The significance of scion × rootstock interactions

Aims: Rootstocks provide protection against soil-borne pests and are a powerful tool to manipulate growth, fruit composition and wine-quality attributes. The present study aimed to assess the consistency of rootstock effects on the growth and fruit composition of scion varieties and identify scion × rootstock interactions.Methods and results: Vine performance and fruit composition of hot-climate, drip-irrigated, spur-pruned Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz, grafted on seven rootstocks, was assessed over five seasons from 2013 to 2017. Rootstocks included Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and 140 Ruggeri and four promising selections from the CSIRO rootstock development programme. Vines were trained as quadrilateral cordons on a two-wire vertical trellis of height 1.8 m and 3.0 m row × 1.8 m vine spacing, and irrigated with 5.5–6.0 ML/ha of water each season. The study was conducted with mature vines, established in 2006, as a randomised block design with five replicates. There were significant effects of both variety and rootstock on yield, number of bunches, bunch weight, berry weight (scion only), berries per bunch, pruning weight and the Ravaz Index (yield/pruning weight). Despite identical management practices, there were large differences between scion varieties in key growth characteristics across rootstocks. Chardonnay produced a high yield (mean 25.2 kg/vine) with low pruning weight (2.3 kg/vine) and a high mean Ravaz Index value of 12.1. Shiraz had the highest yield (27.4 kg/vine) with high pruning weight (5.1 kg/vine) and a Ravaz Index of 6.3. Cabernet Sauvignon had the lowest yield (15.9 kg/vine) and highest pruning weight (6.6 kg/vine) and a very low Ravaz Index value of 3.0. Effects of rootstock on growth characteristics were smaller than the effects of variety, with mean yields ranging from 19.5 to 25.9 kg/vine, pruning weights ranging from 3.24 to 6.13 kg/vine and mean Ravaz Index values ranging from 5.54 to 8.63. Each variety was harvested when the mean total soluble solids reached 25.0 °Brix. Significant effects of variety and rootstock on fruit composition, included pH, titratable acidity (scion only), malate, tartrate (scion only), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN); and for the red varieties, total anthocyanins (scion only) and phenolic substances (scion only). Significant interactions between scion variety and rootstocks were found for yield, number of bunches, berry weight, pruning weight and Ravaz Index. The effect of rootstock on bunch weight and berries per bunch was consistent across scions. Significant scion × rootstock interactions were also found for pH and YAN. For each variety, significant effects of rootstock on fruit composition were linked to growth characteristics. However, these relationships, based on correlation analyses, varied for each scion.Conclusions: The study has shown that growth characteristics and fruit composition of the major varieties was not consistent across seven rootstock genotypes, as significant scion × rootstock interactions were determined. Hence, different rootstocks may be required for each variety to optimise scion performance and fruit composition. The study has also shown that the new CSIRO rootstock selections, covering a range of vigour classifications, may be useful alternatives to those currently in use by industry.Significance and impact of the study: The study has shown that the performance of scion varieties, and to a lesser degree the fruit composition, is dependent on rootstock choice. The inherent vigour of the scion variety must be considered in rootstock selection. Furthermore, individual scion/rootstock combinations may require specific irrigation, pruning or canopy management to achieve vine balance and optimise fruit and wine composition.

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Regulated Deficit Irrigation Effect on Yield and Wine Color of Cabernet Sauvignon in Central California

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.10.1520 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 1520-1524 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael J. Costello ◽

W. Keith Patterson

Keyword(s):

Deficit Irrigation ◽

San Joaquin Valley ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽

Central California ◽

Berry Weight ◽

Berry Size ◽

Wine Color

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a management strategy that on grape can improve shoot/fruit ratio, water efficiency, and wine quality but has the potential to reduce yield. As part of a study on the influence of RDI on leafhopper density, we evaluated the effects on grape yield, berry size, berry soluble solids, and wine color. The studies were conducted at commercial vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley and in the Paso Robles region, CA, with Cabernet Sauvignon as the cultivar. Water deficits were imposed at either 50% (moderate deficit) or 25% (severe deficit) of standard irrigation (the control) for a period of 3 or 6 weeks and initiated at berry set, leafhopper egg hatch, or veraison. Deficit irrigation decreased berry weight by 16.1% at the San Joaquin Valley site (Aliso) and 11.7% at one of the Paso Robles sites (Frankel) but did not differ at the other site (Steinbeck). Yield was decreased by the deficits by 18.1% at Aliso, 26.7% at Frankel 2001 (but not 2002), and 24% at Steinbeck. Wine color density was increased by 21.8% at Aliso, 34.4% at Frankel 2001 (but not 2002), and did not differ at Steinbeck. Soluble solids did not differ among treatments at any site. There was no difference in berry weight, yield, or color between the moderate and severe deficits. It appears that in central California, RDI such as these are likely to reduce yield but are only one factor among many variables affecting quality such as wine color.

