Development of highly efficient technology of grain moisture-heat treatment and the design of conditioner steamer

As a result of the conducted experimental studies, the main kinetic regularities of the steaming process under investigation were determined and the choice of rational modes of grain moisture-heat treatment was validated: steaming of barley and wheat with steam to a moisture content of 19 % at a steam consumption of 100–180 kg/h and a pressure of 0.20–0.35 MPa for 10–12 minutes, and corn – for 15–16 minutes. These developed modes provide the best conditions for the thermomechanical destruction of the protein-carbohydrate complex in order to increase its availability to digestive enzymes and increase the digestibility of starch, do not reduce the digestibility of protein and improve sanitary condition. A method of engineering calculation was developed, which formed the basis for the creation of an original design of conditioner steamer. The performed constructive calculation included the calculation of the mixer-humidifier, the calculation of the jet nozzle and the determination of the dispersed characteristics during steam atomization, as well as the thermal calculation of the conditioner steamer, which made it possible to determine the steam consumption and determine the rational heating temperature of the grains and their moisture content. A distinctive feature of the conditioner steamer is a higher productivity due to the significant acceleration of diffusion process of moisture into grains; the possibility of improving the quality by increasing the degree of starch gelatinization due to selected technological steaming modes.

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STUDY OF GRAIN DRYING IN THE AUTOMATED GRAIN DRYING UNIT

Agricultural machinery and technologies ◽

10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-4-29-34 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

S. A. Pavlov ◽

T. F. Frolova

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Coming Out ◽

Transfer Functions ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Initial Moisture Content ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Research Purpose ◽

Complex Object ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Grain Drying

Mine and column grain dryers are a fairly complex object of control in the production line. The process of grain drying is characterized by a large number of parameters, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing the dryer operation. First of all, this includes the criteria of maximum performance and minimum deviations of the moisture content of the dried grain from the standard values. These criteria, as studies show, are interconnected with each other: an increase in the performance П of the dryer leads to an increase in the moisture content of the grain coming out of it, and, conversely, an attempt to reduce the moisture content of grain causes the need to reduce the performance П. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop the expression for the transfer functions of the of grain flow control depending on perturbations of the initial moisture content and the maximum grain temperature, as well as to conduct experimental studies. (Materials and methods) The authors have developed simplified mathematical models of moisture perturbation compensation of grain coming in for drying and its heating temperature in a drying chamber by changing the dryer performance on the basis of theoretical-and-experimental studies. (Results and discussion). The authors have obtained expressions to control the process performance when the current humidity and temperature change through the dryer performance parameters as a function of grain moisture flow and heat used to grain heating up to an acceptable temperature. Farm tests of developed transition management functions have been implemented for dryer SZT-16 controlled by PLC S7-1200 Siemens and operating in an automatic mode. Tests have been conducted on the “Babachev” farm, Karachev district of the Bryansk region in the process of drying food wheat grain. (Conclusion) It has been confirmed that the dryer performance is determined not only by the rated capacity but also by the deviation of the current moisture content of grain from the specified values and by the ratio of the amount of heat used for evaporating and heating. The dryer performance at constant initial humidity is determined by its rated performance, the maximum specified difference of grain temperatures, as well as the ratio of the amounts of heat used for evaporating and heating.

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Experimental study of grain vibration during high-intensity heat treatment

Mehanization and electrification of agricultural ◽

10.37204/0131-2189-2020-12-8 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-76

Author(s):

R. A. Kalinichenko R. A. ◽

S. P. Stepanenko ◽

B. І. Kotov

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Mathematical Description ◽

High Intensity ◽

Air Flow ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Material Particle ◽

Vibration Displacement ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Planning Methods

