scholarly journals The Intertwined Life Histories and Transmission Ecologies of Plant, Arthropod, and Vertebrate Viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Slingenbergh
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Host Tropism ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Virus Retention

It remains poorly understood how the life history strategies and transmission ecologies of viruses of plants, arthropods, and vertebrates are interrelated. The present analysis hinges on the virus transmission success. Virus transmission reflects where in the host-body viruses are retained or replicating. Plants, arthropods, and vertebrates share a protective outer-layer, a circulatory system, and reproductive organs. The latter enables vertical virus transmission and associates with virus-host mutualism. Two broadly opposing virus life history strategies are considered. Acute viruses tend to be replicative and are swiftly transmitted to the next host. Instead, persistent viruses keep virus replicating costs and host damage to a minimum. The intertwined life histories and transmission ecologies are accordingly pieced together, based on the virus mono- or instead dual-host tropism, the location of virus retention or replication on or in the host-body, the presence of cyclical or mechanical transmission by arthropods, and of horizontal and vertical host-to-host transmission modes. It is shown that in the arthropod and in the vertebrate animal host, virus circulation in the hemocoel or blood circulation goes hand-in-hand with vertical transmission. Instead, plant phloem viruses do not transmit via seed. The latter is the rule for the plant-only viruses. The risk management implications are discussed in brief.

scholarly journals Evolution of Divergent Life History Strategies in Marine Alphaproteobacteria

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiwei Luo ◽  
Miklós Csűros ◽  
Austin L. Hughes ◽  
Mary Ann Moran
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽  
Microbial Groups

ABSTRACT Marine bacteria in the Roseobacter and SAR11 lineages successfully exploit the ocean habitat, together accounting for ~40% of bacteria in surface waters, yet have divergent life histories that exemplify patch-adapted versus free-living ecological roles. Here, we use a phylogenetic birth-and-death model to understand how genome content supporting different life history strategies evolved in these related alphaproteobacterial taxa, showing that the streamlined genomes of free-living SAR11 were gradually downsized from a common ancestral genome only slightly larger than the extant members (~2,000 genes), while the larger and variably sized genomes of roseobacters evolved along dynamic pathways from a sizeable common ancestor (~8,000 genes). Genome changes in the SAR11 lineage occurred gradually over ~800 million years, whereas Roseobacter genomes underwent more substantial modifications, including major periods of expansion, over ~260 million years. The timing of the first Roseobacter genome expansion was coincident with the predicted radiation of modern marine eukaryotic phytoplankton of sufficient size to create nutrient-enriched microzones and is consistent with present-day ecological associations between these microbial groups. We suggest that diversification of red-lineage phytoplankton is an important driver of divergent life history strategies among the heterotrophic bacterioplankton taxa that dominate the present-day ocean. IMPORTANCE One-half of global primary production occurs in the oceans, and more than half of this is processed by heterotrophic bacterioplankton through the marine microbial food web. The diversity of life history strategies that characterize different bacterioplankton taxa is an important subject, since the locations and mechanisms whereby bacteria interact with seawater organic matter has effects on microbial growth rates, metabolic pathways, and growth efficiencies, and these in turn affect rates of carbon mineralization to the atmosphere and sequestration into the deep sea. Understanding the evolutionary origins of the ecological strategies that underlie biochemical interactions of bacteria with the ocean system, and which scale up to affect globally important biogeochemical processes, will improve understanding of how microbial diversity is maintained and enable useful predictions about microbial response in the future ocean.

scholarly journals Patterns of Life-History Diversification in North American Fishes: implications for Population Regulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 2196-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk O. Winemiller ◽  
Kenneth A. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
North American ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Large Species ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Adult Growth ◽  
Trade Offs

Interspecific patterns of fish life histories were evaluated in relation to several theoretical models of life-history evolution. Data were gathered for 216 North American fish species (57 families) to explore relationships among variables and to ordinate species. Multivariate tests, performed on freshwater, marine, and combined data matrices, repeatedly identified a gradient associating later-maturing fishes with higher fecundity, small eggs, and few bouts of reproduction during a short spawning season and the opposite suite of traits with small fishes. A second strong gradient indicated positive associations between parental care, egg size, and extended breeding seasons. Phylogeny affected each variable, and some higher taxonomic groupings were associated with particular life-history strategies. High-fecundity characteristics tended to be associated with large species ranges in the marine environment. Age at maturation, adult growth rate, life span, and egg size positively correlated with anadromy. Parental care was inversely correlated with median latitude. A trilateral continuum based on essential trade-offs among three demographic variables predicts many of the correlations among life-history traits. This framework has implications for predicting population responses to diverse natural and anthropogenic disturbances and provides a basis for comparing responses of different species to the same disturbance.

