scholarly journals Tolerance of Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) to alkaline soil

OENO One ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
Daniel Hillin ◽  
Pierre Helwi ◽  
Justin Scheiner
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
Vitis Rotundifolia ◽  
Muscadinia Rotundifolia ◽  
Muscadine Grapes

Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia) grapes have been used in grape variety and rootstock development due to their inherent pest and disease resistance, but little is known about their alkaline soil tolerance. In this study, Muscadine varieties, commercialrootstock and interspecific hybrid grape (Vitis spp.) cultivars were evaluated for alkaline soil tolerance under field conditions to determine the potential suitability of muscadines for rootstock development. Thirty-one muscadine and eleven interspecific hybridgrape cultivars were grown in a moderately alkaline soil (pH = 8.1) over a three-year period. Alkaline soil tolerance wasdetermined by relative vine vigour (shoot length), vine nutrient status (whole leaf tissue testing) and visual chlorosis. Additional data were collected on the timing of budbreak. Overall, the muscadines studied expressed low vigour and had greater chlorosissymptoms than the interspecific hybrid rootstocks (Paulsen 1103, Millardet et de Grasset 101-14, Millardet et de Grasset 420A,Ruggeri 140, Schwarzmann, and Matador). These parameters were not correlated with the concentration in any specific nutrient, although nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen, copper) and excesses (calcium, boron) were observed in the muscadine varieties.Overall, the muscadine grapes expressed poor alkaline soil tolerance compared to interspecific hybrid grape rootstocks (1103P, 101-14 MGt., 140Ru, Schwarzmann, 420A, and Matador), even the ones having poor alkaline soil tolerance (101-14 MGt., Schwarzmann) and own-rooted cultivars (Black Spanish, Blanc Du Bois, Dunstan’s Dream and Victoria Red). Nevertheless, some variability in chlorosis symptoms and nutrition was observed across the muscadine group, suggesting some interests to select Muscadine hybrid rootstocks less sensitive to iron chlorosis.

scholarly journals A NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TROPICAL FRUIT AND NUT ORCHARDS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 669d-669
Author(s):  
H.H. Hirae ◽  
M.A. Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Extension Agent ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Macadamia Nut

Monitoring the nutrient status of a crop by soil and tissue analysis is an important tool in maximizing yields and avoiding nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. A nutritional management system is presented that uses a computer database to compile periodic soil and leaf tissue analyses to assist in the development of rational fertilizer recommendations for banana and macadamia nut orchards. Database management allows the Extension Agent to organize parameters (soil type, rainfall, elevation, tree age, tree spacing, and previous fertilizer practices) used in nutritional recommendations for individual farms. Graphs depicting nutrient trends over time and comparison of nutrient levels to nutritional standards, present visual illustrations of problems and encourage grower acceptance of fertilizer recommendations. Growers are also able to see graphic responses to application of corrective fertilizers and soil amendments.

Response of Leucaena leucocephala pastures to phosphorus and sulfur application in Queensland

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Radrizzani ◽  
H. Max Shelton ◽  
Scott A. Dalzell
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Grass Growth

A series of fertiliser trials were conducted on leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) pastures growing on a range of soil types in south-east and central Queensland. The primary objective was to determine the extent of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) deficiencies in leucaena-grass pastures established on either virgin soils or previously cropped soils. Two experiments were conducted across nine sites and confirmed that, for many soils in Queensland, leucaena growth was restricted by P and S nutrient deficiencies, which limited plant growth directly and suppressed symbiotic N2 fixation. The major factors contributing to the P and S deficiencies and thus affecting leucaena response were: (i) inherent low soil fertility, (ii) nutrient removal by cropping and grazing, (iii) shallow soils, (iv) soil acidity, and (v) grass competition for available water and nutrients. A secondary treatment, inter-row cultivation, had little effect on leucaena growth but significantly increased grass growth in some soils. In all these experiments, leaf S concentrations and N : S ratios in index tissue were inconsistent indicators of adequacy of S. Similarly, leaf P concentrations were not useful indicators of P deficiency due to inappropriate (drought) leaf sampling conditions experienced in these experiments. The experiments demonstrate that the productivity of leucaena-grass pastures, especially in older leucaena plantations, will be limited by nutrient deficiencies on many soils in Queensland. While leucaena yield was suppressed, no foliar symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed. Growers need to monitor the nutrient status of their leucaena-grass pastures by leaf tissue analysis using a new sampling protocol. Strategic fertiliser application has the potential to increase rainfall use efficiency by 50% with an expected parallel increase in cattle liveweight gain.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of MADS-Box Gene VroAGL11 Associated with Stenospermocarpic Seedlessness in Muscadine Grapes

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
M Atikur Rahman ◽  
Subramani P Balasubramani ◽  
Sheikh M Basha
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Vitis Rotundifolia ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
Putative Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Mads Box Gene ◽  
Muscadine Grapes

