Chronology of hydraulic vulnerability in trunk wood of conifer trees with and without symptoms of top dieback

There is evidence that recently occurring top dieback of Norway spruce (Piceaabies(L.) Karst.) treesin southern Norway is associated with drought stress. We comparedfunctional wood traits of20 healthy looking trees and 20 trees with visual signs of top dieback. SilviScan technology was applied to measure cell dimensions (lumen and cell wall thickness) in a selected set of trunk wood specimens where vulnerability to cavitation (P50) datawere available. The conduit wall reinforcement ((t/b)²) was a good proxy for P50. Cell dimensions were measured on wood cores of all 40 trees; theoretical vulnerability of single annual rings could bethus estimated. Declining trees tended to have lower (t/b)² before and during a period of water deficit (difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration)that lasted from 2004 to 2006. The results are discussed with respect to genetic predisposition.

Download Full-text

CELL-WALL LIGNIN CONTENT RELATED TO TRACHEID DIMENSIONS IN DROUGHT-SENSITIVE AUSTRIAN PINE (PINUS NIGRA)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000272 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 113-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Wolfgang Gindl

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Water Status ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Lignin Concentration ◽

Wall Area ◽

Pine Tree ◽

Cell Dimensions ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Annual Distribution

The intra-annual distribution of cell-wall lignin concentration was determined in Austrian pine tree rings and compared with tracheid diameter, lumen width, cell wall thickness and proportion of cell wall area. Lignin concentration was highly correlated with all tracheid dimensions, but only the proportion of cell wall area exhibited a direct statistically significant relationship. Since cell dimensions in Austrian pine are subjected to the indirect and direct influences of the water status of trees, the negative correlation between cellular lignin content and the proportion of cell wall area is attributed to an indirect effect of water stress on lignification in pine tracheids.

Download Full-text

Cell wall fracture properties in relation to lignin distribution and cell dimensions among three genetic groups of radiata pine

Wood Science and Technology ◽

10.1007/bf00196931 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

L.A. Donaldson

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Fracture Properties ◽

Lignin Distribution ◽

Genetic Groups ◽

Cell Dimensions

Download Full-text

Wood density as a screening trait for drought sensitivity in Norway spruce

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2013-0209 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 154-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

S. Rosner ◽

J. Světlík ◽

K. Andreassen ◽

I. Børja ◽

L. Dalsgaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Wood Density ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Drought Event ◽

Pressure Potential ◽

Data Set ◽

Cambial Age ◽

Hydraulic Vulnerability ◽

Southern Norway ◽

The Impact

We linked hydraulic vulnerability in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trunkwood with different cambial age to wood density and applied the findings on annual density variations in healthy and declining trees from southern Norway during 1990 to 2010. We hypothesized that drought stress due to the 2003 or 2006 European heat waves were the triggers for tree decline and focused analyses on the structure of wood that was produced after, as well as before, signs of stress, i.e., when decreases in height or diameter growth were visible. In the data set comprising previously published and new measurements, P50, i.e., the pressure potential necessary to induce a 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity, was negatively related to wood density. Declining trees produced wider annual rings with lower density than vigorous trees before their radial and height increment started to decline in 2003 or 2006. Trees that produced low-density wood under favorable water availability were more stressed by a sudden drought event because of higher P50 values in their sapwood. Due to the strong genotypic relationship between wood density and growth, we suggest that spruce trees selected for fast growth might experience limited hydraulic performance under the impact of extreme heat waves.

