scholarly journals The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Green ◽  
Matt Hobbs ◽  
Ding Ding ◽  
Michael Widener ◽  
John Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
The Social

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal and representative national data to explore the extent that the association between the fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n=13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n=11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations at both ages and explicitly test for confounding. While we found some evidence for an association between the number of fast food outlets and overweight, any associations disappeared following accounting for the confounding nature of neighbourhood deprivation. Neighbourhood deprivation was consistently associated to overweight, with adolescents who resided in deprived areas more likely to be overweight. Results were largely consistent depending on different methodological decisions. Our findings suggest that policy efforts should prioritise focusing on tackling the social determinants of excess body mass which will be more effective than interventions aimed at the built environment.

scholarly journals The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13212
Author(s):  
Mark A. Green ◽  
Matthew Hobbs ◽  
Ding Ding ◽  
Michael Widener ◽  
John Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal data to explore if the association between the retail fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n = 13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n = 11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations and test for observed confounding. A small positive association was initially detected between fast food outlets and overweight (e.g., at age 11/12, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.0006, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.0002–1.0009). Following adjusting for the confounding role of neighbourhood deprivation, this association was non-significant. Individuals who resided in the most deprived neighbourhoods had higher odds of overweight than individuals in the least deprived neighbourhoods (e.g., at age 11/12 OR = 1.95, 95% CIs = 1.64–2.32). Neighbourhood deprivation was also positively associated to the density of fast food outlets (at age 11/12 Incidence Rate Ratio = 3.03, 95% CIs = 2.80–3.28).

scholarly journals Career Decision, Work Adjustment, and Person–Job Fit of Adolescents: Moderating Effects of Parental Support

2021 ◽  
pp. 089484532199596
Author(s):  
Markus P. Neuenschwander ◽  
Jan Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Parental Support ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Job Fit ◽  
The Social

We applied the social cognitive model of work satisfaction to the transition from lower secondary education to work in Switzerland and combined career decision and adjustment to work. The model assumes that self-efficacy affects career decision outcomes and adjustment after transition to work. Self-efficacy interacts with parental support during career decision making. We tested the model using a longitudinal sample of 603 adolescents who filled out questionnaires in seventh grade, ninth grade, and 1 year after starting work. Structural equation models showed that parental support weakens the effect of self-efficacy on anticipated person–job fit and expectations of work conditions (moderation). Expectations of work conditions and a company’s support help newcomers to attain a high perceived person–job fit. These findings have several implications on how to support adolescents’ school-to-work transition.

scholarly journals Validity and calibration of the FFQ used in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 2357-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie K Bassett ◽  
Dallas R English ◽  
Michael T Fahey ◽  
Andrew B Forbes ◽  
Lyle C Gurrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study ◽  
Calibration Coefficients

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability and validity of the FFQ administered to participants in the follow-up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS), and to provide calibration coefficients.DesignA random sample stratified by country of birth, age, sex and BMI was selected from MCCS participants. Participants completed two FFQ and three 24 h recalls over 1 year. Reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Validity coefficients (VC) were estimated from structural equation models and calibration coefficients obtained from regression calibration models.SettingAdults born in Australia, Greece or Italy.SubjectsNine hundred and sixty-five participants consented to the study; of these, 459 participants were included in the reliability analyses and 615 in the validity and calibration analyses.ResultsThe FFQ showed good repeatability for twenty-three nutrients with ICC ranging from 0·66 to 0·80 for absolute nutrient intakes for Australian-born and from 0·51 to 0·74 for Greek/Italian-born. For Australian-born, VC ranged from 0·46 (monounsaturated fat) to 0·83 (Ca) for nutrient densities, comparing well with other studies. For Greek/Italian-born, VC were between 0·21 (Na) and 0·64 (riboflavin). Calibration coefficients for nutrient densities ranged from 0·39 (retinol) to 0·74 (Mg) for Australian-born and from 0·18 (Zn) to 0·54 (riboflavin) for Greek/Italian-born.ConclusionsThe FFQ used in the MCCS follow-up study is suitable for estimating energy-adjusted nutrients for Australian-born participants. However, its performance for estimating intakes is poorer for southern European migrants and alternative dietary assessment methods ought to be considered if dietary data are to be measured in similar demographic groups.

Analyzing Longitudinal Social Relations Model Data Using the Social Relations Structural Equation Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 107699862110565
Author(s):  
Steffen Nestler ◽  
Oliver Lüdtke ◽  
Alexander Robitzsch
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Relations Model ◽  
The Social

The social relations model (SRM) is very often used in psychology to examine the components, determinants, and consequences of interpersonal judgments and behaviors that arise in social groups. The standard SRM was developed to analyze cross-sectional data. Based on a recently suggested integration of the SRM with structural equation models (SEM) framework, we show here how longitudinal SRM data can be analyzed using the SR-SEM. Two examples are presented to illustrate the model, and we also present the results of a small simulation study comparing the SR-SEM approach to a two-step approach. Altogether, the SR-SEM has a number of advantages compared to earlier suggestions for analyzing longitudinal SRM data, making it extremely useful for applied research.

scholarly journals Deprivation matters: understanding associations between neighbourhood deprivation, unhealthy food outlets, unhealthy dietary behaviours and child body size using structural equation modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Egli ◽  
Matthew Hobbs ◽  
Jordan Carlson ◽  
Niamh Donnellan ◽  
Lisa Mackay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Dietary Behaviours ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Home And School

