerd Johansson ◽  
Bernt Lindahl ◽  
...  

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to examine climate impact from diet across background and sociodemographic characteristics in a population-based cohort in northern Sweden.Design:A cross-sectional study within the Västerbotten Intervention Programme. Dietary data from a 64-item food frequency questionnaire collected during 1996–2016 were used. Energy-adjusted greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for all participants, expressed as kg carbon dioxide equivalents/day and 4184 kJ (1000 kcal), were estimated using data from life cycle analyses. Differences in background and sociodemographic characteristics were examined between participants with low and high GHGE from diet, respectively. The variables evaluated were age, BMI, physical activity, marital status, level of education, smoking, and residence.Setting:Västerbotten county in northern Sweden.Participants:In total, 46 893 women and 45 766 men aged 29–65 years.Results:Differences in GHGE from diet were found across the majority of examined variables. The strongest associations were found between GHGE from diet and age, BMI, education, and residence (all P < 0·001), with the highest GHGE from diet found among women and men who were younger, had a higher BMI, higher educational level, and lived in urban areas.Conclusions:This study is one of the first to examine climate impact from diet across background and sociodemographic characteristics. The results show that climate impact from diet is associated with age, BMI, residence and educational level amongst men and women in Västerbotten, Sweden. These results define potential target populations where public health interventions addressing a move towards more climate-friendly food choices and reduced climate impact from diet could be most effective.


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 2634-2650
Author(s):  
Elyakim Kislev

This study examines the effect of relationship desire on singles’ social lives and vice versa. Based on the German-based Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics study, never-married singles and divorced singles were analyzed. Cross-sectional results showed a correlation between the extent to which singles desire relationship and both the relative importance of friendships and overall social satisfaction. Further analysis, using longitudinal methods, showed that the move to a lower degree of relationship desire had a significant effect on the relative importance of friends. Furthermore, both higher levels of the relative importance of friends and social satisfaction are negatively correlated with relationship desire. These results clarify previous studies and point to the fact that singles with low relationship desire are more social and derive greater support from their friends.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Moraima Del Toro ◽  
Yolima Manrique ◽  
Keydis Ruidiaz ◽  
Muna Hamdan

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a unique period of rapid growth and development in girls, that mixes the physical, emotional and social spheres of childhood and adulthood. It starts with the changes of puberty and ends when an autonomous young adult emerges.OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors related to multiparity in a certain vicinity of Cartagena, Colombia.METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional and exploratory study, consisting of 207 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years residing in locality 2 in Cartagena.RESULTS: The average age of the adolescents surveyed was 18.32 years. It was found that teenagers’ will to have 2 children (with respect to having 3) is lower (in 0.175) in girls with an educational level higher than primary school. When a family is moderate in giving orders or rules, the chance of a teen to have 2 children instead of 3 is 3.95 times higher than in those families that are not moderate. When planning the first pregnancy, the desire of adolescents to have a second child and not a third is 17.607 higher these girls that had unplanned first in those in which their first pregnancy was not planned. Whereas in pregnancies due to the misuse of contraceptives, the probability of not conceiving a third child is 3.7 times higher than those who became pregnant for a different reason. Adolescents who attended prenatal controls have a preference of 0.021 for having 4 or more children instead of 3, with respect to those who do not attend.CONCLUSIONS: A series of family and sociocultural factors were identified in this study, that relate to multiparity in adolescents. The family is the core unit of health and the ideal entity to convey protective factors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. p7
Author(s):  
Pavlos Stamatiou ◽  
Maria Papadopoulou

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between financial development and economic growth, within a panel framework that also accounts for trade openness, for the case of Eurozone using data covering the period 1990-2018. We explore this relationship using panel analysis techniques, robust to cross sectional dependence, in order to investigate the presence of causality between the variables. The cointegration results suggested that there is one cointegrated vector between the functions of economic growth, financial development and trade openness. In addition, the causality results of the study revealed, both in the short and long-run, that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between financial development and economic growth with direction from economic growth to financial development, as well as a unidirectional causality running from trade openness to financial development.


