scholarly journals Cosmology with Relativistically Varying Physical Constants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Local Conservation ◽  
Dark Energy Density ◽  
Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature ◽  
Background Temperature ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
Model C

We have shown that our varying physical constant model is consistent with the recently published variational approach wherein Einstein equations are modified to include the variation of the speed of light c, gravitational constant G and cosmological constant Λ using the Einstein-Hilbert action. The general constraint resulting from satisfying the local conservation laws and contracted Bianchi identities provides the freedom to choose the form of the variation of the constants as well as how their variations are related. When we choose dG/Gdt=3dc/cdt, ̇the same as in our quasi-phenomenological model, c=c0 exp⁡(aα-1), G=G0 exp⁡[3(aα-1)] and Λ=Λ0 exp⁡[(a-α-1)], where a is the scale factor and α=1.8, we are able to confirm the success of our the model in explaining three astrometric anomalies and the null results on the variation of G and the fine structure constant. We show that the model: (a) fits the supernovae 1a observational data better than the ΛCDM model; (b) determines the first peak in the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies at multipole value of l=217.3; (c) calculates the age of the universe as 14.1 Gyr; and (d) finds the BAO acoustic scale to be 145.2 Mpc. These numbers are within less than 3% percent of the observed values and the values obtained by the ΛCDM model. Surprisingly we find that the dark-energy density is negative in a universe that has significant negative curvature and whose expansion is accelerating at a faster rate than predicted by the ΛCDM model.

scholarly journals Cosmology with relativistically varying physical constants

2020 ◽  
Vol 498 (3) ◽  
pp. 4481-4491
Author(s):  
Rajendra P Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Local Conservation ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Dark Energy Density ◽  
Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature ◽  
Λcdm Model ◽  
Background Temperature ◽  
Age Of The Universe

ABSTRACT We have shown that the varying physical constant model is consistent with the recently published variational approach wherein Einstein equations are modified to include the variation of the speed of light c, gravitational constant G, and cosmological constant Λ using the Einstein–Hilbert action. The general constraint resulting from satisfying the local conservation laws and contracted Bianchi identities provides the freedom to choose the form of the variation of the constants as well as how their variations are related. When we choose ${\dot{G}}/G = 3\,\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{\dot{c}} /c,\,c = {c_0}\,{\rm{exp}}\,[({a^\alpha} - 1)],\,G = {G_0}\,{\rm{exp}}\,[3({a^\alpha} - 1)]$, and ${\rm{\Lambda }} = {{\rm{\Lambda }}_0}\ \exp [ {( {{a^{ - \alpha }} - 1} )} ]$, where a is the scale factor and α = 1.8, we are able to show that the resulting model: (a) fits the supernova 1a observational data marginally better than the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model; (b) determines the first peak in the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies at a multipole value of $l = 217.3$; (c) calculates the age of the Universe as 14.1 Gyr; and (d) finds the BAO acoustic scale to be 145.2 Mpc. These numbers are within less than 3 per cent of the values derived using the ΛCDM model. Surprisingly, we find that the dark-energy density is negative in a Universe that has significant negative curvature and whose expansion is accelerating at a faster rate than that predicted by the ΛCDM model.

scholarly journals Variation of the fundamental constants over the cosmological time: veracity of Dirac’s intriguing hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Nassif ◽  
A.C. Amaro de Faria
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Cosmological Time ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We investigate how the universal constants, including the fine structure constant, have varied since the early universe close to the Planck energy scale (EP ∼ 1019 GeV) and, thus, how they have evolved over the cosmological time related to the temperature of the expanding universe. According to a previous paper (Nassif and Amaro de Faria, Jr. Phys. Rev. D, 86, 027703 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.027703), we have shown that the speed of light was much higher close to the Planck scale. In the present work, we will go further, first by showing that both the Planck constant and the electron charge were also too large in the early universe. However, we conclude that the fine structure constant (α ≅ 1/137) has remained invariant with the age and temperature of the universe, which is in agreement with laboratory tests and some observational data. Furthermore, we will obtain the divergence of the electron (or proton) mass and also the gravitational constant (G) at the Planck scale. Thus, we will be able to verify the veracity of Dirac’s belief about the existence of “coincidences” between dimensionless ratios of subatomic and cosmological quantities, leading to a variation of G with time, that is, the ratio of the electrostatic to gravitational forces between an electron and a proton (∼1041) is roughly equal to the age of the universe divided by an elementary time constant, so that the strength of gravity, as determined by G, must vary inversely with time in the approximation of lower temperature or for times very far from the early period, to compensate for the time-variation of the Hubble parameter (H ∼ t−1). In short, we will show the validity of Dirac’s hypothesis only for times very far from the early period or T ≪ TP (∼1032 K).