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Abstracts from Presentations at the ASEV Eastern Section 36th Annual Meeting & National Viticulture Research Conference, 12–14 July 2011, Towson, MarylandCluster Thinning Affects Fruit Composition and Economic Sustainability of RieslingPredicting Harvest Concentration of Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen in Finger Lakes RieslingExogenous ABA and Its Impact on Vine Physiology and Grape Composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in Wet and Cool SeasonsInfluence of Vine Capacity and Water Status on Wine Quality Attributes of Cabernet SauvignonEffects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Fruit Quality, Dormancy, and Cold Hardiness of Cabernet franc and Chambourcin GrapevinesEffects of Early Season Leaf Removal on Fruit Quality and Crop Load in Chambourcin and Cabernet franc GrapevinesEffect of Under-Vine Cover Cropping on Vine and Vineyard Floor Response in Northern and Southern IllinoisLadybug Taint in Wine: Review and New Results on Origin and PreventionThe Terroir of Winter HardinessDefining Sustainable Vine Balance of Cabernet franc in Southern IllinoisClimate-Viticulture Characterizations of Eastern United States: A New Climate Index, the Modified-GSTavgRoot Pruning and Cover Crops Influence Berry CompositionDevelopment of an Interactive Online Decision Support System for Vineyard Site Evaluation and Selection in New York StateCharacterization of Odor-Active Compounds in Grapes and Wines Produced from Non- vinifera Species Important to Grape BreedingCover Crop, Rootstock, and Root Restriction Effects on Cabernet Sauvignon Dormant Bud Cold HardinessRootstock Influence on Vine Performance and Fruit Quality of Red Bordeaux Cultivars in ConnecticutFruit-Zone Light Response Curves for Sensory Compounds in RieslingDesigning Sensory-based Viticulture and Enology Studies in Academic and Commercial FacilitiesTools to Alter Vine Vegetative Growth and Influence Components of Yield and Fruit/Wine CharacteristicsInteractive Effects of Training System and Pruning Severity on Vegetative Growth, Fruit Composition, and Yield of Corot noir GrapevinesImpact of Canopy/Crop-Load Management Practices on Yield, Fruit Composition, Wine Quality, and Consumer Willingness-to-Pay for WinesA Novel MEMS-based Microfluidic Water Potential Sensor for Monitoring of Water Stress in Grapevines and SoilsAssessment of Yeast Nutrient Supplements, Residual Nitrogen in Wine, and Amino Acid Profile in Hybrid Varieties

American Journal of Enology and Viticulture ◽

10.5344/ajev.2011.ea ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 553A-558A

Author(s):

Trent Preszler ◽

Mark Nisbet ◽

Gabriel Balint ◽

Cain Hickey ◽

Yi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Management Practices ◽

Climate Index ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Crop Load ◽

Cabernet Franc ◽

Fruit Composition

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Effect of cluster and berry thinning on Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines composition

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/598/2013-cjfs ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 470-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Karoglan ◽

M. Osrečak ◽

L. Maslov ◽

B. Kozina

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Cluster Thinning ◽

Strongly Connected ◽

The Mean ◽

Grape Yield

The manipulation of grape yield is widely practised to improve grape and wine quality. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon vines in the Zagreb vineyard hills, north-western Croatia, were subjected to three crop removal treatments [cluster thinning (CT), berry thinning (BT), CT+BT, and untreated control] in a randomised block design experiment. CT and CT+BT treatments reduced the grape yield but increased the mean cluster weight compared to control vines. BT alone had a little effect on the yield components. Control grapes generally had the lowest soluble solids (°Oe) and highest titratable acidity (g/l). In most cases, control wines had the lowest total phenols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanin concentrations, while CT+BT treatment had the highest ones followed by CT treatment. It was concluded that CT+BT produced wines with generally increased total phenols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins, as well as many individual phenolic compounds. Thus, grape yield per vine seems to be strongly connected with the grape and wine compositions. The final cost-effectiveness of this canopy interventions still remains questionable.  

