scholarly journals HIV Prevalence and Risk Factors for Infants Born to Mothers on Arv Treatment at CHUB/Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Nsengimana ◽  
Francois Nkurunziza ◽  
Wivine Mudahigwa Ntaganira ◽  
Ruth Uzayisenga ◽  
Gad Rutayisire
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Several factors enhance the possibility of vertical HIV transmission in the pediatric population. Unfortunately, the data of the prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors in these populations remain limited in Rwanda. The study aimed to assess HIV prevalence and risk factors for infants born to mothers on ARV treatment at CHUB/Rwanda. MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on infants who were born to mothers under ARV treatment at CHUB. The associated risk factors were retrospectively assessed using prevention vertical HIV transmission records, and Dried Blood spots (DBS) were prospectively tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed by logistic regression. Ethical clearance (Ref: CMHS/IRB/198/2017) was issued by University of Rwanda to fulfill research ethical consideration.ResultsAmong 185(100%) infants born to HIV-positive mothers under ARV treatment, 5(2.7%) were HIV positive. The most associated risk factors were increased to over 1log copies/ml mother’s viral load (OR 9.3, 95% CI 1.01-85.45, P= 0.04) and mother’s CD4 count lower than 350 cells/µl (OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.03-40.06, P=0.04). The factors found to reduce the rate of vertical transmission of HIV were health facility as a delivery place (P=0.03), exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (P= 0.006), and attending the antenatal care (P=0.01) while feeding children and vaginal delivery were associated risks but not statistically significant.ConclusionThe current study supports that the more mothers’ viral load and CD4 count decrease, so does the risk of HIV to their infants. A fact which indicates that both prevalence and risk factors remain an alarming issue. Much effort and multi-disciplinary approach are highly recommended.

scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal: analysis of cross-sectional studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male people who inject drugs (male PWIDs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors need to be assessed. Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets from Pokhara (Nepal), collected between 2003 and 2017 (N = 2235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male PWIDs by socio-demographic and behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV. Results HIV prevalence decreased from the levels seen in 2003 (22.0%) and 2005 (21.7%), with the lowest prevalence recorded in 2015 (2.6%), however prevalence has increased in the most recent period (4.9%). A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (<=24 years compared to > 24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10–0.31), being married (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.25–3.02) and shorter duration of drug use (<=4 years compared to > 4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09–0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75–4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64–4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20–4.11). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV in male PWIDs in Pokhara has been variable, but overall has reduced in recent years to 2.6% before increasing in 2017 to 4.9%. The main determinants which increase the risk of HIV among male PWIDs in Pokhara are low education level, a lack of treatment for drug addiction and the recent use of unsterilised equipment. Each of these indicate the need to improve addiction treatment and education programs for intra-venous drug use to aid this key population in avoiding risk-taking behaviours.

scholarly journals Relationship between Endothelial Function, Antiretroviral Treatment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV Patients of African Descent in South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag ◽  
Nandu Goswami ◽  
Godwill A. Engwa ◽  
Constance R. Sewani-Rusike ◽  
Vuyolwethu Mbombela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
South Africans

Limited information on the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on vascular function in South Africans of African descent living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is available. The relationship between ART, vascular function and cardiovascular risk factors in South Africans of African ancestry with HIV was therefore studied. This cross-sectional study recruited 146 HIV-positive individuals on ART (HIV+ART+), 163 HIV-positive individuals not on ART (HIV+ART−) and 171 individuals without HIV (HIV−) in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) test was performed to assess endothelial function. Anthropometry and blood pressure parameters were measured. Lipid profile, glycaemic indices, serum creatinine as well as CD4 count and viral load were assayed in blood. Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was determined as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Obesity and albuminuria were positively associated with HIV, and HIV+ART+ participants had significantly higher HDL cholesterol. Dyslipidaemia markers were significantly higher in hypertensive HIV+ART+ participants compared with the controls (HIV+ART− and HIV− participants). FMD was not different between HIV+ART+ participants and the controls. Moreover, HIV+ART+ participants with higher FMD showed lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol comparable to that of HIV− and HIV+ART− participants. A positive relationship between FMD and CD4 count was observed in HIV+ART+ participants. In conclusion, antiretroviral treatment was associated with cardiovascular risk factors, particularly dyslipidaemia, in hypertensive South Africans of African ancestry with HIV. Although, ART was not associated with endothelial dysfunction, flow-mediated dilatation was positively associated with CD4 count in HIV-positive participants on ART.