Download Full-text

Staurastrum pantanale sp. nov. (Zygnematophyceae, Desmidiaceae), a new desmid species from the Brazilian Pantanal

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.90.1.2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 54 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

KLEBER RENAN DE SOUZA SANTOS ◽

CAMILA FRANCIELI DA SILVA MALONE ◽

CÉLIA LEITE SANT’ANNA ◽

CARLOS EDUARDO DE MATTOS BICUDO

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

New Species ◽

Tropical Lake ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Cell Dimensions ◽

Brazilian Pantanal ◽

Transparent Water

Staurastrum pantanale is proposed new to science and is characterized by its crenate cell wall and cell dimensions. The species was collected from the metaphyton of a shallow tropical lake (SalitradaCampoDoraLake, 18º 58’ 02” S, 56º 38’ 59” W) with transparent water and pH 5, located in the Nhecolândia Pantanal, Mato Grosso doSul State,Brazil. The new species’ morphology and relationship with morphologically close species are discussed.

Download Full-text

Annual rings in a native Hawaiian tree,Sophora chrysophylla, on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s026646741500036x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 567-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kainana S. Francisco ◽

Patrick J. Hart ◽

Jinbao Li ◽

Edward R. Cook ◽

Patrick J. Baker

Keyword(s):

Ring Width ◽

Annual Growth ◽

Pacific Region ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Eastern Tropical Pacific ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Annual Growth Rings ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species ◽

Conifer Trees

Abstract:Annual rings are not commonly produced in tropical trees because they grow in a relatively aseasonal environment. However, in the subalpine zones of Hawaiʻi's highest volcanoes, there is often strong seasonal variability in temperature and rainfall. Using classical dendrochronological methods, annual growth rings were shown to occur inSophora chrysophylla, a native tree species on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi. Chronologies were established from nearby non-native, live conifer trees and these were used to verify the dates from a total of 52 series from 22S. chrysophyllatrees, establishing an 86-y chronology (1926–2011). Ring-width patterns were significantly correlated with monthly rainfall from August of the previous year. This study is the first in the eastern tropical Pacific region to demonstrate annual growth rings in trees.

Download Full-text

COMPARISON OF SEGMENTATION METHODS FOR DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS OF CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE IMAGES TO MEASURE TRACHEID CELL DIMENSIONS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000284 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 267-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mattias K. Moëll ◽

Lloyd A. Donaldson

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Image Analysis ◽

Digital Image ◽

Automatic Segmentation ◽

Transverse Cross Section ◽

Confocal Microscope ◽

Segmentation Method ◽

Segmentation Methods ◽

Cell Dimensions ◽

Microscope Images

Image analysis is a common tool for measuring tracheid cell dimensions. When analyzing a digital image of a transverse cross section of wood, one of the initial procedures is that of segmentation. This involves classifying a picture element (pixel) as either cell wall or lumen. The accuracy of tracheid measurements is dependent on how well the result of the segmentation procedure corresponds to the true distributions of cell wall or lumen pixels. In this paper a comparison of segmentation methods is given. The effect of segmentation method on measurements is investigated and the performance of each method is discussed.We demonstrate that automated segmentation methods remove observer bias and are thus capable of more reproducible results. The contrast for confocal microscope images is of such quality that one of the fastest and simplest automatic segmentation methods may be used.

Download Full-text

Elastic deformation mechanisms of softwoods in radial tension – Cell wall bending or stretching?

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2008.082 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Carl S. Modén ◽

Lars A. Berglund

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Relative Density ◽

Deformation Mechanisms ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Cell Geometry ◽

Digital Speckle Photography ◽

A Cell ◽

Bending Mechanism ◽

Expected Density

Abstract Radial softwood modulus E R is typically twice as high as the tangential modulus E T . The reason for this is unclear, although cell geometry is likely to contribute. The established hexagonal honeycomb model for prediction of E R is based on a cell wall bending mechanism only. If cell wall stretching also takes place, the dependence of E R on relative density will be different. If experimental data for E R as a function of relative density show deviations from cell wall bending predictions, this may indicate the presence of cell wall stretching. A SilviScan apparatus is used to measure density distribution. A procedure by means of digital speckle photography is then developed for measurements of local E R within the annual rings of spruce. Comparison is made between experimental data and the two expected density dependencies from cell wall bending and from stretching. The hypothesis of cell wall stretching as a contributing mechanism is supported based on the observed linear dependence of E R over a wide density range.