Purpose. Clarification of the mathematical description and calculation of the processes of micronization and vibrational movement of grain in cross-air flow on the basis of experimental studies. Methods. Experimental studies were performed on a manufactured sample of a machine for high-intensity heat treatment of grain using experimental planning methods and statistical processing of experimental data. Results. A mathematical description of the motion of grain mixture particles on a vibroconveyor with high-intensity heat treatment of grain during action on the mixture of air flow is given. The trajectories of particles with different sizes depending on high-intensity heat treatment are obtained. With certain assumptions, the regularities of the change in the speed of movement and exposure of the micronization of the material particle (grain) from the coordinates and humidity are obtained. Conclusions. As a result of research: 1) a regression dependence was obtained to determine the micronization exposure and it was established that the micronization exposure for the given energy parameters of the installation should last from 60 to 180 seconds; 2) the change of the speed of vibratory movement of grain depending on its humidity is theoretically substantiated and it is proved that the ascending air flow increases the speed of grain movement, and the descending one – decreases; 3) experimentally determined the empirical dependence of changes in the speed of vibration, which allows the formation of the required speed of vibration of grain by changing the parameters: the slope of the vibrating surface 5÷8°, oscillation frequency 33÷52 s-1, grain moisture 10÷20% and downward air flow rate 0.1÷2 m / s in rational modes of installation for grain micronization on a vibrating conveyor. Keywords: trajectory, vibration displacement, vibration conveyor, air flow, micronization, humidity, coefficient of friction.

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Determination of the Dielectric Loss Factor of a Grain-Air Mixture of Wheat

Agricultural machinery and technologies ◽

10.22314/2073-7599-2018-13-2-10-14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 10-14

Author(s):

Dmitriy A. Budnikov

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Dielectric Loss ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Fluidized Bed ◽

Loss Factor ◽

Microwave Field ◽

Loss Coefficient ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

The Cost

Abstract. The paper presents the data on the energy intensity of the heat treatment of grain during post-harvest processing caused by both the cost of energy and the grain moisture content. The development of processing modes using electrical technologies, in general, and electromagnetic fields, in particular, can make it possible to reduce the cost of these processes. Heat treatment is applied to the grain of various crops at the stages of drying, disinfection, preparation for feeding, etc. When developing them, it is necessary to take into account the types of applied electrical technologies, such as, for example, infrared fields, microwave fields, etc. (Research purpose) To determine the dielectric properties (dielectric loss coefficient) of a wheat grain-air mixture with a moisture content of 11-30 percents with a layer density of 220-660 kilogram per cubic meter. (Materials and methods) The authors present a diagram of a laboratory installation, carried out experimental studies to determine the dielectric loss coefficient of a fluidized bed of wheat grain. (Results and discussion) The authors conducted a two-factor experiment to determine the effect of moisture and density of a grain bulk on the dielectric loss factor, which determines the power absorbed from the microwave source. As a result, they obtained the studied relationships. (Conclusions) It was found that the dielectric loss coefficient at a grain moisture content of 11-30 percents is in the range of 0.18-0.42 for a dense grain bed of 660 kilogram per cubic meter, 0.06-0.15 for a fluidized bed (440 kilogram per cubic meter); and for a weighted bed (220 kilogram per cubic meter) 0.1-0.3. The authors calculated a dependence of the dielectric loss coefficient of a wheat grain-and-air layer on the grain moisture content and the layer density, which can be described by a polynomial model of a second power. The study showed that fluidization of the grain bed increases the efficiency of the microwave field, as due to a decrease in the dielectric loss coefficient, the depth of field penetration into the layer increases. It is recommended to use the microwave field in a dense bed of grain when drying wheat, thus reducing moisture from 16 to 14 percent.

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EFFECT OF WATER-HEAT TREATMENT ON SPELT GRAIN FLOUR QUALITY

Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s ◽

10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1761 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 19-25

Author(s):

V. Liubych ◽

V. Zheliezna

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Ash Content ◽

Slight Variation ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Study Results ◽

Tensile Forces

Studies have shown that the ash content of products after the first grinding was lower compared to the the second grinding. This is due to a decrease in the quality of intermediate product coming to the second grinding. The variation coefficients of analytical replicates for the results after the first grinding varied from 4,65 to 14,18, and for the results after the second grinding - from 2,44 to 13,43. This indicates little or slight variation. Therefore, the average data from the study results can be used for mathematical modeling. The theory of correct distribution of the sample data was rejected, and therefore the relationship between the parameters of water-heat treatment and ash content of flour was carried out using nonparametric statistics (determining Spearman correlation coefficient). With 95 % probability, it can be argued that there was an inverse correlation between the water-heat treatment parameters and ash content. The lowest ash content of flour after the first grinding of spelt grain can be obtained with the highest grain moisture content and the maximum duration of its softening. The correlation and influence of the factors were determined using beta and partial correlation coefficients. For the first grinding, the highest moisture content and influence on the flour ash content had the grain moisture content before grinding. The effect of moisture on milling products during the second pass resulted in a greater impact compared with softening duration. In general, flour ash content in a production using two milling systems is mostly influenced by grain moisture content. Obviously it can be explained by the fact that the formation of microcracks in a bruchid endosperm depends on the tensile forces between water and its structural parts. Moisture increase weakens the bonds between shells and endosperm of grain, which helps them to better separate during the second grinding. Therefore, the response of spelt wheat grain to water-heat treatment is similar to the known regimes for the soft type of soft wheat grain. The tendency of flour whiteness change, depending on the modes of water-heat treatment, varied similarly to the ash content.

