scholarly journals Metode Pembacaan Turâts Arab-Islam: Perspekti Muhammad ‘Abid al-Jâbirî

ULUMUNA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-100
Author(s):  
Abdul Mukti Ro’uf
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Louis Althusser ◽  
French Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

The way how turâts (a term only found in contemporary Arabic-Islam or tradition) is viewed has been a critical problem. This is because queries about it imply rise and or fall of a civilization. This thesis has at least been proved by facts of history that since the midst 19th century the world of Arabic-Islam thoughts have been moving backward compared to that in the Western-modern thoughts. This research will analyze Muhammad ‘Âbid al-Jâbirî’s thoughts that represented contemporary thinkers. Al-Jâbirî was a muslim intellectual born in Feiji Southeast-Marocco in 1936. His initial acquaintance with philosophical thoughts related to three prominent figures of Karl Marx (1818-1890), Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), and Louis Althusser (1918-1990). He was grown up in a setting of Maghribi thoughts (Marocco-Andalusia), which was influenced by traditions of French philosophy of Marxian. However, he doubted Marxian approaches in Islamic history context.

Travel and Transport in Mexico

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brian Freeman ◽  
Guillermo Guajardo Soto
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Charles V ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hernan Cortes ◽  
The Way

In his 1950 study, Mexico: The Struggle for Peace and Bread, historian Frank Tannenbaum remarked that “physical geography could not have been better designed to isolate Mexico from the world and Mexicans from one another.” He recognized, like others before him, that the difficulty of travel by foot, water, or wheel across the country’s troublesome landscape was an unavoidable element of its history. Its distinctive topography of endless mountains but few navigable rivers had functioned, in some sense, as a historical actor in the larger story of Mexico. In the mid-19th century, Lucas Alamán had recognized as much when he lamented that nature had denied the country “all means of interior communication,” while three centuries before that, conquistador Hernán Cortés reportedly apprised Emperor Charles V of the geography of his new dominion by presenting him with a crumpled piece of paper. Over the last half-millennium, however, technological innovation, use, and adaptation radically altered how humans moved in and through the Mexican landscape. New modes of movement—from railway travel to human flight—were incorporated into a mosaic of older practices of mobility. Along the way, these material transformations were entangled with changing economic, political, and cultural ideas that left their own imprint on the history of travel and transportation.

The Theory Arsenal: The Cambridge Circus and the Origins of the Keynesian Revolution

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Aslanbeigui ◽  
Guy Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
George Bernard Shaw ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Bernard Shaw ◽  
The Way

In the winter of 1934–35, when John Maynard Keynes was beginning to circulate proofs of The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, he indulged in a playful exchange of letters with George Bernard Shaw devoted mainly to the merits of Karl Marx as an economist. At the end of his letter of January 1, 1935, Keynes's observations took a more serious turn, documenting fundamental changes in his theoretical ambitions following the publication of his Treatise on Money in 1930: “To understand my state of mind, however, you have to know that I believe myself to be writing a book on economic theory which will largely revolutionize—not, I suppose, at once but in the course of the next ten years—the way the world thinks about economic problems” (Keynes 1973a, p. 492).

Protean

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Hoffmann ◽  
Pierre Laszlo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Greek Myth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Science often advances upon willful transgression of a seeming interdiction. Examples which leap to a chemist’s mind are noble gas compounds, strained hydrocarbons such as tetrahedranes, activation (by organometallics) of even methane, and, to mention just one brilliant, more recent achievement, inclusion of an allene within the confines of a six-membered ring while preventing its conversion into a benzenoid. Such feats put all the cunning of a scientist into coaxing and, yes, coercing the system at hand to obey instructions from one’s daring imagination. As always, it is hard. Not for nothing is our playroom called a laboratory. And when the task is done and the time arrives to convey to others (who might not be privy to the anguish of the work) all that struggle and the majesty of the achievement, the scientist quite naturally lapses into metaphor. One such, founded in male 19th century language as much as in history, is some more or less prurient variant of “Unveiling the Secrets of Nature.” Another, evoking the thorny, twisted path to understanding and the long hours of toil in the laboratory, is “Wrestling with Nature.” The latter metaphor has been central to experimental science at least since the Elizabethan Age, and is the subject of this small essay. While the roots of the metaphor lie in Greek myth, it makes a striking debut in a seminal brief for experiment in science. This arresting phrase also marks a bifurcation in the way science is viewed by nonscientists, even—and especially so—in our day. The proof text here is that of Francis Bacon (1561–1626), in his 1605 Of the Advancement of Learning. Bacon writes: . . . For like a man’s disposition is never well known till he be crossed, nor Proteus ever changed shapes till he was straitened and held fast; so the passages and variations of nature cannot appear so fully in the liberty of nature, as in the trials and vexations of art. . . . He repeats the imagery in his remarkable 1620 Novum Organum. Bacon’s 1620 book was a clarion call to replace what passed as Aristotelian reasoning about the world with experiment.

