scholarly journals Identification of huanglongbing Based on Visual Symptoms: a Grower’s Diagnostic Toolkit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Monirul Hasan Tipu ◽  
Md. Mostafa Masud ◽  
Raunak Jahan ◽  
Artho Baroi ◽  
A. K. M. A. Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
Citrus Leaves

Citrus Greening, which is mainly caused by bacteria, is one of the severe citrus diseases affecting all citrus cultivars and causing the deliberate abolition of trees worldwide. This infectious disease cannot be spread by wind, rain, or contact by contaminated personnel. The primary vector that spreads this disease through feeding citrus leaves is the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), a minuscule insect. The management of citrus greening is also very costly as there is no fruitful technique is developed to cure this disease except removing all infected plants from good ones to eliminate the dissemination of the pathogen. Citrus greening identification is also the most difficult job, as the symptoms are similar to other citrus diseases and nutrient deficiency. Asymmetrical blotchy mottling patterns on leaves are the main symptoms to detect this disease. Here we have discussed some visual signs of citrus greening, which will ultimately help root level farmers to identify and prevent this disease before it drastically impacts citrus plants. Whether it is affected by citrus greening or lack of nutrients, we have also discussed the pen test method of determining the symptoms as symmetrical or asymmetrical across the mid-vein.

Huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening) and Nutrient Deficiency Identification

EDIS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tripti Vashisth ◽  
Megan M. Dewdney ◽  
Jamie D. Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Pathology Department ◽  
The Difference

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a bacterial disease that is spread by an insect, the Asian citrus psyllid. This two-page fact sheet, which is best viewed as a PDF, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PP/PP32800.pdf, explains how to tell the difference between HLB symptoms and symptoms from nutrient deficiencies. Written by T. Vashisth, M.M. Dewdney, and J.D. Burrow and published by the Plant Pathology Department. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp328

New Traps Cut Off Citrus Greening Pests from Hiding Places

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-240
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Greening Disease ◽  
Citrus Leaves ◽  
Bitter Fruit ◽  
Production Losses

Adult Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, carries the bacterium thought to be the causal agent of Huanglongbing in its salivary glands. As it feeds on citrus leaves, the psyllid transmits the bacterium to the tree. The result is yellowed leaves, bitter fruit, and eventual tree death. Researchers across the nation are struggling to end the scourge of citrus greening disease, also known as huanglongbing. The disease renders citrus fruit inedible and eventually kills entire orchards. In Florida alone, from 2012?2016 the disease caused production losses of $4.4 billion and eliminated about 7,900 jobs.

Insecticide sprays, natural enemy assemblages and predation on Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 576-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Monzo ◽  
J.A. Qureshi ◽  
P.A. Stansly
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Arthropod Fauna ◽  
Predator Exclusion ◽  
Insecticide Sprays

AbstractThe Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is considered a key citrus pest due to its role as vector of ‘huanglongbing’ (HLB) or citrus greening, probably the most economically damaging disease of citrus. Insecticidal control of the vector is still considered a cornerstone of HLB management to prevent infection and to reduce reinoculation of infected trees. The severity of HLB has driven implementation of intensive insecticide programs against ACP with unknown side effects on beneficial arthropod fauna in citrus agroecosystems. We evaluated effects of calendar sprays directed against this pest on natural enemy assemblages and used exclusion to estimate mortality they imposed on ACP populations in citrus groves. Predator exclusion techniques were used on nascent colonies of D. citri in replicated large untreated and sprayed plots of citrus during the four major flushing periods over 2 years. Population of spiders, arboreal ants and ladybeetles were independently assessed. Monthly sprays of recommended insecticides for control of ACP, adversely affected natural enemy populations resulting in reduced predation on ACP immature stages, especially during the critical late winter/early spring flush. Consequently, projected growth rates of the ACP population were greatest where natural enemies had been adversely affected by insecticides. Whereas, this result does not obviate the need for insecticidal control of ACP, it does indicate that even a selective regimen of sprays can impose as yet undetermined costs in terms of reduced biological control of this and probably other citrus pests.

scholarly journals Tracing Penicillin Movement in Citrus Plants Using Fluorescence-Labeled Penicillin

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Nabil Killiny ◽  
Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco ◽  
Yulica Santos-Ortega ◽  
Fuad Al-Rimawi ◽  
Amit Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Huánglóngbìng (HLB), citrus greening, is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus plants worldwide. In North America, HLB is caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. No cure exists at present, and the use of antibiotics for the control of HLB has gained interest due to the significant losses to the citrus industry. Because of unsatisfactory results when using foliar applications of antibiotics, concerns were raised regarding the uptake and translocation of these materials within trees. We, therefore, investigated a method that allows us to study the movement of antibiotic materials in citrus plants. Herein, we utilized a fluorescence-labeled penicillin, BOCILLIN™ FL-Penicillin (FL-penicillin), to study the uptake and translocation of penicillin in citrus plants. FL-penicillin was applied by puncture to the stem of young citrus seedlings and was traced by using fluorescence microscopy. After application, we detected FL-penicillin in the leaves and in the stem xylem and phloem tissues above and below the application site in both intact and partially bark-girdled citrus seedlings, indicating that it is easily taken up and transported through the plant vascular system. In addition, we detected FL-penicillin in the gut of D. citri, which were allowed to feed on the treated plants, suggesting translocation of this molecule into the vascular tissue. We propose that the use of fluorescent-labeled molecules could be an effective tool for understanding the uptake and translocation of antibiotics and other macromolecules in plants and insects.