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The biochemical changes in legumes during high-temperature micronization

Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.5219/1629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 555-565

Author(s):

Otari Sesikashvili ◽

Elene Gamkrelidze ◽

Nodari Mardaleishvili ◽

Gia Dadunashvili ◽

Shalva Tsagareishvili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

High Temperature ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Starch Content ◽

Initial Moisture Content ◽

Biological Characteristics ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Initial Stage ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

White Lupine

The article considers the change in chemical and biological characteristics in some legumes grains, under conditions of high-temperature micronization with different moisture contents during heat treatment with infrared rays. The heat treatment of grains was carried out on a laboratory apparatus with a quartz radiant infrared panel. The temperature variation in the heat treatment zone occurred due to changing the distance between the panel and the surface of grains. The grain temperature was determined using a laser thermometer, and with a timer. To determine chemical and biological characteristics, we used a special optical density metering device. We have studied: 1. The dependence of starch content on the temperature in the changing initial moisture content. We found that after 30 seconds of high-temperature micronization of, “Tsanava“ beans at a grain moisture content of 12.7%, the starch content in the grain increases from 39.65% to 40.12%, then gradually decreases, and at 18.3% moisture content, it increases from 38.71% to 41.2%, with a moisture content of 28.6% it increases from 37.36% to 42.42%. Similar processes are also observed for the beans “field red“ and “white lupine“; 2. The dependence of glucose content on the temperature in the changing initial moisture content. As the mass fraction of starch decreases, the percentage of sugar (in terms of the equivalent amount of glucose) at a moisture content of 12.7% at the initial stage increases from 1.36% to 1.46%, and then the percentage of sugar increases relatively quickly to 1.64%, at a moisture content of 18.3% it increases from 1.3% to 1.38%, and then increases to 1.51, with a moisture content of 28.6%, it increases from 1.28% to 1.35% and then increases to 1.54. Similar processes are also observed for the beans “field red“ and “white lupine“.

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Study of the kinetic regularities of the grain extrusion process in the production of highly digestible feed with protected protein for cattle

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-44-54 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 44-54

Author(s):

V. A. Afanasiev ◽

L. N. Frolova ◽

K. A. Sizikov ◽

A. N. Ostrikov ◽

V. N. Vasilenko

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Optimal Moisture Content ◽

Extruded Product ◽

Carbohydrate Complex ◽

Extruded Feed ◽

Positive Effect

The problem of developing of highly digestible compound feeds with protected protein for cattle is due to the specifics of the gastric tract of cows and the peculiarities of protein assimilation. Due to the importance of preliminary moisture-heat treatment of grain for the subsequent course of the extrusion process, it was carried out by steam at a pressure of 0.6 МРа before moistening the feed to a humidity of 17–20% and heating to a temperature of 70–80° C. It is established that heat treatment has a significant effect on the carbohydrate complex of grain: heating it at high temperatures causes the destruction of starch, accompanied by the formation of easily soluble carbohydrates, which has a positive effect on the digestibility of feed. The kinetic regularities of the processes of moisture-heat treatment, grinding and extrusion of grain in the production of highly digestible feed with protected protein for cattle were studied. The degree of dextrinization and the digestibility of starch increased with the heating temperature of corn and its mixtures with wheat up to 100–110° C, when the performance of the extruder was 300–320 kg/h, the digestibility of starch extruded corn and grain mixture is increased to 85 and 68 mg of glucose per 1 g of the product (hereinafter mg/g), respectively. For wheat, this indicator is lower and, accordingly, is 50 mg/g. When heated during the extrusion of corn to a temperature of up to 120–140° C, the digestibility of starch was 100–110 mg/g, and for the grain mixture – 80–83 mg/g. At this temperature, the digestibility of the starch of extruded wheat corresponded to 60–65 mg/g. The optimal moisture content of feed in the process of extrusion for the purpose of forming pellets is 18%. Studies of the extrusion effect on the carbohydrate complex of processed feed have shown that the destruction of starch in the extruded product increases. Thus, the content of soluble carbohydrates increases by 27–32%, and the digestibility of starch increases twice in extruded feed compared to unprocessed.