Life Histories of Charophytes from Permanent and Temporary Wetlands in Eastern Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle T. Casanova ◽  
Margaret A. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Life History Patterns

The results of an experiment on the demography of charophytes in permanent and temporary sites in two wetlands are outlined and the charophytes that germinated and established are described in relation to their life histories. Three life-history patterns are represented. First, Monoecious annual species germinate easily and rapidly after inundation, they grow quickly and initiate sexual reproduction at the expense of vegetative expansion, produce relatively few, large oospores and die in winter. Second, Dioecious annual species are slower to germinate than Monoecious annuals, they grow more slowly, but also initiate sexual reproduction early in life. They usually produce large numbers of small oospores and die in unfavourable seasons. Both winter-growing and summer-growing Dioecious annuals were represented in experiments. Third, Dioecious perennials germinate after a lag time and establishment; vegetative growth and expansion takes place early in spring. Reproduction in Dioecious perennials is stimulated by increasing water temperatures and other environmental cues. Vegetative reproductive organs are produced in autumn and individual shoots can be very long-lived. Life-history parameters such as germination requirements, establishment requirements and timing of vegetative growth and reproduction can be important in determining the distribution patterns in charophytes.

scholarly journals Do Slower Life History Strategies Reduce Sociodemographic Sex Differences?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Cindy Elizabeth Chavarria Minera ◽  
Aurelio José Figueredo ◽  
Laura Gail Lunsford
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Federal District ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
And Behavior

This study examines the relations between sociodemographic sex differences and life history strategies in the populations of Mexican States. Sex differences in anatomy and behavior was measured with traits such as educational achievement, mortality, and morbidity. The data were obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) and sampled from thirty-one Mexican states and the Federal District (N = 32). An extension analysis was performed selecting only the sex ratio variables that had a correlation with the slow Life History factor greater than or equal to an absolute value of .25. A unit-weighted sex ratio factor was created using these variables. Across 32 Mexican states, the correlation between latent slow life history and sex ratio was .57 (p < .05). These results are consistent with our hypothesis that slower life histories favor reduced sexual dimorphism in physiology and behavior among human subnational populations. The results of the study further understanding of variations in population sex differences, male-biased behaviors toward sexual equality, and the differences among subnational (regional) populations within the United States of Mexico. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v6i1_chavarria_minera

scholarly journals Between semelparity and iteroparity: empirical evidence for a continuum of modes of parity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. William Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Theoretical Biology ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Molecular Evidence

ABSTRACTThe number of times an organism reproduces (i.e. its mode of parity) is a fundamental life-history character, and evolutionary and ecological models that compare the relative fitness of strategies are common in life history theory and theoretical biology. Despite the success of mathematical models designed to compare intrinsic rates of increase between annual-semelparous and perennial-iteroparous reproductive schedules, there is widespread evidence that variation in reproductive allocation among semelparous and iteroparous organisms alike is continuous. This paper reviews the ecological and molecular evidence for the continuity and plasticity of modes of parity––that is, the idea that annual-semelparous and perennial-iteroparous life histories are better understood as endpoints along a continuum of possible strategies. I conclude that parity should be understood as a continuum of different modes of parity, which differ by the degree to which they disperse or concentrate reproductive effort in time. I further argue that there are three main implications of this conclusion: (1) That seasonality should not be conflated with parity; (2) that mathematical models purporting to explain the evolution of semelparous life histories from iteroparous ones (or vice versa) should not assume that organisms can only display either an annual-semelparous life history or a perennial-iteroparous one; and (3) that evolutionary ecologists should examine the physiological or molecular basis of traits underlying different modes of parity, in order to obtain a general understanding of how different life history strategies can evolve from one another.

scholarly journals Strontium isotopes reveal diverse life history variations, migration patterns, and habitat use for Broad Whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in Arctic, Alaska

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Leppi ◽  
Daniel J. Rinella ◽  
Mark S. Wipfli ◽  
Randy J. Brown ◽  
Karen J. Spaleta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Arctic Alaska

