scholarly journals The Concept of Harm Reduction from Tobacco: Past, Present, Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
S. L. Babak ◽  
M. V. Gorbunova ◽  
A. G. Malyavin ◽  
I. V. Shashenkov
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lower Health ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Continued Use

The concept of tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a speculative and controversial topic in the context of the international battle against the use of all types of tobacco. This concept involves providing tobacco users who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking or using other types of tobacco (snuff, chewing), with modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) for continued use. Skepticism about THR is huge and is associated with the negative experience of tobacco companies to produce cigarettes with a low content of tobacco tar/nicotine, which should have had significantly lower health risks than conventional cigarettes. Paradoxically, such an experience served as a springboard to an increase in the number of tobacco products that potentially have the properties of MRTP. Moreover, some members of the anti-smoking coalition, including WHO, consider the transition of tobacco smokers to MRTP as a strategy with great potential. However, the European Group of Experts believes that the MRTP strategy does not work and will lead to another generation of young people getting used to tobacco. In this article, we have critically analyzed the history of the past and present of tobacco products, myths and contradictions around them. We have tried to evaluate the modern concept of S THR as objectively as possible, which has a high potential for a real reduction in the number of deaths associated with smoking.

scholarly journals Heated tobacco products: another tobacco industry global strategy to slow progress in tobacco control

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s111-s117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella A Bialous ◽  
Stanton A Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Slow Progress

There has been a global decline in tobacco consumption that, if continued, will negatively impact the tobacco industry’s profits. This decline led the industry to invent and market new products, including heated tobacco products (HTP). HTP are an extension of the industry’s strategies to undermine government’s tobacco regulatory efforts as they are being promoted as part of the solution for the tobacco epidemic. Under the moniker of ‘harm reduction’, the tobacco companies are attempting to rehabilitate their reputation so they can more effectively influence governments to roll back existing tobacco control policies or create exemptions for their HTP. Rolling back tobacco control policies will make it easier for the companies to renormalise tobacco use to increase social acceptability for all their products. When regulations are absent or when loopholes exist in classifying HTP as a tobacco product (thus subject to all tobacco control regulations), the industry’s marketing of HTP is making these products more visible to the public and more accessible. Governments need to ensure that HTP are regulated as tobacco products or drugs and reject partnerships with the tobacco companies to promote ‘harm reduction’. The tobacco companies remain the vector of the tobacco-caused epidemic and cannot be part of the global tobacco control solution.

scholarly journals PhenX: Agent measures for tobacco regulatory research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s20-s26
Author(s):  
Richard O'Connor ◽  
Clifford H Watson ◽  
Gary E Swan ◽  
Destiney S Nettles ◽  
Rebecca C Geisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Consensus Process ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Specialty Area ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Further Development

The current paper describes the PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit Tobacco Regulatory Research Agent specialty area and the Agent Working Group’s (WG’s) 6-month consensus process to identify high-priority, scientifically supported measures for cross-study comparison and analysis. Eleven measures were selected for inclusion in the Toolkit. Eight of these are interviewer-administered or self-administered protocols: history of switching to lower tar and nicotine cigarettes, passive exposures to tobacco products, tobacco brand and variety (covering cigars, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco separately), tobacco product adulteration (vent-blocking or filter-blocking) and tobacco warning label exposure and recall. The remaining three protocols are either laboratory-based or visual inspection-based: measurement of nicotine content in smoked or smokeless tobacco products and the physical properties of these two classes of products. Supplemental protocols include a biomarker of exposure and smoking topography. The WG identified the lack of standard measurement protocols to assess subjective ratings of tobacco product flavours and their appeal to consumers as a major gap. As the characteristics of tobacco products that influence perception and use are tobacco regulatory research priorities, the reliable assessment of flavours remains an area requiring further development.