Reduced expression of MADS-box gene AGAMOUS-LIKE11 (VviAGL11) is responsible for stenospermocarpic seedlessness in bunch grapes. This study is aimed to characterize the VviAGL11 orthologous gene (VroAGL11) in native muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) at the molecular level and analyze its divergence from other plants. The VroAGL11 transcripts were found in all muscadine cultivars tested and highly expressed in berries while barely detectable in leaves. RT-PCR and sequencing of predicted ORFs from diverse grape species showed that AGL11 transcripts were conservatively spliced. The encoded VroAGL11 protein contains highly conserved MADS-MEF2-like domain, MADS domain, K box, putative phosphorylation site and two sumoylation motifs. The muscadine VroAGL11 proteins are almost identical (99%) to that of seeded bunch cultivar, Chardonnay, except in one amino acid (A79G), but differs from mutant protein of seedless bunch grape, Sultanina, in two amino acids, R197L and T210A. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AGL11 gene of muscadine and other Vitis species formed a separate clade than that of other eudicots and monocots. Muscadine grape cultivar “Jane Bell” containing the highest percentage of seed content in berry (7.2% of berry weight) had the highest VroAGL11 expression, but almost none to nominal expression in seedless cultivars Fry Seedless (muscadine) and Reliance Seedless (bunch). These findings suggest that VroAGL11 gene controls the seed morphogenesis in muscadine grapes like in bunch grape and can be manipulated to induce stenospermocarpic seedlessness using gene editing technology.

Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Interference on Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Robert J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE] density and soil moisture on corn (Zea maysL.) growth and yield. Quackgrass densities ranging from 65 to 390 shoots/m2reduced corn yield 12 to 16%. A quackgrass density of 745 shoots/m2reduced corn yields an average of 37% and significantly reduced corn height, ear length, ear-fill length, kernels/row, rows/ear, and seed weight. In the soil moisture study, quackgrass was shorter than corn throughout the growing season, and analyses of corn leaf tissue indicated that quackgrass did not interfere with the nutrient status of the corn. In 1979, soil moisture was not limiting and corn yields were similar in all treatments regardless of irrigation or the presence of quackgrass. In 1980, soil moisture was limited and irrigation increased the yield of quackgrass-free corn. Irrigation also increased the yield of quackgrass-infested corn to a level similar to irrigated corn. When light and nutrients are not limiting factors, an adequate supply of soil moisture can eliminate the effects of quackgrass interference on the growth, development, and yield of corn.

Nutrient status of sugar cane in relation to leaf nutrient concentration

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 606 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Levels

The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium requirements of sugar cane were studied in relation to the concentration of these elements in the leaf tissue of three varieties of sugar cane grown commercially in Fiji. Percentage yields of sugar cane in fertilizer field experiments were highly correlated with leaf nutrient levels in the control plots, provided leaf sampling was carried out during the maximum growth period of mid- January to mid-May. For each nutrient there was a marginal zone of leaf concentration below which crops always gave significant yield responses to applied nutrients and above which crops failed to respond. Marginal zones for crops sampled during mid-March to mid-May were 1.4-2.0 per cent for nitrogen, 0.13-0.21 per cent for phosphorus, and 0.9-1.5 per cent oven dry leaf for potassium. Within the deficient range of leaf nutrient concentrations there was little relationship between optimum rates of fertilizer required to correct the deficiency and leaf nutrient levels of unfertilized cane. Because of the lateness of sampling, any indication of fertilizer requirement would only be applicable to a subsequent ratoon crop.

scholarly journals Evaluating Plant Potassium Status

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-261
Author(s):  
T. Scott Murrell ◽  
Dharma Pitchay
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Correlation Studies ◽  
Remote Sensing Technique ◽  
Crop Growth And Development

AbstractSeveral methods exist for evaluating plant nutritional status. Looking for visual deficiency symptoms is perhaps the simplest approach, but once symptoms appear, crop performance has already been compromised. Several other techniques have been developed. All of them require correlation studies to provide plant performance interpretations. Reflectance is a remote sensing technique that detects changes in light energy reflected by plant tissue. It has proven successful in detecting nutrient deficiencies but does not yet have the ability to discriminate among more than one deficiency. Chemical assays of leaf tissue, known as tissue tests, require destructive sampling but are the standard against which other assessments are compared. Sufficiency ranges provide concentrations of each nutrient that are considered adequate for crop growth and development. They consider nutrients in isolation. Other approaches have been developed to consider how the concentration of one nutrient in tissue impacts the concentrations of other nutrients. These approaches strive to develop guidelines for maintaining nutrient balance within the plant. All approaches require large data sets for interpretation.

scholarly journals 5-kD Zinc-binding Protein Accumulation in Macrophylla-decline-affected Citrus

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
K.C. Taylor ◽  
H.L. Geitzenauer
Keyword(s):  
Binding Protein ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
The Status ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Mass Basis