scholarly journals Viral suppression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in northwestern Nigeria: an eleven-year review of tertiary care centre records, January 2009–December 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleiman Bello Abdullahi ◽  
Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim ◽  
Abdulkadir Baba Okeji ◽  
Rabilu Iliyasu Yandoma ◽  
Ibrahim Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
First Line ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the world’s significant public health challenges. Viral suppression is the key indicator for treatment success in People living with HIV (PLHIV). We determined the level of viral suppression, and its associated factors among PLHIV attending Federal Medical Centre Katsina (FMC Katsina), Nigeria. Methods This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 913 HIV positive adults enrolled in care between January 2009 and December 2019. Information on socio-demographics, clinical, immunological, Viral load (VL), and other relevant parameters were extracted from the patients’ care records. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients that achieved viral suppression. We also analyzed variables that were associated with VL suppression. Results Of 913, records of 831 (91.0%) registered patients were analyzed. During the period, 751 (90.4%) achieved viral suppression, 427 (51.4%) had CD4 counts  ≥ 500 and 477 (57.4%) were on HAART for ≥ 5 years. Majority, 793 (95.4%) were on first-line HAART regimen (Tenofovir-Lamivudine-Dolutegravir or Abacavir-Lamivudine-Dolutegravir), and 809 (97.4%) in the non-advanced stage (WHO stages 1 and 2). The median (interquartile range) of viral load was 20 (20–40) vs 19,989 (3311–110,340) cp/ml in virally suppressed, and unsuppressed  respectively. Factors associated with viral suppression included being unemployed (Adjusted OR [AOR] 4.9, 95% CI 2.771, 8.539), educated (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.098, 16.223), having a baseline CD4 count ≥ 500 cells/µl (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.588, 4.625), and being on first line HAART regimen [AOR 7.0, 95% CI 3.220, 15.648]. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a good viral suppression among PLHIV on HAART. Variables associated with viral suppression included unemployment, formal education, high baseline CD4 count, and first line HAART regimen.

scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal: Analysis of cross-sectional studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male people who inject drugs (male PWIDs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors were assessed. Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets from Pokhara (Nepal), collected between 2003 and 2017 (N=2,235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male PWIDs by socio-demographic, behavioural, and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV. Results HIV prevalence decreased from the levels seen in 2003 (22.0%) and 2005 (21.7%), with the lowest prevalence recorded in 2015 (2.6%), however prevalence increased in the most recent period (4.9%). A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (<=24 years compared to >24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10-0.31), being married (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.25-3.02) and shorter duration of drug use (<=4 years compared to >4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09-0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75-4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64-4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20-4.11). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV in male PWIDs in Pokhara has been variable, but overall has reduced in recent years to 2.6% before increasing in 2017 to 4.9%. The main determinants which increase the risk of HIV among male PWIDs in Pokhara are low education level, a lack of treatment for drug addiction and the recent use of unsterilised equipment. Each of these indicate the need to improve addiction treatment and education programs for intra-venous drug use to aid this key population in avoiding risk-taking behaviours.

