scholarly journals Potential Role of Children in the Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Catalonia (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Soriano-Arandes ◽  
Berta Ferran ◽  
Magda Campins ◽  
Juliana Esperalba-Esquerra ◽  
Juliana Reyes-Urueña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Index Cases

We analyzed the characteristics of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected children during lock-down period in Catalonia (Spain), and their transmission role within the households. Among 295 traced household contacts of 89 pediatric patients, children were classified as final index cases in only 3.4% of the traced homes.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis on the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 in household transmission clusters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshan Zhu ◽  
Conor J Bloxham ◽  
Katina D Hulme ◽  
Jane E Sinclair ◽  
Zhen Wei Marcus Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Index Cases

Abstract The role of children in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains highly controversial. To address this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of the published literature on household SARS-CoV-2 transmission clusters (n=213 from 12 countries). Only 8 (3.8%) transmission clusters were identified as having a paediatric index case. Asymptomatic index cases were associated with a lower secondary attack in contacts than symptomatic index cases (estimate risk ratio [RR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.29). To determine the susceptibility of children to household infections the secondary attack rate (SAR) in paediatric household contacts was assessed. The secondary attack rate in paediatric household contacts was lower than in adult household contacts (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91). These data have important implications for the ongoing management of the COVID-19 pandemic, including potential vaccine prioritization strategies.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis on the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 in household transmission clusters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshan Zhu ◽  
Conor J. Bloxham ◽  
Katina D. Hulme ◽  
Jane E. Sinclair ◽  
Zhen Wei Marcus Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Index Cases

ABSTRACTThe role of children in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains highly controversial. To address this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of the published literature on household SARS-CoV-2 transmission clusters (n=213 from 12 countries). Only 8 (3.8%) transmission clusters were identified as having a paediatric index case. Asymptomatic index cases were associated with a lower secondary attack in contacts than symptomatic index cases (estimate risk ratio [RR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.29). To determine the susceptibility of children to household infections the secondary attack rate (SAR) in paediatric household contacts was assessed. The secondary attack rate in paediatric household contacts was lower than in adult household contacts (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91). These data have important implications for the ongoing management of the COVID-19 pandemic, including potential vaccine prioritization strategies.40-word summaryIn household transmission clusters of SARS-CoV-2 children are unlikely to be the index case. Children are also less likely than adults to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 from a family member.

scholarly journals Anti-phospholipid syndrome and COVID-19 thrombosis: connecting the dots

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon Ley Tung ◽  
Bryce Tan ◽  
Robin Cherian ◽  
Bharatendu Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Connecting The Dots ◽  
Anti Phospholipid Syndrome

Abstract As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly worldwide, it has emerged as a leading cause of mortality, resulting in >1 million deaths over the past 10 months. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unclear, posing a great challenge to the medical management of patients. Recent studies have reported an unusually high prevalence of thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients, although the mechanism remains elusive. Several studies have reported the presence of aPLs in COVID-19 patients. We have noticed similarities between COVID-19 and APS, which is an autoimmune prothrombotic disease that is often associated with an infective aetiology. Molecular mimicry and endothelial dysfunction could plausibly explain the mechanism of thrombogenesis in acquired APS. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological similarities between COVID-19 and APS, and the potential role of therapeutic targets based on the anti-phospholipid model for COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals The role of children in the transmission chain of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and update of current evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Suk ◽  
Constantine Vardavas ◽  
Katerina Nikitara ◽  
Revati Phalkey ◽  
Jo Leonardi-Bee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
School Closures ◽  
School Settings ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Index Cases

AbstractDecisions on school closures and on safe schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic should be evidence-based. We conducted a systematic literature review to assess child-to-child and child-to-adult SARS-CoV-2 transmission and to characterise the potential role of school closures on community transmission. 1337 peer-reviewed articles published through August 31, 2020 were screened; 22 were included in this review. The literature appraised provides sufficient evidence that children can both be infected by and transmit SARS-CoV-2 in community, household and school settings. Transmission by children was most frequently documented in household settings, while examples of children as index cases in school settings were rare. Included studies suggested that school closures may help to reduce SARS- CoV-2 transmission, but the societal, economic, and educational impacts of prolonged school closures must be considered. In-school mitigation measures, alongside continuous surveillance and assessment of emerging evidence, will promote the protection and educational attainment of students and support the educational workforce.

scholarly journals Prior Routine Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Important Outcomes in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilidh Bruce ◽  
Fenella Barlow-Pay ◽  
Roxanna Short ◽  
Arturo Vilches-Moraga ◽  
Angeline Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection causes acute lung injury, resulting from aggressive inflammation initiated by viral replication. There has been much speculation about the potential role of non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which increase the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a binding target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter the host cell, which could lead to poorer outcomes in COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to examine the association between routine use of NSAIDs and outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. This was a multicentre, observational study, with data collected from adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to eight UK hospitals. Of 1222 patients eligible to be included, 54 (4.4%) were routinely prescribed NSAIDs prior to admission. Univariate results suggested a modest protective effect from the use of NSAIDs, but in the multivariable analysis, there was no association between prior NSAID use and time to mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) = 0.89, 95% CI 0.52–1.53, p = 0.67) or length of stay (aHR 0.89, 95% CI 0.59–1.35, p = 0.58). This study found no evidence that routine NSAID use was associated with higher COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised patients; therefore, patients should be advised to continue taking these medications until further evidence emerges. Our findings suggest that NSAID use might confer a modest benefit with regard to survival. However, as this finding was underpowered, further research is required.