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Leaf-to-Fruit Ratios in Vitis vinifera L. cv. “Sauvignon Blanc”, “Carmenère”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, and “Syrah” Growing in Maule Valley (Chile): Influence on Yield and Fruit Composition

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture9080176 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa ◽

Irina Díaz-Galvéz ◽

Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez ◽

Yerko Moreno-Simunovic

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Yield Components ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Sauvignon Blanc ◽

Fruit Composition ◽

Berry Composition

A trial was conducted during the 2005–2006 season in order to determine the effects of different leaf-to-fruit ratios on yield components and fruit composition in four Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. The treatments consisted of selecting shoots of four lengths (>1.3 m, 1.3–0.8 m, 0.8–0.4 m, and <0.4 m) with two crop levels (1–2 clusters/shoot), which allowed defining eight ratios. Berry composition and yield components were measured. The treatments affected the accumulation of soluble solids in “Sauvignon blanc”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, and “Syrah”, delaying it as the ratio decreased. All yield components were affected in “Sauvignon blanc”, while bunch weight and the number of berries per bunch were altered without a clear trend. None of the yield components were affected in “Cabernet Sauvignon”, while the lowest ratio presented the lowest number of berries per bunch in “Syrah”. Total polyphenol index (TPI) was affected in “Carmenère” without a clear trend. A highly significant correlation was found between shoot length and leaf area in all studied cultivars. As the ratio increased, the shoot lignification increased in “Sauvignon blanc”. However, studies must be conducted during more seasons to establish better conclusions about the effects of leaf-to-fruit ratios on yield and fruit composition.

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Harvest seasons and pruning management in pepper: production and pungency of the fruits

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620170320 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 434-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dalva Paulus ◽

Ivan C Zorzzi ◽

Fabiana Rankrape ◽

Fabiana M Paula ◽

Cláudia A Moura

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Block Design ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Management Systems ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Production Traits ◽

Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACT Changes in plant architecture, such as apical pruning and harvesting at the right time, are management practices to obtain not only greater fruit production, but mainly quality and pungent fruits, preferred by the consumer market. We evaluated the effect of management of pruning and harvest seasons on growth, production and pungency of fruits conducted in the field. Nine seasons of harvest were studied {90, 101, 116, 131, 146, 161, 176, 191, 206 and 221 days after transplanting (DAT)} and two management systems (pruning and no pruning). The treatments were arranged in a factorial design (9x2) with split plot in a randomized block design with three replications. The agronomic traits analyzed were: height, chlorophyll, leaf area, soluble solids, number of fruits and pepper yield. The content of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin was determined using fruits harvested in two seasons (146 and 161 DAT) and in management systems (pruning and no pruning), in a factorial scheme (2x2), in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Growth and production traits did not differ significantly for pruning and no pruning managements, with an average of 71.8 fruits/plant and productivity of 429.7 g/plant. The agronomic traits were adjusted to the quadratic model. The maximum yield (529.09 g/plant) and the maximum number of fruits per plant (95.34) were estimated at 164.83 and 163.21 DAT, respectively. The use of pruning resulted in fruits with a higher content of capsaicin (363.89 mg/kg) and dihydrocapsaicin (198.27 mg/kg) at 161 DAT. Pruning management results in more pungent and better quality fruits for industry, and the maximum production of BRS Mari pepper was estimated at 164.83 DAT, important information for pepper producers, in order to schedule the harvests.

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Gene effect and heterosis in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782014000600013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 1031-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Artur Mendes Medeiros ◽

Rosana Rodrigues ◽

Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves ◽

Cláudia Pombo Sudré ◽

Hérica Santos de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Combining Ability ◽

Block Design ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

High Yield ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Weight Yield ◽

Lady’S Finger ◽

Agronomic Potential

Heterosis has been exploited in Capsicum annuum commercial hybrids; however, the use of heterosis in C. baccatum still remains to be explored, and studies related to the genetics and breeding of this species are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the combining ability of five parents of C. baccatum var. pendulum , representatives of two distinct types of fruits (namely, lady's finger and cambuci), to calculate heterosis and to evaluate the agronomic potential of the hybrids for yield and fruit quality. The hybrids were produced from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parents and hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications, and the following traits were assessed: number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and soluble solids. All traits were significant for general and specific combining ability, indicating that additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The hybrid combinations between the types lady's finger and cambuci provided elongated fruits with smaller diameters and greater weight compared with the parents of the cambuci type. However, these factors did not lead to a significant increase in the yield per plant due to the decreased number of fruits except in hybrid UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considering only the parents and hybrids within each type of fruit, the genitor UENF 1624 (lady's finger) and the hybrid UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) stood out for achieving a high yield per plant.