scholarly journals Prevalence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) among Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Facility in Northern Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Jika Yusuf ◽  
Abdulaziz Hassan ◽  
Aisha Indo Mamman ◽  
Haruna Mohammed Muktar ◽  
Aishatu Maude Suleiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cognitive Complaint ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a great source of morbidity in sub-Saharan African region. However, the magnitude of this problem remains largely uninvestigated despite having the largest number of population with HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HAND among patients attending a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 1 year. They were assessed using the International HIV Dementia Scale, Word Recall Test, Stick Design Test, Subjective Cognitive Complaint Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Drug Abuse Screening Test, Center for Epidemiological Study–Depression Scale, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living, and neurological examination. The CD4 count and viral load were determined for all the participants. A consensus diagnosis was made on each case based on the Frascati criteria. Data obtained were analyzed using “SPSS” for Windows version 15. Results: A total of 418 HIV-positive patients participated in the study, of which 325 (77.8%) are females. The mean age (standard deviation) of the participants was 37.2 (9.3) years. The prevalence of HAND was 21.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.6%-25.4%), of which 9.6% were asymptomatic. The significant predictors of HAND in this study are duration of illness (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33 P < .001), detectable viral load (OR = 0.19, P < .001), CD4 count (OR = 0.99, P < .001), education (OR = 0.94, P = .011), stopping medication (OR = 3.55 P = .01), and severity of illness (OR = 1.24, P = .005). Conclusion: One-fifth of the HIV-positive patients in this study had HAND. Various sociodemographic and clinical features were related to the prevalence of HAND.

scholarly journals Retinal Microvasculopathy Is Common in HIV/AIDS Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kwasi Abu ◽  
Samuel Abokyi ◽  
Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah ◽  
Richard Kobina Dadzie Ephraim ◽  
Daniel Afedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ocular Disorders

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ocular disorders in HIV positive patients attending the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Methods. A cross-sectional study using systematic random sampling was conducted on 295 HIV positive patients. Data collection consisted of semistructured questionnaires, laboratory investigation, medical profile, and ophthalmic examination. Statistical association tests including χ2, independent t-test, and ANOVA were done. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Of the 295 participants, 205 (69.5%) were on antiretroviral therapy while 90 (30.3%) were not on therapy. Majority of the participants (162, 54.9%) were in clinical stage two, followed by stages three (68, 23.1%), one (62, 21%), and four (3, 1%), respectively. The overall prevalence of ocular disorders was 5.8%. The most common HIV related ocular disorder was HIV retinal microvasculopathy (58.8%), followed by herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, both representing 11.8% of ocular disorders seen. Cytomegalovirus retinitis, Bell’s palsy, and optic neuritis were the least common (5.9%). CMV retinitis recorded the highest viral load of 1,474,676 copies/mL and mean CD4 count of 136 cells/mm3. The mean CD4 count for participants with HIV related ocular disorders was significantly lower compared to participants without disorders (t=2.5, p=0.012). Participants with ocular disorders also recorded significantly higher mean viral loads than those who did not have ocular disorders (t=2.8, p=0.006). Conclusion. Lower CD4 counts and high viral load copies were associated with the manifestation of HIV related ocular disorders.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for HIV among people aged 50 years and older in Rombo district, Northern Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scolastica J. Swai ◽  
Damian J. Damian ◽  
Sarah Urassa ◽  
Beatrice Temba ◽  
Michael J. Mahande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Northern Tanzania

Background: It is estimated that over ten percent of the 36.7 million people living with HIV (PLWHIV) globally, are those aged ≥50 years. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for HIV among adult aged 50 years and above in Rombo district, northern Tanzania.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from April to June 2015 among older adults aged ≥50 year in Rombo district. Interviews were conducted to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive and sexual health characteristics of the participants, knowledge on HIV transmission, prevention and risk perception and on awareness and knowledge on voluntary and counselling testing services. In addition, a blood sample was taken for HIV diagnosis.Results: A total of 600 people were enrolled. Their age ranged from 50 to 90 years with mean of 64.9 (±SD 10.3) years. The HIV prevalence was 1.7% (n=10) and it was higher among women (2.1%) than men (1.3%). Sixty-percent (n=350) were knowledgeable on HIV transmission and only 40% (n=216) on HIV prevention. In bivariate analysis, age of partner <50 years, ever use of condoms, poor knowledge on HIV prevention and perception of risk on HIV were significantly associated with HIV. However, only partner’s age of <50 years remained significant after controlling for confounders.Conclusion: HIV prevalence and overall knowledge on its transmission among older adults in this rural population were low. There is a need for strategies to improve HIV preventive knowledge and testing in this group in order to continue keeping the transmission at low levels.

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