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Calculation And Experimental Substantiation Of Optimal Design Of The Welded Joint Of Plates On Соver Plates

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2020.03.17-24 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 17-24

Keyword(s):

Welded Joint ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Engineering Calculation ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Physical Nonlinearity ◽

Steel Plates ◽

Optimal Parameters ◽

Actual Problem ◽

Numerical Research ◽

Cover Plates

The article is devoted to the actual problem of assigning optimal parameters for connecting steel plates on cover plates with angular welds that are widely used in construction practice. The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of operation of a welded assembly of the plates connection on cover plates. An algorithm is proposed for determining the optimal parameters of a welded joint with fillet welds on the cover plates, which makes it possible to obtain a strength balanced connection. The results of full-scale tensile tests of models were presented. These results confirmed the correctness of the assumed design assumptions, and made it possible to obtain a form of destruction, not characteristic and not described in the normative literature, expressed by cutting the main elements along the length of the overlap in the joint. The possibility of such a form of destruction was confirmed by the results of numerical research in a nonlinear formulation. The optimal parameters of the nodal welded joint determined by engineering calculation are confirmed by experimental studies, as well as by the results of numerical experiments on models of calculation schemes, taking into account the physical nonlinearity of the material operation. The obtained dependence for determining the bearing capacity of the joint by the cut-off mechanism and the expression for limiting the overlap length of the cover plates will make it possible to predict the nature of the fracture and design equally strong joints.

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Effects of Non-uniform Kernel Moisture Content on Moisture Measurement of Corn

Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1556/progress.1.2005.1.5 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 77-93

Author(s):

Bíborka Gillay ◽

David B. Funk

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Moisture Measurement ◽

Safe Storage ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Moisture Meter ◽

Percent Moisture ◽

New Crop ◽

The U.S

The price paid for corn is usually based on 15.0 or 15.5 percent moisture content. However, corn must be dried below 13 percent moisture to ensure safe storage for a year or more. In the U.S., such stored corn cannot be directly remoistened before selling it, but it can be mixed with moist new-crop corn. Accurate moisture measurement of mixtures of dry and moist corn is important to permit adjustment of blending ratios to maximize profitability, but grain moisture meters are less accurate for mixtures of wet and dry grain. This research evaluated the differences between dielectric-type moisture meter results for mixed and equilibrated corn samples at different moisture levels and different measurement frequencies. Equilibrated grain samples tended to give lower moisture results than recently mixed grain samples - especially in the 1 to 10 MHz region. These differences permitted detection of mixtures by using moisture measurements at two frequencies.

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PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE HAMMER MILL 锤片式粉碎机参数优化与试验研究

INMATEH Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.35633/inmateh-62-36 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 341-350

Author(s):

Di Wang ◽

Changbin He ◽

Haiqing Tian ◽

Liu Fei ◽

Zhang Tao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Orthogonal Experiment ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Spindle Speed ◽

Hammer Mill ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Evaluation Indexes ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Validation Experiment ◽

Corn Grain

Low productivity and high electricity consumption are considered problems of the hammer mill, which is widely used in current feed production. In this paper, the mechanical properties of corn grain ground by a hammer mill were analysed, and the key factors affecting the performance of the hammer mill were determined. The single-factor experiment and three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment were carried out with the spindle speed, corn grain moisture content and number of hammers as experimental factors and the productivity and electricity consumption per ton as evaluation indexes. The results showed that the order of influence on the productivity was spindle speed > corn grain moisture content > number of hammers and that the order of influence on the electricity consumption per ton was corn grain moisture content > spindle speed > number of hammers. The parameters were optimized based on the response surface method with the following results: the spindle speed was 4306 r/min, the corn grain moisture content was 10%, and the number of hammers was 24. The validation experiment was carried out with the optimal parameters’ combination. The productivity and electricity consumption per ton were 988.12 kg/h and 5.37 kW·h/t, respectively, which were consistent with the predicted results of the model.

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