Macrophylla-decline (MD)-affected citrus display apparent nutrient deficiencies in a sectorial pattern within the citrus tree canopy. The status of several elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn) was assessed in MD and healthy citrus selected from the same citrus orchards. Leaf and phloem tissues were sampled from mature, reproductive trees. Levels of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn were unaffected by the disorder in leaf or phloem tissues. Zinc was diminished in the leaves of MD citrus, and elevated in the whole phloem tissue (2.57-fold on a dry mass basis). Calcium and Cu were sufficient, while Mg, Fe, and Mn were slightly diminished in the leaf tissue, but phloem levels of these elements were not significantly different from that present in the phloem of healthy trees. Since Zn appeared to be redistributed to the phloem tissue from the leaves, the accumulation of the phloem specific, 5-kD Zn-binding protein (ZBP) was assessed in Macrophylla decline trees relative to healthy trees. The 5-kD ZBP was 4.77-fold greater in the phloem of MD citrus relative to healthy. This appears to account for the 2.4-fold greater level of Zn (on a fresh mass basis) found in the crude phloem extracts of the decline-affected citrus relative to healthy. In the purified ZBP fraction from decline-affected citrus, there was 4.73-fold greater Zn than in the ZBP purified from healthy. However, the ratios of Zn to ZBP were equivalent between MD citrus and healthy citrus, suggesting that phloem Zn accumulation in MD citrus is associated with the 5-kD ZBP.

scholarly journals SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CELERY CULTIVARS' LEAF TISSUES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 248a-248
Author(s):  
Nicolas Tremblay ◽  
Yvon Perron
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Spectral Variability ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Fertility Problems

As plant color is often modified by nutrient status, the use of spectoradiometric properties of leaf tissues appears to be a promising tool for quick and inexpensive diagnosis of crop fertility problems. This study was conducted to examine spectral variability associated with celery cultivars. Seedlings of Florida 683, Matador, Utah 5270, and Ventura were grown in a growth chamber for 10 weeks (transplant stage; TS). Reflectance and transmittance measurements were taken on the tallest leaf with a LI-COR LI-1800 spectroradiometer. Remaining seedlings were potted and transferred to a greenhouse for another 8 weeks (mid-growth stage; MS). Transmittance was established as the parameter most suitable to distinguish cultivars. Maximum F ratio was obtained at λ = 630 mn at TS, while there were two peeks (λ = 470 and 60 mn) at MS. A discriminant function was based on λ = 470; 630 and 670 mn correctly classified cultivars more than 8 times out of 10 at TS, and more than 7 times out of 10 at MS. Further studies should focus on the induction of nutrient deficiencies and the potential interferences of cultivars with their diagnosis.

scholarly journals BERRY RESPONSE OF MUSCADINE GRAPES TO ORGANIC CHEMICAL APPLICATION DURING MATURATION AND RIPENING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1168b-1168
Author(s):  
Fouad M. Basiouny
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Malonic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Rotundifolia ◽  
Muscadine Grapes

Malonic acid, 3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)–1, 1 dimethyurea, Gibberellic acid, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid were applied to muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) during maturation and ripening. Total soluble solids, sugars, anthocyanin contents, and other fruit qualities were affected. 3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)–1, 1 dimethylurea (diuron) seemed to induce better and different effects than the other chemicals.

scholarly journals The Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx)

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Andersen ◽  
Ali Sarkhosh ◽  
Dustin Huff ◽  
Jacque Breman
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Vitis Rotundifolia ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Muscadine Grape ◽  
Muscadine Grapes

The muscadine grape is native to the southeastern United States and was the first native grape species to be cultivated in North America. The natural range of muscadine grapes extends from Delaware to central Florida and occurs in all states along the Gulf Coast to east Texas. It also extends northward along the Mississippi River to Missouri. Muscadine grapes will perform well throughout Florida, although performance is poor in calcareous soils or in soils with very poor drainage. Most scientists divide the Vitis genus into two subgenera: Euvitis (the European, Vitis vinifera L. grapes and the American bunch grapes, Vitis labrusca L.) and the Muscadania grapes (muscadine grapes). There are three species within the Muscadania subgenera (Vitis munsoniana, Vitis popenoei and Vitis rotundifolia). Euvitis and Muscadania have somatic chromosome numbers of 38 and 40, respectively. Vines do best in deep, fertile soils, and they can often be found in beside river beds.  Wild muscadine grapes are functionally dioecious due to incomplete stamen formation in female vines and incomplete pistil formation in male vines. Male vines account for the majority of the wild muscadine grape population. Muscadine grapes are late in breaking bud in the spring and require 100-120 days to mature fruit. Typically, muscadine grapes in the wild bear dark fruit with usually 4 to 10 fruit per cluster. Bronze-fruited muscadine grapes are also found in the wild, and they are often referred to as scuppernongs. There are hundreds of named muscadine grape cultivars from improved selections, and in fact, one that has been found in the Scuppernong river of North Carolina has been named Scuppernong. There are over 100 improved cultivars of muscadine grapes that vary in size from 1/4 to 1 ½ inches in diameter and 4 to 15 grams in weight. Skin color ranges from light bronze to pink to purple to black. Flesh is clear and translucent for all muscadine grape berries. Originally published 1994 by Peter C. Anderson and Timothy E. Crocker. Published on EDIS June 2003. Revised November 2010, October 2013, January 2017. This revision with Sarkhosh and Huff.

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