Ethico-Legal Issues With Humanoid Caring Robots and Older Adults in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Yasuhara ◽  
Ryuichi Tanioka ◽  
Tetsuya Tanioka ◽  
Hirokazu Ito ◽  
Yoshiteru Tsujigami

The purpose of this article is to examine ethico-legal issues and existing Japanese law addressing interpersonal relationships in healthcare situations involving Humanoid Caring Robots (HCRs) and older adult patients. Potential safety issues include environmental situations between older adults and HCRs; identification of potential “leakage” of personal information from stored data in the cloud server; and issues of access authority for HCRs' stored data. It is necessary to have accurate findings supporting the legislation about HCRs to provide safe and effective care for older adults, and to limit healthcare facilities to reasonable risk level.

Author(s):  
Roy W. Jones

This chapter describes the many practical and legal issues that are important for people with dementia and their families. A person with dementia’s autonomy must be respected together with recognition of their remaining abilities. The capacity needed for a particular decision depends on the nature and complexity of the decision. Capacity to deal with financial affairs is discussed, together with capacity to make a will, to make decisions about personal welfare, medical treatment, and consent for research including genetic testing. Whilst there are many potential safety issues for people with dementia, it is important to balance the need for protection with their continuing independence. Safety within the home includes fire, gas, and electrical safety; kitchen safety; risk of falls; risk from dangerous substances and medications; and vulnerability. Safety outside the home includes the risk of falls together with wandering, getting lost, and issues around driving.


Author(s):  
Pascal Geldsetzer ◽  
Marcel Reinmuth ◽  
Paul O Ouma ◽  
Sven Lautenbach ◽  
Emelda A Okiro ◽  
...  

Background: SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is rapidly spreading across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Hospital-based care for COVID-19 is particularly often needed among older adults. However, a key barrier to accessing hospital care in SSA is travel time. To inform the geographic targeting of additional healthcare resources, this study aimed to determine the estimated travel time at a 1km x 1km resolution to the nearest hospital and to the nearest healthcare facility of any type for adults aged 60 years and older in SSA. Methods: We assembled a unique dataset on healthcare facilities' geolocation, separately for hospitals and any type of healthcare facility (including primary care facilities) and including both private- and public-sector facilities, using data from the OpenStreetMap project and the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Programme. Population data at a 1km x 1km resolution was obtained from WorldPop. We estimated travel time to the nearest healthcare facility for each 1km x 1km raster using a cost-distance algorithm. Findings: 9.6% (95% CI: 5.2% - 16.9%) of adults aged 60 and older years had an estimated travel time to the nearest hospital of longer than six hours, varying from 0.0% (95% CI: 0.0% - 3.7%) in Burundi and The Gambia, to 40.9% (95% CI: 31.8% - 50.7%) in Sudan. 11.2% (95% CI: 6.4% - 18.9%) of adults aged 60 years and older had an estimated travel time to the nearest healthcare facility of any type (whether primary or secondary/tertiary care) of longer than three hours, with a range of 0.1% (95% CI: 0.0% - 3.8%) in Burundi to 55.5% (95% CI: 52.8% - 64.9%) in Sudan. Most countries in SSA contained populated areas in which adults aged 60 years and older had a travel time to the nearest hospital of more than 12 hours and to the nearest healthcare facility of any type of more than six hours. The median travel time to the nearest hospital for the fifth of adults aged 60 and older years with the longest travel times was 348 minutes (IQR: 240 - 576 minutes) for the entire SSA population, ranging from 41 minutes (IQR: 34 - 54 minutes) in Burundi to 1,655 minutes (IQR: 1065 - 2440 minutes) in Gabon. Interpretation: Our high-resolution maps of estimated travel times to both hospitals and healthcare facilities of any type can be used by policymakers and non-governmental organizations to help target additional healthcare resources, such as new make-shift hospitals or transport programs to existing healthcare facilities, to older adults with the least physical access to care. In addition, this analysis shows precisely where population groups are located that are particularly likely to under-report COVID-19 symptoms because of low physical access to healthcare facilities. Beyond the COVID-19 response, this study can inform countries' efforts to improve care for conditions that are common among older adults, such as chronic non-communicable diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1101
Author(s):  
Stephen Macke ◽  
Hongpu Gong ◽  
Doris Jung-Lin Lee ◽  
Andrew Head ◽  
Doris Xin ◽  
...  