scholarly journals Implications and Applications of Fermi Scale Quantum Gravity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.V.S. Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Elementary Charge

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient with a formula, where is an estimated mean stable mass number. With this new approach, Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated in a verifiable approach with a model relation of the form, where is the Fine structure constant. Estimated and is 62 ppm higher than the CODATA recommended It needs further investigation. Proceeding further, an attempt is made to fit the recommended quark masses.

scholarly journals Emerging Ultrastrong Coupling Between Light and Matter Observed in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Kouichi Semba
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Larmor Frequency ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Circuit Qed ◽  
Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Arbitrary Strength

Abstract The strength of the coupling between an atom and a single electromagnetic field mode is defined as the ratio of the vacuum Rabi frequency to the Larmor frequency, and is determined by a small dimensionless physical constant, the fine structure constant $$\alpha =Z_{vac} / 2R_{K}$$. On the other hand, the quantum circuit including Josephson junctions behaving as artificial atoms and it can be coupled to the electromagnetic field with arbitrary strength (Devoret et al. 2007). Therefore, the circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) is extremely suitable for studying much stronger light-matter interaction.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Nature of the Fine Structure Constant and Indicating the Existence of an Unknown Angular Momentum

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Koshun Suto
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Relativistic Energy ◽  
Planck Constant ◽  
Virtual Particle

In this paper, the author searches for a formula different from the existing formula in order to elucidate the nature of the fine structure constant a. The relativistic energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is expressed as E_re,n and the momentum corresponding to that energy is taken to be P_re,n. Also, P_p,n is assumed to be the momentum of a photon emitted when an electron that has been stationary in free space transitions to the inside of a hydrogen atom. When n=1, the ratio of P_re,1 and P_p,1 matches with a. That is, P_p,1/Pre,1=a Also, the formula for the energy of a photon is E=hv. However, this formula has no constant of proportionality. If one wishes to claim that the energy of a photon varies in proportion to the photon's frequency, then a formula containing a constant of proportionality is necessary. Thus, this paper predicts that, in the natural world, there is a minimum unit of angular momentum h_vp smaller than the Planck constant. (The vp in h_vp stands for “virtual particle.”)If this physical constant is introduced, then the formula for the energy of the photon can be written as E=h_vp v/a. If h_vp exists, a formula can also be obtained which helps to elucidate the nature of the fine structure constant.

scholarly journals COSMOLOGICAL MODEL WITH VARIABLE LIGHT VELOCITY: THE INTERPRETATION OF RED SHIFTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 03 (18) ◽  
pp. 1733-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-PIERRE PETIT
Keyword(s):  
Structure Constant ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Rydberg Constant ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Hubble’S Law ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
The Universe

The model with variable c, G, h presented in Ref. 1 is extended to electromagnetism. The entropy is found to vary like log t and, in a space-entropy representation, the metric is conformally flat. A new gauge relation is suggested, based on geometrical considerations, which corresponds to a Rydberg constant varying like R. The Hubble’s law still applies. The age of the universe is unchanged while its span is found to be half of the Mattig’s value. The complete decoding of the red shift can be done. The distances of the sources are very similar. The large volumic power densities of distant quasars could have been greatly overestimated, while the increase of their absolute magnitude, as derived from the classical theory, could be due to the secular variation of c. Assuming the electron-proton mass ratio to vary like R, we get a fine structure constant α, a Bohr radius and a ratio of electromagnetic force to gravitational force which behave like absolute constants.

