Putting OIE international standards into practice, to support countries' claims of freedom from disease and facilitate safe international trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Freedom From Disease

scholarly journals The role of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to facilitate the international trade in animals and animal products : policy and trade issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Bruckner
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
The World ◽  
Freedom From Disease

The international trade in animals and animal products has become a sensitive issue for both developed and developing countries by posing an important risk for the international spread of animal and human pathogens whilst at the same time being an essential activity to ensure world-wide food security and food safety. The OIE has since its founding in 1924, applied a democratic and transparent decision-making process to continuously develop and review international standards for animal health and zoonoses to facilitate trade in animals and animal products. The role of the OIE is also mandated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as international reference point for standards related to animal health. In support of its overall objective of promoting animal health world-wide, the OIE has also launched several other initiatives such as the improvement of the governance of veterinary services within its member countries and territories and to enhance the availability of diagnostic and scientific expertise on a more even global geographical distribution. Several trade facilitating concepts such as country, zonal and compartment freedom from disease as well the trade in disease free commodities has been introduced to enhance the trade in animals and animal products for all its members including those from developing and transitional countries who are still in the process of enhancing to full compliance with international sanitary standards.

scholarly journals Problems of the preliminary customs informing system and the introduction of the Single Window at the sea check points of the Russian Federation

2018 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 04004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Maydanova ◽  
Igor Ilin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Check Points ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
National Governments

The Single Window concept in the international trade and logistics has been explored by international organizations and national governments over the last two decades. International standards and recommendations, government decisions on this approach are widespread today in both developed and developing countries. Similar decisions and legal acts were implemented during the last ten years by the Russian Federation, as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union. This article provides overview of the following coherent stage – the implementation of preliminary customs informing system at sea check points of the RF with concerns of the Single Window introduction.

scholarly journals Food safety, agro-industries, and China’s international trade: A standard-based approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Augustin-Jean ◽  
Lei Xie
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Food Standards

Economic sociology views markets as organizations characterized by power relations. In this framework, competition is not only for price or quality, but also for market structures, including norms and standards. Food standards, therefore, are not only public goods or tools to protect domestic markets, but they also aim to redesign the rules of the market and provide a competitive advantage to firms and national industries: they are part of the politicization of science. This article argues that China is participating in this form of competition. Since its WTO membership, it has gradually learnt the rules of globalization and has implemented many global standards to benefit from international trade. In recent years, however, it has assumed a more proactive role in reframing international standards of agro-food markets in general and food safety in particular, despite existing problems in its domestic food markets. Three case studies – milk imports; the diplomatic and trade competition for the implementation of a ractopamine (an additive in pig and cattle feed) standard; and the current negotiations for new international standards for cotton – show how China is using different strategies and methods to redesign the shape of international trade.

Blockchain-based smart contract for international business – a framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepankar Sinha ◽  
Shuvo Roy Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Data Structure ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract

Purpose Cross border trade, involving different business environments between the sellers’ and buyers’ countries, may result in conflicts because of asymmetry in the information structure across the borders. The International Chambers of Commerce (ICC) has laid down ground rules on terms of shipment and payment, enabling harmonization and standardization of business process, and fixing of responsibilities for international trade. The international commercial (INCO) terms by ICC define the duties, obligations and cost borne by the exporter and the importer. An exporter’s uncertainty looms once the goods cross his/her border. Therefore, there is a need for a smart contract that is secured, transparent, legitimate and trustworthy. The authors propose a blockchain technology-based smart global contract (BTGC) framework for international trade. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors develop the framework based on value chain analysis (VCA) of international trade and an ontology-driven-blockchain-design approach. The paper analyzes the sequence of activities in the value chain of global trade, the terms of the contract, the data structure templates, the validation rules and the points-of-failure, and proposes the smart contract blockchain structure. Findings This paper proposes the BTGC framework considering the INCO terms 2020; it provides the validation rules and the probability of failures; and identifies the elements that cause the halting of contracts and conditions of creation of side blockchains. The framework also includes the governance of the BTGC system. Research limitations/implications The proposed framework not only has implications at the firm level as it automates and secures a global sale contract but also is expected to harmonize the global-trade process as well. The developers may use the attributes, data structure templates and the rules identified in this paper for developing the GC software. Future research may consider using case analysis, class diagrams and the related steps for developing the blockchain software. Originality/value This paper proposes a complete value chain of global contract (GC) concerning exports, an ontology of GC and a blockchain-based smart-contract framework based on global standards. Besides, it specifies the elements of fraud (such as the non-integration of side chains) and uncertainty, i.e. the probability of failures. Such a framework will harmonize the global-trade process and build an international standards for smart GC based on blockchain technology (ISSGCBT), which is not yet done.

scholarly journals Global Efforts to liberalize World Trade in Services

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
John Mylonakis
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Free Market ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Flow Of Information

In every international or global trade summit, one can easily find the element of the Services. Nonetheless, Services companies continue to encounter obstacles to entering and operating in new markets, due to various protectionist measures in host countries. International negotiations help to globalize the Trade in Services and apply international standards and rules to facilitate information flow and partnerships, which increase world trade and further develop international trade relations. The existence and implementation of international standards and rules in all areas of the Services could facilitate the flow of information and partnerships that would increase world trade and improve international trade relations. Efforts to reach a new world agreement in Services are constantly stumbling into the refusal of the Least Developed and Developing Countries to curb the various policies of protectionism and free market penetration. The example of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, People's Republic of China, South Africa) may be a good paradigm in international negotiations but still to be proved.

scholarly journals “National Intervention” in International Commercial Arbitration

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-107
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Esplugues
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
International Commercial Arbitration ◽  
State Practice

The use of international arbitration increased over the years as a result of growth in international trade. How the State intervenes in the process concerning the appointment of arbitrators, provisional measures and evidence, and in the enforcement of the judgment after arbitration, is analysed. This State practice is however, difficult to change since international arbitration operates in a structure based on differing national terms, and not on uniform international standards.

scholarly journals Implementation of International Standards in Russia's Foreign Trade Statistics

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
N. E. Grigoruk ◽  
S. A. Galkin
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
External Trade ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Methodological Problems

The article analyzes the basic documents of international organizations in recent years, which have become the global standard for the development and improvement of statistics of foreign economic relations of most countries, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the key features of the theory and practice of modern foreign trade statistics in Russia and abroad, with an emphasis on the methodological problems of its main parts - the external trade statistics. It shows their interpretation in the most recent recommendations by UN statistical apparatus and other international organizations; considers a range of problems associated with the implementation of the national statistical practices of countries, including Russia and the countries of the Customs Union, the main international standard of foreign trade statistics - UN document "International Merchandise Trade Statistics". The main attention is paid to methodological issues such as: the criteria for selecting the objects of statistical accounting in accordance with international standards, quantitative and cost parameters of foreign trade statistics, statistical methods and estimates of commodity exports and imports, the problems of comparability of data; to a comparison of international standards in 2010 with documents on key precursor methodology of foreign trade statistics, characterized by the practice of introducing these standards in the foreign trade statistics of Russia and the countries of the Customs Union. The article analyzes the content given in the official statistical manuals of Russia foreign trade and foreign countries, covers the main methodological problems of World Trade in conjunction with the major current international statistical standards - System of National Accounts, Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services and other documents; provides specific data describing the current structure of Russian foreign trade and especially its position in international trade in goods and services.

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