Smoking

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
Daniel Ashipala ◽  
Nestor Tomas ◽  
Joel M. H. Medusalem
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The World

Smoking involves inhaling, exhaling, holding or otherwise having control over an ignited tobacco product. This practice remains a global budden and deaths caused by smoking-related conditions is believed to have escalated. Many countries in the world have policies in place that regulate the production, transportation, handling and utilization of tobacco products in order to compact this budden of smoking. Despite these effort, various contributing factors of smoking amongst which peer-pressure forms part, are believed to be cause of an increase in the number of new smokers. Nicotine is one of the constituents of tobacco smoke which causes a pleasant feelings which in return contributes to addiction. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals with some known to be carcinogens. Smoking during pregnancy poses danger to a pregnant mother and her unborn babe as they exchange blood. The public needs to be educated on the danger of smoking, and exposure to second-hand smoke as well as on strategies that one can follow to quit smoking.

Efectos en la salud de los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Ponciano-Rodríguez ◽  
Carlos Alberto Chávez Castillo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
History Of

Without a doubt, smoking continues to be the leading cause of disease, disability, and premature death worldwide. How ever, the advent of the new Electronic Administration Systems of Nicotine (SEAN), among which the electronic cigarette stands out, has had explosive growth and in some countries has depleted tobacco cigarettes, especially among young people who feel attracted by its striking flavors and the deployment of technology that is used in its design and operation. The SEANs initially emerged in 2003 as a supposed help to quit smoking, at 16 years from this date no clinical studies are confirming their superiority over existing medications for this purpose: nicotine, bupropion and varenicline replacement therapies, or over psychological therapies such as emotional and cognitive-behavioral rational. On the other side, a large amount of evidence has been accumulated on the deleterious effect they have on the health of consumers, the risk they represent is unquestionable and this is confirmed by recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control of the United States (CDC) that indicate 2142 hospitalized cases with acute lung disease and 42 deaths from this cause, 79% being people under 35 years. This outbreak of lung disease has determined that the ban on SEAN in the United States will be planted. Also, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of hybrid cigarettes or “Heets” (Heat-not-burn tobacco products), which uses heated tobacco, and are now available in our country. There is no doubt that as health professionals, we must inform with scientific evidence about the risks that SEANs pose to their consumers, we must also learn from the history of smoking to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with these new tobacco products. Keywords: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS); electronic cigarettes; JUUL®; heets; toxicity; health effects; damage.

Prevalence and predictors of heated tobacco product use and its relationship with attempts to quit cigarette smoking among Korean adolescents

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo Young Kang ◽  
Sungkyu Lee ◽  
Hong-Jun Cho
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
School Students ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Korean Adolescents ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Risky Alcohol ◽  
Korean Market

IntroductionHeated tobacco products (HTPs) have been available in the Korean market since June 2017. In this study, we examined the prevalence and predictors of HTP use among Korean adolescents and the association between HTP and electronic cigarette (EC) use and attempts to quit conventional cigarette (CC) smoking.MethodsWe analysed the data of a representative sample (n=60 040) of 13–18-year-old middle-school and high-school students in Korea who had participated in the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2018.ResultsThe prevalence of ever HTP use among Korean adolescents was 2.9% (men: 4.4%, women: 1.2%), a year after the introduction of HTPs in the Korean market. Furthermore, 81.3% of the 1568 ever HTP users were triple users of HTPs, ECs and CCs. Multivariate analysis revealed that ever HTP use was greater among men, higher-grade students, current CC and/or EC users and risky alcohol drinkers. Among current CC smokers, ever users of ECs (28%–30%) and ever HTP users and current EC users (48%) were more likely to have attempted to quit CC smoking than those who had never used HTPs and ECs. However, there were fewer HTP and/or EC ever users among ever CC smokers who successfully quit smoking.ConclusionsMany adolescents, especially CC and EC users, had already used HTPs shortly after the introduction of HTPs in Korea. The use of newer types of tobacco products is associated with lower odds of abstinence from CCs; therefore, it is important to protect adolescents from them.

scholarly journals Categorizing IQOS-Related Twitter Discussions

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4836
Author(s):  
Joshua O. Barker ◽  
Julia Vassey ◽  
Julia C. Chen-Sankey ◽  
Jon-Patrick Allem ◽  
Tess Boley Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
News Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Tobacco Policy ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
Clean Air