Conservation of Arctic fish species is challenging partly due to our limited ability to track fish through time and space, which constrains our understanding of life history diversity and lifelong habitat use. Broad Whitefish ( Coregonus nasus ) is an important subsistence species for Alaska’s Arctic Indigenous communities, yet little is known about life history diversity, migration patterns, and freshwater habitat use. Using laser ablation Sr isotope otolith microchemistry, we analyzed Colville River Broad Whitefish 87 Sr/ 86 Sr chronologies (n = 61) to reconstruct movements and habitat use across the lives of individual fish. We found evidence of at least six life history types, including three anadromous types, one semi-anadromous type, and two nonanadromous types. Anadromous life history types comprised a large proportion of individuals sampled (collectively, 59%) and most of these (59%) migrated to sea between ages 0–2 and spent varying durations at sea. The semi-anadromous life history type comprised 28% of samples and entered marine habitat as larvae. Nonanadromous life history types comprised the remainder (collectively, 13%). Otolith 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data from juvenile and adult freshwater stages suggest that habitat use changed in association with age, seasons, and life history strategies. This information on Broad Whitefish life histories and habitat use across time and space will help managers and conservation planners better understand the risks of anthropogenic impacts and help conserve this vital subsistence resource.

scholarly journals Individual telomere dynamics and their links to life history in a viviparous lizard

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1951) ◽  
pp. 20210271
Author(s):  
L. J. Fitzpatrick ◽  
M. Olsson ◽  
A. Pauliny ◽  
G. M. While ◽  
E. Wapstra
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Telomere Attrition ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Telomere Lengthening ◽  
Telomere Dynamics

Emerging patterns suggest telomere dynamics and life history are fundamentally linked in endotherms through life-history traits that mediate the processes underlying telomere attrition. Unlike endotherms, ectotherms maintain the ability to lengthen somatic telomeres throughout life and the link between life-history strategies and ectotherm telomere dynamics is unknown. In a well-characterized model system ( Niveoscincus ocellatus ), we used long-term longitudinal data to study telomere dynamics across climatically divergent populations. We found longer telomeres in individuals from the cool highlands than those from the warm lowlands at birth and as adults. The key determinant of adult telomere length across populations was telomere length at birth, with population-specific effects of age and growth on adult telomere length. The reproductive effort had no proximate effect on telomere length in either population. Maternal factors influenced telomere length at birth in the warm lowlands but not the cool highlands. Our results demonstrate that life-history traits can have pervasive and context-dependent effects on telomere dynamics in ectotherms both within and between populations. We argue that these telomere dynamics may reflect the populations' different life histories, with the slow-growing cool highland population investing more into telomere lengthening compared to the earlier-maturing warm lowland population.

scholarly journals Eupelmus messene Walker, 1839 and E. microzonus Förster, 1860 as parasitoids of Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae, Cynipidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Vladimir E. Gokhman ◽  
Matvey I. Nikelshparg
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Species ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Larval Diapause ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Males And Females

In the southeast of European Russia, the gall wasp Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) is attacked by ten parasitoid species, including Eupelmus (Eupelmus) microzonus Förster, 1860 and E. (Macroneura) messene Walker, 1839. Although both members of the genus Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 are idiobiont ectoparasitoids, they demonstrate different life-history strategies in respect to many bionomic features. Specifically, E. messene is represented by brachypterous thelytokous females which lay single eggs directly onto the host body. This species can parasitize both concealed and exposed larvae and pupae of A. hieracii, but fails to attack its primary parasitoids. On the contrary, arrhenotokous males and females of E. microzonus are fully winged. These parasitoids usually lay several eggs per host which are placed onto the wall of the host chamber and covered with a particular fibrous substance. E. microzonus never parasitizes pupae or exposed larvae, although it can readily attack concealed larvae of A. hieracii and its primary parasitoids. In addition, hibernating individuals of E. messene undergo obligatory larval diapause, but those of E. microzonus are able to develop without exposure to subzero temperatures. All these data collectively suggest that the former species is highly specialized to exploit A. hieracii as a host, whereas the latter one mostly exhibits the so-called morphotypical specialization. These different strategies allow E. messene and E. microzonus to coexist on the same host species, as a local specialist and a more or less evenly distributed generalist, respectively.

England first, America second: The ecological predictors of life history and innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severi Luoto ◽  
Markus J. Rantala ◽  
Indrikis Krams
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Ecological Predictors

Abstract We present data from 122 nations showing that Baumard's argument on the ecological predictors of life history strategies and innovation is incomplete. Our analyses indicate that wealth, parasite stress, and cold climate impose orthogonal effects on life histories, innovation, and industrialization. Baumard also overlooks the historical exploitation of other nations which significantly enlarged the “pooled energy budget” available to England.

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