2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-101
Author(s):  
Johannes Huinink ◽  
Josef Brüderl ◽  
Bernhard Nauck ◽  
Sabine Walper ◽  
Laura Castiglioni ◽  
...  

This article introduces the DFG-funded “Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics” (pairfam) study, which was initiated to provide an extended empirical basis for advances in family research. Within the context of challenges in couples and family research, we address the major substantive fields covered by the pairfam panel: couple dynamics and partnership stability, childbearing, parenting and child development, and intergenerational relationships. Then we present the conceptual framework and survey design of pairfam. The panel started with about 4,000 respondents (anchors) in each of three birth cohorts: 1991-1993, 1981-1983, and 1971-1973. The panel also includes anchors’ partners. From the second wave onwards parents and children of anchors are included. The policy of pairfam with regard to the provision of scientific use files and data distribution are discussed in the concluding remarks. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag stellt das deutsche Beziehungs- und Familienpanel (pairfam) vor, das eine empirische Basis für Fortschritte in der Beziehungsund Familienforschung bieten soll. Vor dem Hintergrund zentraler Herausforderungen in der Partnerschafts- und Familienforschung werden Themenschwerpunkte, der konzeptuelle Rahmen und das Design des pairfam-Projekts vorgestellt. Inhaltlich fokussiert werden Fragen der Aufnahme, Gestaltung und Beendigung von Partnerschaftsbeziehungen, Elternschaftsentscheidungen bei Familiengründung und -erweiterung, Erziehung und Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen sowie Intergenerationenbeziehungen. Befragungsteilnehmer waren in der ersten Erhebungswelle je rund 4.000 Jugendliche (geboren 1991-93), junge Erwachsene (geboren 1981-83) und Erwachsene im mittleren Lebensalter (geboren 1971-73) sowie nach Möglichkeit auch deren Partner/in. Ab der zweiten Erhebungswelle werden auch Eltern und Kinder einbezogen. Am Ende des Beitrages werden einige Angaben zur Distribution der Daten als scientific use file gemacht.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Molly Ludlam

For over fifty years the concept of the “internal couple”, as a composite internal object co-constructed in intimate relationships, has been fundamental to a psycho-analytic understanding of couple relationships and their contribution to family dynamics. Considerable societal change, however, necessitates review of how effectively and ethically the concept meets practitioners’ and couples’ current needs. Does the concept of an internal couple help psychotherapists to describe and consider all contemporary adult couples, whether same-sex or heterosexual, monogamous, or polyamorous? How does it accommodate online dating, relating via avatars, and use of pornography? Is it sufficiently inclusive of those experimenting in terms of sexual and gender identity, or in partnerships that challenge family arrangement norms? Can it usefully support thinking about families in which parents choose to parent alone, or are absent at their children’s conception thanks to surrogacy, adoption, and IVF? These and other questions prompt re-examination of this central concept’s nature and value.


2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
D. A. Golentsov ◽  
A. G. Gulin ◽  
Vladimir A. Likhter ◽  
K. E. Ulybyshev

Destruction of bodies is accompanied by formation of both large and microscopic fragments. Numerous experiments on the rupture of different samples show that those fragments carry a positive electric charge. his phenomenon is of interest from the viewpoint of its potential application to contactless diagnostics of the early stage of destruction of the elements in various technical devices. However, the lack of understanding the nature of this phenomenon restricts the possibility of its practical applications. Experimental studies were carried out using an apparatus that allowed direct measurements of the total charge of the microparticles formed upon sample rupture and determination of their size and quantity. The results of rupture tests of duralumin and electrical steel showed that the size of microparticles is several tens of microns, the particle charge per particle is on the order of 10–14 C, and their amount can be estimated as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the sample at the point of discontinuity to the square of the microparticle size. A model of charge formation on the microparticles is developed proceeding from the experimental data and current concept of the electron gas in metals. The model makes it possible to determine the charge of the microparticle using data on the particle size and mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Model estimates of the total charge of particles show order-of-magnitude agreement with the experimental data.