(1) Background: The heated tobacco product IQOS, by Philip Morris International, is now available in over 55 countries, including the United States. Social media sites such as Twitter are often used to promote or discuss tobacco products, though prior research has not examined how IQOS is presented on Twitter. (2) Methods: This study collected and categorized Twitter conversations involving IQOS. A manual content analysis was performed on N = 3916 English tweets related to IQOS published internationally between 1 January 2020 and 30 June 2020. (3) Results: Most tweets were either online marketing for IQOS (32.3%) or personal testimonials related to IQOS use (34.2%). Personal testimonial tweets made harm reduction claims about IQOS either as an avenue to quit smoking/tobacco use (3.4%), or in comparison to combustible cigarettes (2.0%). Tobacco policy-related tweets were detected (13.9%), split between discussions of United States (4.9%) and international (4.4%) policies. News media tweets (14.2%) were also detected. (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests IQOS may be understood as a less harmful alternative to vaping and combustible cigarettes. Discussions also suggest IQOS is likely to be used to avoid clean air policies or used in areas in which smoking is restricted.

scholarly journals Latent Classes of Nicotine Beliefs Correlate with Perceived Susceptibility and Severity of Nicotine and Tobacco Products in US Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S91-S100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea C Villanti ◽  
Shelly Naud ◽  
Julia C West ◽  
Jennifer L Pearson ◽  
Olivia A Wackowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Latent Classes ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Pervasive misperceptions about nicotine may influence uptake of quit smoking aids and the impact of policies addressing nicotine as a tobacco product constituent. Methods Latent class analyses were conducted using four items on nicotine beliefs asked of 4037 adults aged 18–40 in wave 9 (February–March 2016) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study. Confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors from 12 items: nicotine susceptibility (NSUS), nicotine severity (NSEV), and tobacco severity (TSEV). Analyses assessed correlations between latent classes, sociodemographics, and nicotine/tobacco factor scores. Results A four-class model of nicotine beliefs was the best fit, with the largest class believing that nicotine plays a major part in smoking risks (class 1, n = 2070; 52%). Class 2 shared that belief but also responded “Don’t know” to addiction questions (class 2, n = 382; 11%). Fewer belonged in class 3, who reported that nicotine plays a small part in health risks (n = 1277; 30%), and class 4, who perceived nicotine as not cancer causing (n = 308; 7%). Latent class membership was correlated with sociodemographics, peer smoking, and past 30-day tobacco use. Classes 1 and 2 had similar NSUS scores and classes 3 and 4 had similar NSEV and TSEV scores. Discussion Differences in the perceptions of nicotine and tobacco-related harms can be partially explained by clustering of underlying nicotine beliefs. These classes of beliefs are correlated with sociodemographic predictors of smoking. These findings may help to identify specific beliefs or groups to be targeted by public education efforts on nicotine. Implications The current study supports that underlying nicotine beliefs are associated with perceived harms of specific nicotine and tobacco products (relative to cigarettes), with greater false beliefs about nicotine correlated with greater perceived susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Two important inferences emerge from this study: first, that education to address nicotine beliefs may also reframe perceptions of the harms of nicotine and tobacco products; and second, that this type of education may differentially impact perceptions of the harms of nicotine products (e.g., nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes) and tobacco products (e.g., cigars, smokeless, and hookah).

BIOETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF ANIMALS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
D. A. Lebedeva ◽  
Yu. A. Shcheglov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Member States ◽  
Ethical Attitude ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Bioethics ◽  
The Eu

This work scrutinizes modern bioethical concepts of the use of animals for scientific purposes, as well as legal aspects of its use. Initially, the authors present a brief excursion into the history of bioethics and then focus on the modern concept of ethical attitude to the animals used for scientific purposes. The authors analyze the EU Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, as well as the EAEU acts and by-laws of the EAEU member states, and conclude that it is necessary to adopt a supranational act within the EAEU that will regulate the use of animals for scientific purposes in accordance with the principles of reduction, replacement and refinement.

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