scholarly journals COSMOLOGICAL MODEL WITH VARIABLE LIGHT VELOCITY: THE INTERPRETATION OF RED SHIFTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 03 (18) ◽  
pp. 1733-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-PIERRE PETIT
Keyword(s):  
Structure Constant ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Rydberg Constant ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Hubble’S Law ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
The Universe

The model with variable c, G, h presented in Ref. 1 is extended to electromagnetism. The entropy is found to vary like log t and, in a space-entropy representation, the metric is conformally flat. A new gauge relation is suggested, based on geometrical considerations, which corresponds to a Rydberg constant varying like R. The Hubble’s law still applies. The age of the universe is unchanged while its span is found to be half of the Mattig’s value. The complete decoding of the red shift can be done. The distances of the sources are very similar. The large volumic power densities of distant quasars could have been greatly overestimated, while the increase of their absolute magnitude, as derived from the classical theory, could be due to the secular variation of c. Assuming the electron-proton mass ratio to vary like R, we get a fine structure constant α, a Bohr radius and a ratio of electromagnetic force to gravitational force which behave like absolute constants.

scholarly journals Variation of the fundamental constants over the cosmological time: veracity of Dirac’s intriguing hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Nassif ◽  
A.C. Amaro de Faria
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Cosmological Time ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We investigate how the universal constants, including the fine structure constant, have varied since the early universe close to the Planck energy scale (EP ∼ 1019 GeV) and, thus, how they have evolved over the cosmological time related to the temperature of the expanding universe. According to a previous paper (Nassif and Amaro de Faria, Jr. Phys. Rev. D, 86, 027703 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.027703), we have shown that the speed of light was much higher close to the Planck scale. In the present work, we will go further, first by showing that both the Planck constant and the electron charge were also too large in the early universe. However, we conclude that the fine structure constant (α ≅ 1/137) has remained invariant with the age and temperature of the universe, which is in agreement with laboratory tests and some observational data. Furthermore, we will obtain the divergence of the electron (or proton) mass and also the gravitational constant (G) at the Planck scale. Thus, we will be able to verify the veracity of Dirac’s belief about the existence of “coincidences” between dimensionless ratios of subatomic and cosmological quantities, leading to a variation of G with time, that is, the ratio of the electrostatic to gravitational forces between an electron and a proton (∼1041) is roughly equal to the age of the universe divided by an elementary time constant, so that the strength of gravity, as determined by G, must vary inversely with time in the approximation of lower temperature or for times very far from the early period, to compensate for the time-variation of the Hubble parameter (H ∼ t−1). In short, we will show the validity of Dirac’s hypothesis only for times very far from the early period or T ≪ TP (∼1032 K).

scholarly journals THE UNIVERSE OF FLUCTUATIONS

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2599-2612 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. SIDHARTH
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Quantum Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Naked Singularity ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We discuss the recent model of a Quantum Mechanical Black Hole (QMBH) which describes the most fundamental known particles, the leptons and approximately the quarks in terms of the Kerr–Newman Black Hole with a naked singularity shielded by Zitterbewegung effects. This goes beyond the Zitterbewegung and self interaction models of Barut and Bracken, Hestenes, Chacko and others and provides a unified picture which amongst other things gives a rationale for and an insight into: (1) The apparently inexplicable reason why complex space–time transformations lead to the Kerr–Newman metric in General Relativity. (2) The value of the fine structure constant. (3) The ratio between electromagnetic and gravitational interaction strengths. (4) The anomalous gyromagnetic ratio for the electron. (5) Why the neutrino is left-handed. (6) Why the charge is discrete. In the spirit of Effective Field Theories, this model provides an alternative formalism for Quantum Theory and also for its combination with General Relativity. Finally a mechanism for the formation of these QMBH or particles is explored within the framework of Stochastic Electrodynamics, QED and Quantum Statistical Mechanics. The cosmological implications are then examined. It turns out that a surprisingly large number of facts, including some which were hitherto inexplicable. follow as a consequence of the model. These include a theoretical deduction of the Mass, Radius and Age of the Universe, also the values of Hubble's constant and the Cosmological constant.

scholarly journals New Limit on Space-Time Variations in the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Analysis of Quasar J110325-264515 Spectra

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
T. D. Le
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Quasar Spectra ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Universe

Astrophysical tests of current values for dimensionless constants known on Earth, such as the fine-structure constant, α , and proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ = m p / m e , are communicated using data from high-resolution quasar spectra in different regions or epochs of the universe. The symmetry wavelengths of [Fe II] lines from redshifted quasar spectra of J110325-264515 and their corresponding values in the laboratory were combined to find a new limit on space-time variations in the proton-to-electron mass ratio, ∆ μ / μ = ( 0.096 ± 0.182 ) × 10 − 7 . The results show how the indicated astrophysical observations can further improve the accuracy and space-time variations of physics constants.

scholarly journals Searching for space-time variation of the fine structure constant using QSO spectra: overview and future prospects

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (H15) ◽  
pp. 304-304
Author(s):  
J. C. Berengut ◽  
V. A. Dzuba ◽  
V. V. Flambaum ◽  
J. A. King ◽  
M. G. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
The Universe

Current theories that seek to unify gravity with the other fundamental interactions suggest that spatial and temporal variation of fundamental constants is a possibility, or even a necessity, in an expanding Universe. Several studies have tried to probe the values of constants at earlier stages in the evolution of the Universe, using tools such as big-bang nucleosynthesis, the Oklo natural nuclear reactor, quasar absorption spectra, and atomic clocks (see, e.g. Flambaum & Berengut (2009)).