scholarly journals Speculation on the Number 137 in the Fine-Structure Constant

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Mels Sluyser
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
M Theory ◽  
Fundamental Physical

<p class="1Body">The fine-structure constant (α) is a fundamental physical constant, <em>i.e</em>. the coupling constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. It is important to know why 1/α is approximately equal to the number 137, because this mysterious number very likely forms the link between three very important domains of physics: quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and relativity. Since the Pythagorean prime number137 equals 4 squared plus 11 squared, it is here speculated that 1/α = 137 perhaps in some mysterious way reflects fundamental properties, for instance the 4 dimensions of Einstein’s space-time and the 11 dimensions of M-theory. Also, the number 4 might be related to the four forces, <em>i</em>.<em>e</em>. the electromagnetic force, the gravitational force and the strong and weak nuclear forces, or perhaps to another 4 and 11 combination of fundamental constants.</p>

scholarly journals Invariance of the fine structure constant with temperature of the expanding universe

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1551-1554
Author(s):  
Cláudio Nassif ◽  
A.C. Amaro de Faria
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Cosmological Time ◽  
Doubly Special Relativity ◽  
Background Temperature ◽  
Planck Energy

Our goal is to interpret the energy equation from doubly special relativity of Magueijo–Smolin with an invariant Planck energy scale to obtain the speed of light with an explicit dependence on the background temperature of the expanding universe (Nassif and de Faria. Phys. Rev. D, 86, 027703 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.027703 ). We also investigate how other universal constants, including the fine structure constant, have varied since the early universe and, thus, how they have evolved over the cosmological time related to the temperature of the expanding universe. For instance, we show that both the Planck constant and the electron charge were also too large in the early universe. However, we finally conclude that the fine structure constant has remained invariant with the age and temperature of the universe, which is in agreement with laboratory tests and some observational data.

GRAVITATION, THERMODYNAMICS, AND THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 2319-2323
Author(s):  
SHAHAR HOD
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Theory Of Gravity

The dimensionless fine-structure constant α ≡ e2/ℏc ≃ 1/137.036 has fascinated many scientists since its introduction by Sommerfeld almost a century ago. Dirac and Feynman have conjectured that this important physical constant may be composed of fundamental mathematical quantities like π. In this essay we argue that, the interplay between gravity, quantum theory, and thermodynamics may shed much light on the origins of this mysterious constant. In particular, we show that a unified quantum theory of gravity may set a lower bound on the value of the fine-structure constant, α > ln 3/48π ≃ 1/137. 3.

scholarly journals THE UNIVERSE OF FLUCTUATIONS

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2599-2612 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. SIDHARTH
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Quantum Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Naked Singularity ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We discuss the recent model of a Quantum Mechanical Black Hole (QMBH) which describes the most fundamental known particles, the leptons and approximately the quarks in terms of the Kerr–Newman Black Hole with a naked singularity shielded by Zitterbewegung effects. This goes beyond the Zitterbewegung and self interaction models of Barut and Bracken, Hestenes, Chacko and others and provides a unified picture which amongst other things gives a rationale for and an insight into: (1) The apparently inexplicable reason why complex space–time transformations lead to the Kerr–Newman metric in General Relativity. (2) The value of the fine structure constant. (3) The ratio between electromagnetic and gravitational interaction strengths. (4) The anomalous gyromagnetic ratio for the electron. (5) Why the neutrino is left-handed. (6) Why the charge is discrete. In the spirit of Effective Field Theories, this model provides an alternative formalism for Quantum Theory and also for its combination with General Relativity. Finally a mechanism for the formation of these QMBH or particles is explored within the framework of Stochastic Electrodynamics, QED and Quantum Statistical Mechanics. The cosmological implications are then examined. It turns out that a surprisingly large number of facts, including some which were hitherto inexplicable. follow as a consequence of the model. These include a theoretical deduction of the Mass, Radius and Age of the Universe, also the values of Hubble's constant and the Cosmological constant.

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