Housing Complexes: Redesigning the house of psyche in light of a curious mistranslation of C. G. Jung appropriated by Gaston Bachelard

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Huskinson
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Phenomenological Description ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Complex Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Conceptual Consideration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Jung's metaphor of house as psyche is often regarded as little more than an arbitrary and reductive ‘diagram’ that imposes structure onto his conception of psyche with its various parts and underpinning libidinal processes. And yet, as this paper argues, the impact and relevance of the architectural metaphor extends beyond a conceptual consideration of psyche into a lived experience of it. It is thus also Jung's phenomenological description of the way human beings dwell and experience their placement or non-placement within the world in which they find themselves. This paper elucidates these different interpretations. First, through Jung's accounts of his ‘dream-house’ in connection with the likely architectural influences of those houses in which he had lived or had designs to live; and second, through an examination of a curious mistranslation of one of Jung's overlooked descriptions of the architectural metaphor found in the celebrated work, La poetique de l'espace (1957)/The poetics of space (1958) by the renowned French philosopher Gaston Bachelard. The metaphorical description under scrutiny is the relationship between cellar and attic rooms, which Jung uses in his essay ‘Allgemeines zur komplextheorie’ (1934)/‘A review of the complex theory’ (1948a) to expound his understanding of the effects of the complex on ego-consciousness. Bachelard's misreading inadvertently reverts the placement of the two rooms, thereby proffering something akin to a ‘topsy-turvy’ house of psyche. The implications of Bachelard's misreading for an understanding of Jungian complex theory is explored, and the wider conceptual and phenomenological implications for the possible redesign or renovation of Jung's metaphor of house as psyche are ascertained.

scholarly journals Influence of N. Gogol’s and M. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s Satire on Michail Bulgakov’s Prose

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Alexander Philippovich Petrenko ◽  
Svetlana Anatolyevna Petrenko ◽  
Irina Borisovna Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Mechanized Production ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

The article is concerned with the study of literary relationships between the satire of the famous 20th-century Russian writer M. Bulgakov and the works by the Russian classics of the 19th century – N.V. Gogol and M.Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin. The article describes Gogol’s and Saltykov-Shchedrin’s influence on Bulgakov’s satirical poetics, especially in the period of his development as a writer. Special attention is given to the device of grotesque and the motives of mechanicalness and lifelessness, forming the artistic worlds of the writers under study. The authors note that the technical progress and the rapid development of mechanized production in the 20th century, combined with the satirical motive of primitivism, characteristic of Russian literature, left an imprint on the nature of Bulgakov’s grotesque. The writers at issue are united by such common feature of the satirical poetics as turning to fantasy, hyperbole, ‘strange and queer things’. The article shows the way Bulgakov perceived and embodied the principles of Gogol’s and Shchedrin’s world perception through the comic mixing of absurd, ghostly and real. Bulgakov’s way of seeing the world is characterized as ‘delirious reality’. At the same time, Bulgakov, as well as his literary teachers in the sphere of satire, showed oddness and divergence as regularity, while the comicality of fantasy in his works finally turns into the drama of reality.Keywords: satire, laughter, grotesque, mysticism, fantasy, zoomorphic metaphors

scholarly journals Polish History In the Sermons of Bl. Fr. Jerzy Popieluszko’s

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 289-300
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kamil Szczecina
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical References ◽  
The Way

There was a number of recurring themes appearing in Blessed Jerzy Popieluszko’s (1982–1984) sermons. Patriotism, however, is a chief one. The martyr priest wanted to form the national awareness, promote the love for the Country and present the Polish past. The historical examples include the 19th-century uprisings, the world wars, the Battle of Warsaw, the restoration of independence in 1918, The Warsaw Uprising, the anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare and the working-class strikes spanning till 1980. The preacher did not include the historical references just to present facts, although this would have made sense in the context of the Communist propaganda. The main purpose was to show to the fellow Poles the meaning of self-sacrifice and suffering as a price which had to be paid in the struggle for national liberty over centuries. Moreover, the preacher intended to keep up the spirits of the nation terrorised by the martial state and to give hope stemming from the religious and patriotic values. In Blessed Jerzy Popieluszko’s mind they would eventually pave the way towards Polish freedom and independence. 