2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110160
Author(s):  
Amir Erfani ◽  
Roya Jahanbakhsh

The fertility influence of spousal intimate relationships is unknown. Drawing on the Giddens’s theory of transformation of intimacy, this study proposed a hypothesis that couples supporting egalitarian intimate relationships, with a greater risk profile attached to the relationship, and having less attachments to the external normative pressures shaping marital relations, are more likely to have low-fertility intentions and preferences. Using data from a self-administered pilot survey ( n = 375 prospective grooms and brides) designed by the authors, and employing multivariate regression models, we found that the lower attachment to external social forces in mate selection was associated with the lower ideal number of children, and those with a greater spousal relational egalitarianism and a higher risk profile attached to their relationships preferred lower number of children and were less likely to intend to have children after marriage. The study sheds new light on the determinants of low fertility.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathijs de Haas ◽  
Maarten Kroesen ◽  
Caspar Chorus ◽  
Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser ◽  
Serge Hoogendoorn

AbstractIn recent years, the e-bike has become increasingly popular in many European countries. With higher speeds and less effort needed, the e-bike is a promising mode of transport to many, and it is considered a good alternative for certain car trips by policy-makers and planners. A major limitation of many studies that investigate such substitution effects of the e-bike, is their reliance on cross-sectional data which do not allow an assessment of within-person travel mode changes. As a consequence, there is currently no consensus about the e-bike’s potential to replace car trips. Furthermore, there has been little research focusing on heterogeneity among e-bike users. In this respect, it is likely that different groups exist that use the e-bike for different reasons (e.g. leisure vs commute travel), something which will also influence possible substitution patterns. This paper contributes to the literature in two ways: (1) it presents a statistical analysis to assess the extent to which e-bike trips are substituting trips by other travel modes based on longitudinal data; (2) it reveals different user groups among the e-bike population. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model is estimated using five waves of data from the Netherlands Mobility Panel. Furthermore, a Latent Class Analysis is performed using data from the Dutch national travel survey. Results show that, when using longitudinal data, the substitution effects between e-bike and the competing travel modes of car and public transport are not as significant as reported in earlier research. In general, e-bike trips only significantly reduce conventional bicycle trips in the Netherlands, which can be regarded an unwanted effect from a policy-viewpoint. For commuting, the e-bike also substitutes car trips. Furthermore, results show that there are five different user groups with their own distinct behaviour patterns and socio-demographic characteristics. They also show that groups that use the e-bike primarily for commuting or education are growing at a much higher rate than groups that mainly use the e-bike for leisure and shopping purposes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S518-S518
Author(s):  
Jen E Mainville ◽  
Ed Gracely ◽  
Zsofia Szep

Abstract Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective daily oral antiretroviral medication that was approved by the FDA in 2012 and has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV by 95% in real-world studies. Despite this, many healthcare providers are not offering PrEP to their patients who are at risk for HIV. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study among Drexel Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology residents. The survey included questions about experience, knowledge, attitudes toward and barriers to using PrEP. The survey was adapted from previous studies regarding medical providers’ attitudes and knowledge about PrEP (Petroll, 2016; Seifman, 2016; Blumenthal, 2105). A Likert 5-point scale was used for attitude and barriers questions. Results Among 143 participants, 80% specialized in Internal Medicine. 43% of participants were in their first year of training and the mean age (+ SD) was 28.8 + 2. 76% reported never initiating a conversation about PrEP with a patient and only 18% reported ever prescribing PrEP to their patients. 92% reported being very or extremely willing to prescribe PrEP to a male with a current male partner known to be HIV positive. Only 43% of residents reported being moderately likely to prescribe PrEP to a patient coming in for a STI exposure. 68% of residents reported their knowledge about PrEP was a major barrier to prescribing PrEP. Conclusion We found that most residents have minimal experience with prescribing PrEP, and knowledge was identified as the largest barrier. Additional education and a better understanding of PrEP indications is necessary to ensure eligible PrEP patients have access to this highly effective HIV prevention method. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures


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