scholarly journals Impact of BNT162b2 vaccination and isolation on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Israeli households: an observational study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maylis Layan ◽  
Mayan Gilboa ◽  
Tal Gonen ◽  
Miki Goldenfeld ◽  
Lilac Meltzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Index Cases

Background Massive vaccination rollouts against SARS-CoV-2 infections have facilitated the easing of control measures in countries like Israel. While several studies have characterized the effectiveness of vaccines against severe forms of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection, estimates of their impact on transmissibility remain limited. Here, we evaluated the role of vaccination and isolation on SARS-CoV-2 transmission within Israeli households. Methods From December 2020 to April 2021, confirmed cases were identified among healthcare workers of the Sheba Medical Centre and their family members. Households were recruited and followed up with repeated PCR for a minimum of ten days after case confirmation. Symptoms and vaccination information were collected at the end of follow-up. We developed a data augmentation Bayesian framework to ascertain how age, isolation and BNT162b2 vaccination with more than 7 days after the 2nd dose impacted household transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Findings 210 households with 215 index cases were enrolled. 269 out of 687 (39%) household contacts developed a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of those, 170 (63%) developed symptoms. Children below 12 years old were less susceptible than adults/teenagers (Relative Risk RR=0.50, 95% Credible Interval CI 0.32-0.79). Vaccination reduced the risk of infection among adults/teenagers (RR=0.19, 95% CI 0.07-0.40). Isolation reduced the risk of infection of unvaccinated adult/teenager (RR=0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.19) and child contacts (RR=0.16, 95% CI 0.07-0.31) compared to unvaccinated adults/teenagers that did not isolate. Infectivity was significantly reduced in vaccinated cases (RR=0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.70). Interpretation Within households, vaccination reduces both the risk of infection and of transmission if infected. When contacts were not vaccinated, isolation also led to important reductions in the risk of transmission. Vaccinated contacts might reduce their risk of infection if they isolate, although this requires confirmation with additional data. Funding Sheba Medical Center.

scholarly journals Role of ACE2 And TMPRSS2 Protease In SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics Among Household Contacts of PCR-Confirmed Cases: Impact of A Combined Serological Signature Analysis On Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Poch-Páez ◽  
yeray nóvoa-medina ◽  
Abián Montesdeoca-Melián ◽  
Araceli Hernández-Betancor ◽  
Francisco J. Rodríguez-Esparragón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Benign Course

Abstract Background: To examine the hypothesis that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression are related to disease susceptibility and severity across age groups and to evaluate the role children play in the household transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Methods: We used a combined serological strategy to confirm past infection in subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 between march 10th and June 2nd 2020 and to evaluate their household members. We also quantified ACE2 and TPMRSS2 expression from saliva. A total of 258 households were included in the study, for a total of 650 volunteers (including 89 children aged under 18 years of age).Results: Our combined testing strategy increased our sensibility by 10%. Antibody indexes decreased with age in children and increased with age in adults. They also increased with disease severity. ACE2 expression was slightly increased in younger children. ACE2 was not related to any other factors. We did not find any relationship between TMPRSS2 expression and any of the studied factors. Children are less frequently infected by SARS-CoV-2 (OR=0,56), they present fewer symptoms and decreased severity. Age and sharing the bedroom with an index case increases the risk of acquiring the infection. The risk in adults increases with age, whereas in children, it increases in younger children. Conclusions: Our results do not support that the level of expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 might be related to susceptibility or severity of COVID19 disease. Children have a decreased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to adults and, when infected, they present less symptoms and a more benign course.

scholarly journals Role of children in household transmission of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-319910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Kim ◽  
Young June Choe ◽  
Jin Lee ◽  
Young Joon Park ◽  
Ok Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Secondary Case ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Index Cases

ObjectiveTransmissibility of COVID-19 by children in the household is not clear. Herein, we describe children’s role in household transmission of COVID-19.Design and settingAll paediatric COVID-19 index cases and their household members reported from 20 January to 6 April 2020 in South Korea were reviewed. The secondary attack rate (SAR) from child index case to household secondary case was calculated. Epidemiological and clinical findings of child index case-household secondary case pair was assessed.ResultsA total of 107 paediatric COVID-19 index cases and 248 of their household members were identified. One pair of paediatric index-secondary household case was identified, giving a household SAR of 0.5% (95% CI 0.0% to 2.6%). The index case was self-quarantined at home after international travel, stayed in her room, but shared a meal table with the secondary case.ConclusionThe SAR from children to household members was low in the setting of social distancing, underscoring the importance of rigorous contact tracing and early isolation in limiting transmission within households.

scholarly journals Vitamin supplementation as a potential adjunctive therapeutic approach for COVID-19: biological and clinical plausibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Daei Sorkhabi ◽  
Aila Sarkesh ◽  
Alireza Daei Sorkhabi ◽  
Taher Entezari-Maleki ◽  
Jalil Rashedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract The recent pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has introduced itself into the human population in the 21st century after the coronavirus diseases SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Major investigations are underway worldwide in the search for pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and many agents are administered in off-label routes. Several cases are under study to check or restrict clinical manifestations of COVID-19. According to the fact that the efficacy of some micro-nutrients like vitamins is proven to treat or prevent infectious diseases because of their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity, the potential role of vitamins in the COVID-19 treatment or prevention must be considered.

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