scholarly journals The East India Company and the pirates of the Persian Gulf from the first punitive expedition to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
Andrzej Pierzchała
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Way

Although almost every sea was dominated by Royal Navy, it couldn’t reach every single place in the world. Trade company’s ships and fully armed merchant ships many times had to take care of themselves. The East India Company had an independent policy that goes beyond the subcontinent. During the first decade of 19th century, the most difficult problem to solve (except the problems of India) was the Persian Gulf, which appeared to be the source of many profits and problems, that wasn’t easy to solve and took a lots of time to conclude.The Treaty of 1820 solved the problems of sea and overland campaigns. The times before signing the agreement and the way, it was created are included in this article.

scholarly journals Althusserian Reading of The Handmaid’s Tale

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Maryam Moradi ◽  
Fatemeh AzizMohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Order ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Louis Althusser ◽  
Theoretical Status ◽  
Null Result ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Louis Althusser (1918-1990) builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. He thus moves away from the earlier Marxist understanding of ideology. In the earlier model, ideology was believed to create what was termed ‘false consciousness’, a false understanding of the way the world functioned. Althusser explains that for Marx “Ideology is [...] thought as an imaginary construction whose status is exactly like the theoretical status of the dream among writers before Freud. For those writers, the dream was the purely imaginary, i.e. null, result of the 'day's residues” (1971:108). Althusser, by contrast, approximates ideology to Lacan's understanding of reality, the world we construct around us after our entrance into the symbolic order. For Althusser, as for Lacan, it is impossible to access the real conditions of existence due to our reliance on language. This could be seen throughout the novel by Margaret Atwood who writes The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) based on the concept of ideology. This is about how the heroine of the story and other women in the society are manipulated by the ideology of ruling class through a communist society. In such a world nothing is real and everything is just an illusion that is made by ruling class. The subjects trapped or forced to believe such misconceptions and unreality through different techniques that are employed by the rulers. The dominant forces and ideology are so strong that the subject at the end gets a new identity since she is required unconsciously without her knowing. The other aspect shown by this novel is the failure of revolution and communism in this society and persistence of capitalism that it never disappears.

Becoming Politicized

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Barkas ◽  
Xenia Chryssochoou
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Beliefs About The Future ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
The Way

Abstract. This research took place just after the end of the protests following the killing of a 16-year-old boy by a policeman in Greece in December 2008. Participants (N = 224) were 16-year-olds in different schools in Attiki. Informed by the Politicized Collective Identity Model ( Simon & Klandermans, 2001 ), a questionnaire measuring grievances, adversarial attributions, emotions, vulnerability, identifications with students and activists, and questions about justice and Greek society in the future, as well as about youngsters’ participation in different actions, was completed. Four profiles of the participants emerged from a cluster analysis using representations of the conflict, emotions, and identifications with activists and students. These profiles differed on beliefs about the future of Greece, participants’ economic vulnerability, and forms of participation. Importantly, the clusters corresponded to students from schools of different socioeconomic areas. The results indicate that the way young people interpret the events and the context, their levels of identification, and the way they represent society are important factors of their political socialization that impacts on their forms of participation. Political socialization seems to be related to youngsters’ position in society which probably constitutes an important anchoring point of their interpretation of the world.

Remembering the Past in Nineteenth-Century Scotland

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevailing View ◽  
The Way

At a time when the Union between Scotland and England is once again under the spotlight, Remembering the Past in Nineteenth-Century Scotland examines the way in which Scotland’s national heroes were once remembered as champions of both Scottish and British patriotism. Whereas 19th-century Scotland is popularly depicted as a mire of sentimental Jacobitism and kow-towing unionism, this book shows how Scotland’s national heroes were once the embodiment of a consistent, expressive and robust view of Scottish nationality. Whether celebrating the legacy of William Wallace and Robert Bruce, the reformer John Knox, the Covenanters, 19th-century Scots rooted their national heroes in a Presbyterian and unionist view of Scotland’s past. Examined through the prism of commemoration, this book uncovers collective memories of Scotland’s past entirely opposed to 21st-century assumptions of medieval proto-nationalism and Calvinist misery. Detailed studies of 19th-century commemoration of Scotland’s national heroes Uncovers an all but forgotten interpretation of these ‘great Scots’ Shines a new light on the mindset of nineteenth-century Scottish national identity as being comfortably Scottish and British Overturns the prevailing view of Victorian Scottishness as parochial, sentimental tartanry

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