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Plant growth, yield and fruit quality of Clementine mandarin selections under subtropical climate in Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452018051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Simone Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽

Magno Guimarães Santos ◽

Tatiana Eugenia Cantuarias-Avilés ◽

Eduardo Sanches Stuchi

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Block Design ◽

Plant Size ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

High Yield ◽

Local Market ◽

Subtropical Climate ◽

Alternate Bearing

Abstract In Brazil, few mandarin (Citrus reticulata, Blanco) cultivars are being currently exploited, limiting the availability of fresh fruit in the local market. This study was aimed to investigate the performance of 15 Clementine mandarin selections and 3 hybrids, seeking for alternative varieties for production under subtropical conditions. Fifteen Clementine selections, namely: ‘Oroval-SRA335’, ‘Tomatera-SRA535’, ‘Reina-SRA534’, ‘Bruno-SRA531’, ‘Nules-SRA389’, ‘Ragheb-SRA386’, ‘Oroval-Y45’, ‘2-Kr-Monreal’, ‘Commune-SRA88’, ‘Commune-SRA85’, ‘Caffin-SRA385’, ‘De Nules-VCR’, ‘Commune-SRA92’, ‘Clemenules-EECB128’ and ‘Marisol-EECB126’; three hybrids (‘Clemelin-IVIA335’, ‘Caçula-1’ and ‘Caçula-3’) and the standard commercial varieties ‘Ponkan’ and ‘Cravo’, grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Mafad. cv. ‘Duncan’ x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], were evaluated in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2004 to 2008. The experimental plot was planted in 2001 with the 20 genotypes disposed in a randomized block design, with three replications and two plants per plot. The ‘Cravo’ variety and the ‘Clemelin-IVIA335’ hybrid presented the smallest plant size. The selections ‘Cravo’, ‘Caffin-SRA385’, ‘Clemelin-IVIA335’, ‘Marisol-EECB126’ and ‘Ragheb-SRA386’ had the smallest cumulative yield. Fruits of ‘Caçula-1’ had the highest soluble solids content and those of ‘Caçula-3’ showed the highest juice content. Among the Clementine selections, ‘Bruno-SRA531’, ‘Clemenules-EECB128’, ‘De Nules-VCR’ and ‘Reina-SRA534’ reached earlier maturity. In terms of yield efficiency, ‘Ponkan’ trees performed similarly or outperformed the other selections, with larger fruits and earlier ripening. The ‘Reina-SRA534’ selection outstood due to its high fruit yield and quality, with medium fruit size and early bearing, while ‘De Nules VCR’ and ‘Tomatera-SRA535’ had high yield, low alternate-bearing and fine fruit quality, despite of their large plant size. Good performance of Clementine selections and hybrids encourages further studies on cultural practices for growing this group of mandarins under subtropical climatic conditions.

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Grapevine nitrogen metabolism as a function of crop load using a 15N-labelling approach

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11458 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thibaut Verdenal ◽

Vivian Zufferey ◽

Agnes Dienes-Nagy ◽

Jean-Laurent Spring ◽

Olivier Viret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Management Practices ◽