SPACE-TIME VARIATION OF COUPLING CONSTANTS AND FUNDAMENTAL MASSES

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (18n19) ◽  
pp. 3342-3353 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. FLAMBAUM ◽  
J. C. BERENGUT
Keyword(s):  
Structure Constant ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variation ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Universe

We review recent works discussing the effects of variation of fundamental "constants" on a variety of physical systems. These are motivated by theories unifying gravity with other interactions that suggest the possibility of temporal and spatial variation of the fundamental constants in an expanding Universe. The effects of any potential variation of the fine-structure constant and fundamental masses could be seen in phenomena covering the lifespan of the Universe, from Big Bang nucleosynthesis to quasar absorption spectra to modern atomic clocks. We review recent attempts to find such variations and discuss some of the most promising new systems where huge enhancements of the effects may occur.

scholarly journals Supernovae and the Cosmic Distance Scale

1996 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Robert P. Kirshner
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Circumstellar Matter ◽  
Large Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Distance Scale ◽  
Sn 1987A ◽  
Apparent Homogeneity ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Geometric Measurement

Knowledge of the size and age of the Universe depends on understanding supernovae. The direct geometric measurement of the circumstellar ring of SN 1987A using IUE spectra and HST images provides an independent test of the Cepheid distance scale to the Large Magellanic Cloud. Understanding the details of the mass distribution in the circumstellar matter is important to improving the precision of this distance. Type la supernovae have a narrow distribution in absolute magnitude, and new Cepheid distances to IC 4182 (the site of SN 1937C) and to NGC 5253 (the site of SN 1972E) obtained with HST by Sandage and his collaborators allow that absolute magnitude to be calibrated. Comparison with more distant SNIa gives H0 = 56 ± 8 km s-1 Mpc-1. Recent work in supernova spectroscopy and photometry shows that the apparent homogeneity of SNIa is not quite what it seems, and a deeper understanding of these variations is needed to use the SNIa to best advantage. The Expanding Photosphere Method (EPM) allows direct measurement to each Type II supernova that has adequate photometry and spectroscopy. There are now 18 such objects. The sample of EPM distances from 4.5 Mpc to 180 Mpc indicates H0 = 73±6 (statistical) ±7 (systematic) km s-1 Mpc-1. Better understanding of supernova atmospheres can reduce the systematic error in this approach, which is completely independent of all other astronomical distances.

scholarly journals Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (17) ◽  
pp. eaay9672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Wilczynska ◽  
John K. Webb ◽  
Matthew Bainbridge ◽  
John D. Barrow ◽  
Sarah E. I. Bosman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Temporal Change ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Very Large Telescope ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
The Universe

Observations of the redshift z = 7.085 quasar J1120+0641 are used to search for variations of the fine structure constant, a, over the redshift range 5:5 to 7:1. Observations at z = 7:1 probe the physics of the universe at only 0.8 billion years old. These are the most distant direct measurements of a to date and the first measurements using a near-IR spectrograph. A new AI analysis method is employed. Four measurements from the x-shooter spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) constrain changes in a relative to the terrestrial value (α0). The weighted mean electromagnetic force in this location in the universe deviates from the terrestrial value by Δα/α = (αz − α0)/α0 = (−2:18 ± 7:27) × 10−5, consistent with no temporal change. Combining these measurements with existing data, we find a spatial variation is preferred over a no-variation model at the 3:9σ level.

scholarly journals Implications and Applications of Fermi Scale Quantum Gravity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.V.S. Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Elementary Charge

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient with a formula, where is an estimated mean stable mass number. With this new approach, Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated in a verifiable approach with a model relation of the form, where is the Fine structure constant. Estimated and is 62 ppm higher than the CODATA recommended It needs further investigation. Proceeding further, an attempt is made to fit the recommended quark masses.

scholarly journals Dark matter, dark energy and the time evolution of masses in the universe

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (21) ◽  
pp. 1444016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Solà
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Static Vacuum ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Universe

The traditional "explanation" for the observed acceleration of the universe is the existence of a positive cosmological constant. However, this can hardly be a truly convincing explanation, as an expanding universe is not expected to have a static vacuum energy density. So, it must be an approximation. This reminds us of the so-called fundamental "constants" of nature. Recent and past measurements of the fine structure constant and of the proton–electron mass ratio suggest that basic quantities of the standard model, such as the QCD scale parameter, Λ QCD , might not be conserved in the course of the cosmological evolution. The masses of the nucleons and of the atomic nuclei would be time-evolving. This can be consistent with General Relativity provided the vacuum energy itself is a dynamical quantity. Another framework realizing this possibility is QHD (Quantum Haplodynamics), a fundamental theory of bound states. If one assumes that its running couplings unify at the Planck scale and that such scale changes slowly with cosmic time, the masses of the nucleons and of the DM particles, including the cosmological term, will evolve with time. This could explain the dark energy of the universe.

scholarly journals Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Number of Potentially Habitable Planets

Universe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
McCullen Sandora
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Habitable Planets ◽  
Hot Jupiters ◽  
Proton Mass

How good is our universe at making habitable planets? The answer to this depends on which factors are important for life: Does a planet need to be Earth mass? Does it need to be inside the temperate zone? are systems with hot Jupiters habitable? Here, we adopt different stances on the importance of each of these criteria to determine their effects on the probabilities of measuring the observed values of several physical constants. We find that the presence of planets is a generic feature throughout the multiverse, and for the most part conditioning on their particular properties does not alter our conclusions much. We find conflict with multiverse expectations if planetary size is important and it is found to be uncorrelated with stellar mass, or the mass distribution is too steep. The existence of a temperate circumstellar zone places tight lower bounds on the fine structure constant and electron to proton mass ratio.

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