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF IMISSION TO XYLEM ANATOMY OF NORWAY SPRUCE

Wood Research ◽

10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.4.528543 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 528-543

Author(s):

MARTIN LEXA ◽

MONIKA VEJPUSTKOVÁ ◽

ALEŠ ZEIDLER

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Pollution Load ◽

Wall Width ◽

Classic Approach ◽

The Relationship ◽

Anatomical Parameters

The aim of this work was to analyse the relationship between anatomical parameters of spruce tracheidsand climatic factors and air pollution load, in the period before, during and after the maximum air pollution load. In this study we used the method of dividing annual rings into a number of equally wide sectors, for which the average values of the tracheid dimensions, i.e., the lumen area and cell wall width, were determined. This method was compared to the classic approach, which works with the average values of parameters for the entire annual ring, or for earlywood and latewood. The study showed that the trees responded to the increased concentration of pollutants by reducing the widths of the annual rings and the values of the anatomical parameters. The higher resolution of data gives us a better insight on the influence of abiotic factors to the wood structure. The ratio of cell wall thicknesses ofearlywood to latewood was also shown asa good indicator of stress.

Download Full-text

Wood traits in parental and hybrid species of Sorbus

Botany ◽

10.1139/b11-047 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 89 (8) ◽

pp. 559-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jaroslav Ďurkovič ◽

Monika Kardošová ◽

František Kačík ◽

Miroslava Masaryková

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Vascular Anatomy ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

The Other ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Hybrid Species ◽

Cell Wall Constituent ◽

Chemical Profiles ◽

Wood Traits ◽

Chemotaxonomic Marker

The genus Sorbus is an example of taxonomic complexity arising from the combined effects of hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis. In this study, a comparison of the diagnostic microscopic characteristics of wood, together with the quantitative traits of vascular anatomy, fiber morphology, and cell wall constituents in parental ( Sorbus aria , Sorbus aucuparia , Sorbus chamaemespilus ) and hybrid ( Sorbus haljamovae , Sorbus montisalpae , Sorbus zuzanae ) taxa, was undertaken to discriminate each one of the examined taxa from the other and also to examine relatedness among parental and hybrid taxa. Chemical profiles of the degree of polymerization of cellulose were found to be the discriminating chemotaxonomic marker for all taxa. Sorbus haljamovae was determined to be the only taxon distinctively identified microscopically and distinguishable from the other examined taxa. The use of cell wall constituent traits provided a better segregation of hybrid taxa from their putative parental species than did the application of vascular anatomy variables. Sorbus zuzanae and Sorbus haljamovae formed isolated clusters that were distinctively segregated from all the other examined taxa. The results of this study indicate that the majority of wood traits in Sorbus hybrids do not exhibit an intermediate position between the parental taxa.

Download Full-text

A novel approach for fast prediction of hydraulic vulnerability in conifers

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19446 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sabine Rosner ◽

Klara Voggeneder ◽

Sebastian Nöbauer

Keyword(s):

Water Loss ◽

Empirical Relationship ◽

Conifer Species ◽

Percent Loss ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Plant Groups ◽

Hydraulic Vulnerability ◽

Relative Water ◽

Wood Traits ◽

Fast Prediction

Global warming calls for fast and easily applicable methods to measure hydraulic vulnerability in conifers since they are one of the most sensitive plant groups regarding drought stress. Classical methods to determine P50, i.e. the water potential resulting in 50% conductivity loss, are labor intensive and prone to errors. In this study, the empirical relationship between percent loss of hydraulic conductivity and relative water loss in sapwood of six conifer species was used to establish a novel proxy for P50. Our new proxy P25W, defined as 25% of relative water loss induced by air injection, is easy and fast to measure and correlates strongly with P50 (r = 0.95) as well as with functional wood traits such as the tracheid wall/lumen ratio (r = -0.87). The method is regarded as a strong new phenotyping tool for screening trees for drought sensitivity.

Download Full-text