Computational notebooks have emerged as the platform of choice for data science and analytical workflows, enabling rapid iteration and exploration. By keeping intermediate program state in memory and segmenting units of execution into so-called "cells", notebooks allow users to enjoy particularly tight feedback. However, as cells are added, removed, reordered, and rerun, this hidden intermediate state accumulates, making execution behavior difficult to reason about, and leading to errors and lack of reproducibility. We present nbsafety, a custom Jupyter kernel that uses runtime tracing and static analysis to automatically manage lineage associated with cell execution and global notebook state. nbsafety detects and prevents errors that users make during unaided notebook interactions, all while preserving the flexibility of existing notebook semantics. We evaluate nbsafety's ability to prevent erroneous interactions by replaying and analyzing 666 real notebook sessions. Of these, nbsafety identified 117 sessions with potential safety errors, and in the remaining 549 sessions, the cells that nbsafety identified as resolving safety issues were more than 7X more likely to be selected by users for re-execution compared to a random baseline, even though the users were not using nbsafety and were therefore not influenced by its suggestions.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey J. GINSBURG ◽  
Rebecca CAMERON ◽  
Roque V MENDEZ ◽  
Michael WESTHOFF

ABSTRACT: Social networking sites (SNS) include online products such as Facebook that allow users to build and maintain large interpersonal Internet networks. Older adult users have dramatically increased (Duggan & Smith, 2014). This investigation examined how 212 university undergraduate Facebook users estimated success with helping others use Facebook when learner’s age (20, 40, 60 year olds.) and type of acquaintance (friend or kin) was manipulated in hypothetical scenarios. In these scenarios, a person is identified as KW, described as being a college student much like the participant. KW has 20, 40 or 60 year-old acquaintances, a friend or a kin at each age, all wanting KW’s help learning about social media. This was the only information provided. Qualities and strengths of these interpersonal relationships were not examined. Results from repeated measures 2x3 ANOVA showed a significant main effect for age, but no effect for acquaintance type. Results showed no significant interaction. Although the age demographic above 50 years is the fastest growing SNS group, results showed possible age stereotyping among youth when they assist older adults learning to use SNS. This age effect may be lessened as older adults become more skillful social media users. These findings are limited because of the sample demographics and a lack of identifying qualities of participants’ attributions about the hypothetical friends or relatives. Future research using multiple items per condition might be able to further elucidate how the type of associations between helper and learner, close or distant, positive or negative, would influence outcomes.Ayudando a otros a usar los medios sociales: estereotipos de edad al estimar el éxito del alumnoRESUMEN: Sitios de redes sociales (SNS) como Facebook permiten a usuarios crear y mantener redes de Internet interpersonales. El número de usuarios adultos mayores de edad sigue incrementado (Duggan y Smith, 2014). Esta investigación examinó como 212 estudiantes universitarios usuarios de Facebook calcularon su éxito en ayudar a otros a usar Facebook cuando la edad de la persona a quien ayudaron (20, 40, 60 años) y su conocimiento de la persona a quien ayudaron (amigo o pariente) fue manipulado en escenarios hipotéticos. En estos escenarios, una persona hipotética identificada como KWfue definida como un estudiante universitario al igual que el participante. En cada escenario se supuso que KW tuviera un amigo o pariente de 20, 40 o 60 años de edad quien le pidiera que le enseñara los medios de comunicación social. Esta fue la única información proporcionada. No fueron examinadas las cualidades de estas relaciones interpersonales. Los resultados de un 2X3 ANOVA de mediciones repetidas mostraron un efecto significativo para la edad, pero no para conocimiento. Los resultados no mostraron interacción significativa. Aunque los mayores de edad en encima de 50 años es el grupo demográfico que ha visto el más rápido crecimiento de uso de sitios de redes sociales, los resultados mostraron posibles estereotipos entre los jóvenes hacia estos adultos. Este efecto de edad disminuye si los adultos mayores de edad llegan a ser más hábiles en el uso de los medios sociales. Estos resultados son limitados debido a las características demográficas de la muestra y la falta en identificar las cualidades de atribución hechas por los participantes sobre amigos o familiares hipotéticos. Las investigaciones futuras utilizando varias ítems por condición podrían aclarar cómo las asociaciones entre el ayudante y alumno, y la relación cercana o distante de quien ayuda, podrían influir en los resultados.