scholarly journals Asian citrus psyllid adults inoculate huanglongbing bacterium more efficiently than nymphs when this bacterium is acquired by early instar nymphs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Desouky Ammar ◽  
Justin George ◽  
Kasie Sturgeon ◽  
Lukasz L. Stelinski ◽  
Robert G. Shatters
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Greening Disease

Abstract The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), which causes huanglongbing (citrus greening) disease, in a circulative-propagative manner. We compared CLas inoculation efficiency of D. citri nymphs and adults into healthy (uninfected) citron leaves when both vector stages were reared from eggs on infected plants. The proportion of CLas-positive leaves was 2.5% for nymphs and 36.3% for adults. CLas acquisition by early instar nymphs followed by dissections of adults and 4th instar nymphs revealed that CLas bacterium had moved into the head-thorax section (containing the salivary glands) in 26.7–30.0% of nymphs and 37–45% of adults. Mean Ct values in these sections were 31.6–32.9 and 26.8–27.0 for nymphs and adults, respectively. Therefore, CLas incidence and titer were higher in the head-thorax of adults than in nymphs. Our results suggest that following acquisition of CLas by early instar D. citri nymphs, emerging adults inoculate the bacteria into citrus more efficiently than nymphs because adults are afforded a longer latent period necessary for multiplication and/or translocation of CLas into the salivary glands of the vector. We propose that CLas uses D. citri nymphs mainly for pathogen acquisition and multiplication, and their adults mainly for pathogen inoculation and spread.

scholarly journals Results of the TCM Method of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Examination on Lung TB Suspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Muhajir Muhajir
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Molecular Test ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Gender And Age

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Determinants of pulmonary TB disease include gender, and age. The Rapid Molecular Test Method (TCM) is a breakthrough TB program for Drug Resistant TB patients. The TCM method takes two hours to get the patient's diagnosis. TCM method for diagnosing TB and resistance to rifampin quickly and accurately. Tidar Magelang Hospital is one of the referral places for TCM examinations from various health facilities. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of the TCM method of pulmonary TB examination on pulmonary TB suspects at Tidar Magelang Hospital. This type of research is descriptive. The research data is secondary data obtained from Tidar Hospital Magelang. Based on age, namely early adolescence, late adolescence, early adulthood, late adulthood, early elderly, late elderly, and seniors, the results were sensitive rif 0.76%, 11.45%, 9, 54%, 7.25%, 5.73%, 8.78% and 3.82%. Negative results 1.15%, 1.91%, 6.87%, 7.25%, 7.63%, 14.89% and 12.98%. The rif results were sensitive to 27.1% males and 20.23% females. Negative results in 31.3% men and 21.37% women. The most sensitive rif results are in Magelang, followed by Magelang City, then East Jakarta Municipality, Banjarnegara and Purworejo. Negative results were found in Magelang, followed by Magelang City, then Wonosobo and East Waringin City.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF IMPROVED DNA EXTRACTION METHOD FROM CITRUS LEAVES MIDRIB AND PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF CITRUS GREENING (CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER)

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nauman ◽  
Ummad U.D. Umar ◽  
Syed A.H. Naqvi ◽  
Ateeq U. Rehman ◽  
Muhammad T. Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Dna Extraction Method ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Leaves

scholarly journals Parasitoid vectors a plant pathogen, potentially diminishing the benefits it confers as a biological control agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Fei Guo ◽  
Muhammad Z. Ahmed ◽  
Da Ou ◽  
Li-He Zhang ◽  
Zi-Tong Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Rational Application ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Leaves

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease of citrus primarily transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Biocontrol of ACP is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals. However, the risk of parasitoid rational application in ACP biocontrol has never been evaluated. Here we show, the dominant parasitoid of ACP, Tamarixia radiata, can acquire the HLB pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and transmit it horizontally when probing ACP nymphs. If these ACP nymphs survive the probing, develop to adults and move to healthy plants, CLas can be transmitted to citrus leaves during feeding. We illustrate the formerly unrecognized risk that a parasitoid can potentially serve as a phoretic vector of the pathogen transmitted by its host, thus potentially diminishing some of the benefits it confers via biocontrol. Our findings present a significant caution to the strategy of using parasitoids in orchards with different infection status of insect-vectored pathogens.

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