N Uptake ◽

High Yield ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Crop Load ◽

N Cycle ◽

Yield Conditions

This presentation addresses the actual concerns in viticulture regarding grapevine nitrogen (N) metabolism in the context of reducing both inputs and environmental pollution, while optimizing the balance between yield and wine quality. By adapting agronomical practices to the environmental conditions (i.e. soil and climate), it is possible to optimise both plant N use efficiency (NUE) and crop quality, while reducing N input in the vineyard. The present trial demonstrates the potential of crop-load limiting (via bunch thinning) to fine-tune plant NUE and optimise grape N composition at harvest. These results improve the comprehension of the seasonal plant N cycle in perennial crops and it contributes to the implementation of sustainable practices in vineyards and potentially in other crops.Over the past decades, N supply in vineyards has been reduced with the aim of adjusting vigour and yield. Moreover, the development of cover cropping has led to increased competition for N resources in vineyards, which can, in some cases, be detrimental to both yield and quality of the crop. This evolution of management practices &#8211; without considering the environmental conditions &#8211; has led to situations with major grape N deficiencies, being detrimental to fermentation kinetics, yield and possibly wine quality. Given the major role of N in plant physiology, an integrative approach to managing grapevine N nutrition from soil to crop &#8211; in accordance with the environmental conditions &#8211; represents a sustainable solution for high-quality grape production.In this trial on white cv. Chasselas (Vitis vinifera L.), plant N partitioning and grape composition were monitored over two years, in relation to both crop load and fertilisation. These aims were accomplished by testing a large crop load gradient (via bunch thinning, resulting in 0.7&#8211;5.2 kg per plant) and by using a 15N-labelling method (fertilization with 10 atom % 15N foliar urea). The results indicate that the mobilisation of root N reserves plays a major role in the balance of fruit N content. Carry-over effects to the next year were highlighted. N uptake and assimilation appeared to be strongly stimulated by high-yield conditions. Fertilisation largely contributed to fulfilling the high fruit N demand while limiting the mobilisation of root N reserves under high-yield conditions. Plants were able to modulate both root N reserve mobilisation and N uptake as a function of crop load, thus maintaining a relatively uniform N concentration in fruits. However, the fruit free amino N profile was modified, which potentially affected aromas in grapes and wines. A modelling of the seasonal plant N cycle (i.e. uptake and efflux) is also proposed.Key words: Nitrogen metabolism, 15N-isotope labelling, crop load, grape composition, wine quality

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Characterization of Cladosporium Rot in Grapevines, a Problem of Growing Importance in Chile

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-12-1635 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (12) ◽

pp. 1635-1642 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Erika X. Briceño ◽

Bernardo A. Latorre

Keyword(s):

Red Wine ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Seasonal Development ◽

Common Disease ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Wine Grapes ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Table Grapes

Cladosporium rot (Cladosporium spp.) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a common disease in Chile, particularly in Cabernet Sauvignon and other red wine grape cultivars. It is favored by delayed harvest to obtain the phenolic maturity necessary for high-quality red wine. This study expands on previous investigations of the specific causal agents, the histopathological host:pathogen relationship, and the population dynamics of Cladosporium spp. during the seasonal development of grape clusters. Over 100 isolates were obtained and identified as C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum, confirming previous results. The identity of a subset of isolates was confirmed by molecular analysis. Isolates of both C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum from grapevines were pathogenic on inoculated table grapes and wine grapes. These pathogens were reisolated, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Berry injuries and total soluble solids content above 15% were necessary for Cladosporium spp. to infect wine grapes. The mycelia of C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum grew between 0 and 30°C, but no growth was obtained at 35°C in vitro. The histological studies showed that Cladosporium spp. superficially colonize mature V. vinifera berries, invading the epidermis but scarcely penetrating the hypodermis. The Cladosporium populations obtained on apparently healthy berries of V. vinifera cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay were significantly larger (P = 0.05) than the populations obtained under similar conditions on berries of V. champini cv. Ramsey and hybrids Kober 5BB and Couderc 1613. Considering the importance of Cladosporium rot in Chile compared with other grape production areas, the development of control strategies is needed to prevent high disease severity, which affects both yield and wine quality.

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Responses on Must and Wine Composition of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon under a Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10010145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Yvette Wohlfahrt ◽

Claus-Dieter Patz ◽

Dominik Schmidt ◽

Doris Rauhut ◽

Bernd Honermeier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shikimic Acid ◽

Wine Industry ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Volatile Acid ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Wine Production ◽

Free Air ◽

The Future

Challenges of climate change on the future grape and wine production are widely discussed in science and in the wine industry with the goal to maintain a consistent must and wine quality in the future. Therefore, the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2)—as one of the relevant greenhouse gases jointly responsible for a changing climate—was investigated concerning the composition of must and wine made of two grapevine cultivars V. vinifera L. cvs. Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon within the established VineyardFACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment. Must and wine analysis were conducted in three consecutive years (2014–2016) by analyzing standard must and wine parameters, e.g., total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total acidity (TA), organic acids (e.g., tartaric acid, malic acid, shikimic acid, citric acid, volatile acid and gluconic acid) or total phenolics (TP). Also, for both cultivars CIELab coordinates (L* for lightness, a* as green/red and b* as blue/yellow components) were used to test colour in young white and red wines. Additionally, total anthocyanins and monomeric indices were analyzed for young wines of the red cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. With marginal differences between CO2 treatments, the composition of must and young wines was not found to be negatively influenced by an eCO2 concentration.

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