2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Qin Yan ◽  
Yin Pan

Planning for underground spaces has become an effective way to use central areas in cities given the steady economic growth in China. The development of underground spaces in mountainous cities has satisfied the needs of the diversification of the city commercial areas and pedestrian movement. Safety issues exist because these underground spaces were originally used for civil air defense. This study was based on the underground commercial street in Chongqing, which is a typical mountainous city. Based on the results of combined fieldwork and survey, this paper summarized current safety issues, which include the not-fully-open exit, the imbalanced exit location, blocked evacuation routes, and the poor awareness of the potential safety issues. This paper proposed a framework of the safety factors for the underground space and synopsized prevention strategies that are specific to potential disasters in the underground environment. The framework comprises ensuring that the exits are fully open, the underground corridors are kept unblocked, the open space on the street is increased for disaster prevention, and equipment security is maintained and managed. At last, This paper summarized disaster prevention strategies, which include ensuring unimpeded exits, balancing the locations of the exits, avoiding blocks, increasing the disaster prevention square area in the underground space, maintaining and managing the security of the equipment.


2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Kamrul Islam ◽  
Sharmin Sultana

Bangladesh safety regulations and practice is at nascent stage. Safety distance regulation for LPG installation does not match with prescriptive standard API 2510 or other international standards. No detail technical basis is available publicly for such decision making by authority. The present study focuses on risk based design best practice in industries and gap in Bangladesh safety regulations. World LPG industry faces major accidents with fatalities and huge damages. Setting up bigger safety distance with conventional firefighting equipment is not the only mitigation measures to solve complex safety issues of LPG facilities. These two parameters do not ensure whether facility risk is tolerable and ALARP. Apart from this, safety distance and protection system design varies with facility layout, wind flows, systems reliability and site ambient conditions. For accident cases, hazards consequence modeling is carried out to calculate safety distances. Industry best practice is to apply risk based design that quantify complex risk level of a facility, propose mitigation measures and thereby risk acceptance criteria in the early phase of the project for authority approval. Many countries follow such detail regulation. Regulations of API, ISO, HSE UK and NORSOK, petroleum authority Norway have been utilized as basic standards in this paper. Gap in Bangladesh safety regulations are identified. This need to be further assessed based on industry best practice risk based design standards and practices. Without appropriate regulation, Bangladesh LPG industry and society remains in enormous intolerable personnel, environmental and economic risk.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2017: 8-11


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1062
Author(s):  
Leena Aalto ◽  
Pia Sirola ◽  
Tiina Kalliomäki-Levanto ◽  
Marjaana Lahtinen ◽  
Virpi Ruohomäki ◽  
...  

Purpose The challenges arising from the reform of the social and healthcare sector call for efficient, effective and novel processes in both public and private health and medical care. Facilities need to be designed to suit the new processes and to offer usable workspaces at different levels of healthcare services. Along with traditional construction, modular facility innovations could be one solution to these pressures. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This case study analyzed the different usability characteristics of the work environment in modular and non-modular healthcare facilities (HCFs). The qualitative research method was based on semi-structured interviews of employees and observations of the case buildings. Findings According to the results, the usability characteristics were divided into four main categories: functionality, healthiness, safety/security and comfort. The main differences between the modular and non-modular facilities appeared to be room size, soundproofing, safety issues and the utilization of colors and artwork, which were all perceived as better realized in the non-modular facilities. The staff highlighted functionality as the most important characteristic in their work environment. They even considered functionality as a feature of a comfortable work environment. Originality/value This paper presents new knowledge and a detailed description of the opinions and experiences of healthcare professionals concerning a user-centric, usable environment in the context of modular and non-modular HCFs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S597-S597
Author(s):  
Kimberly D Shea ◽  
Kimberly D Shea

Abstract In 10 years, the United States will experience a “dependency” ratio of one working age adult (20-64 years old) to one non-working person (> 65 or 85 years old will comprise 19 million of the non-working people (US Census Bureau, 2008). Busy working adults will have to be vigilant to determine when to make life-changing decisions about health and safety issues for people that depend on them. Older adults have gradual and cumulative physical and/or psychological aging changes or can experience significant events. Knowing when to make a life-changing decision, such as when to intervene with independent living due to safety risks, is difficult even when situations have constant vigilance. Eventually, older adults experience a seemingly abrupt, sudden and absolute point where a life changing decision must be made. This is the Tipping Point. Health data, derived from unobtrusive wearable sensors, are algorithmically synthesized to provide critical information on impending concerns via an electronic portal will help the busy working adult to predict and prevent the Tipping Point. This application of precision health care results in targeted and personalized education thus avoiding a potentially catastrophic Tipping Point. This symposium provides insight into five aspects of the Tipping Point: 1) significance of identification, 2) theoretical foundation for environmental and cultural sensitivity, 3) feasibility outcomes from a Mexican American population, 4) methodology for synthesizing quantitative metrics from multivariate streams of data, 5) creation of a culturally sensitive electronic portal to display predictive information and education about consequences


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