BackgroundChildren residing in neighbourhoods of high deprivation are more likely to have poorer health, including excess body size. While the availability of unhealthy food outlets are increasingly considered important for excess child body size, less is known about how neighbourhood deprivation, unhealthy food outlets and unhealthy dietary behaviours are interlinked.MethodsThis study involves children aged 8–13 years (n=1029) and resided in Auckland, New Zealand. Unhealthy dietary behaviours (frequency of consumption of unhealthy snacks and drinks) and food purchasing behaviour on the route to and from school were self-reported. Height and waist circumference were measured to calculate waist-to-height ratio (WtHR). Geographic Information Systems mapped neighbourhood deprivation and unhealthy food outlets within individual, child-specific neighbourhood buffer boundaries (800 m around the home and school). Associations between neighbourhood deprivation (calculated using the New Zealand Index of Deprivation 2013), unhealthy food outlets, unhealthy dietary behaviours and WtHR were investigated using structural equation modelling in Mplus V.8.0. Age, sex and ethnicity were included as covariates, and clustering was accounted for at the school level.ResultsStructural equation models showed that unhealthy food outlets were unrelated to unhealthy dietary behaviours (estimate 0.029, p=0.416) and excess body size (estimate −0.038, p=0.400). However, greater neighbourhood deprivation and poorer dietary behaviours (estimate −0.134, p=0.001) were associated with greater WtHR (estimate 0.169, p<0.001).ConclusionExcess child body size is associated with neighbourhood deprivation and unhealthy dietary behaviours but not unhealthy outlet density or location of these outlets near home and school.

scholarly journals The role of entrepreneurial characteristics in predicting job satisfaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene Van Wyk ◽  
Mandla Adonisi
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Entrepreneurial Characteristics ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

This study investigates the prediction of job satisfaction using the important entrepreneurial characteristics of corporate entrepreneurship (CE), market orientation (MO) and organisational flexibility (F). In this study, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to predict the causal relationship between these entrepreneurial characteristics and job satisfaction (JS) as the outcome variable. It was found that the corporate entrepreneurship factors of work discretion, work improvement and rewards/reinforcement displayed a statistically significant common variance of ≥ 25.00 with extrinsic job satisfaction. The four Structural Equation Models built in this study indicated a reasonable to good fit with the data. Since all the entrepreneurial variables investigated can be controlled by management, it follows that the application of the research findings of this study can go a long way toward improving job satisfaction and possibly organisational performance through innovative entrepreneurial activities.

scholarly journals The do’s and don’ts of supervisor behavior. Supervisor personality as predictor for subordinate’s job insecurity and citizenship behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Petrisor ◽  
Laurentiu Maricutoiu ◽  
Florin Alin Sava
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors ◽  
Citizenship Behaviors ◽  
Personal Variables ◽  
Primary Psychopathy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Supervisor Behavior

Supervisor behavior can be easily interpreted in a positive or negative key; therefore subordinates’ perceptions regarding their supervisor behavior can be biased by numerous personal variables. In the present study we collected data from 20 supervisors and 402 subordinates, and we investigated the relationships between these two perspectives. The supervisors completed two popular self-reported personality scales (i.e., a Big Five scale and a questionnaire that assessed psychopathic tendencies), while their subordinates responded to scales that assessed their level of job insecurity and their self-reported organizational citizenship behaviors. Our multilevel analyses indicated significant relationships between subordinates’ variables (i.e., job insecurity, organizational citizenship behaviors) and their managers’ agreeableness or their managers’ primary psychopathy. In addition, multilevel structural equation models confirmed that subordinates’ job insecurity partially mediated the relationship between supervisors’ primary psychopathy and subordinates’ citizenship behaviors. These findings confirmed the theoretical assumptions of the social learning theory, which anticipated the relationships between supervisors’ behaviors and employees’ behaviors.   

scholarly journals A two-stage estimation procedure for non-linear structural equation models

Biostatistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-691
Author(s):  
Klaus Kähler Holst ◽  
Esben Budtz-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Ml Estimation ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Stage Estimation

Summary Applications of structural equation models (SEMs) are often restricted to linear associations between variables. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in non-linear models may be complex and require numerical integration. Furthermore, ML inference is sensitive to distributional assumptions. In this article, we introduce a simple two-stage estimation technique for estimation of non-linear associations between latent variables. Here both steps are based on fitting linear SEMs: first a linear model is fitted to data on the latent predictor and terms describing the non-linear effect are predicted by their conditional means. In the second step, the predictions are included in a linear model for the latent outcome variable. We show that this procedure is consistent and identifies its asymptotic distribution. We also illustrate how this framework easily allows the association between latent variables to be modeled using restricted cubic splines, and we develop a modified estimator which is robust to non-normality of the latent predictor. In a simulation study, we compare the proposed method to MLE and alternative two-stage estimation techniques.

A General Procedure for Testing Inequality Constrained Hypotheses in SEM

Methodology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Leonard Vanbrabant ◽  
Rens Van de Schoot ◽  
Nancy Van Loey ◽  
Yves Rosseel
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Real Life ◽  
R Package ◽  
P Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bootstrap Approach ◽  
Double Bootstrap

Abstract. Researchers in the social and behavioral sciences often have clear expectations about the order and/or the sign of the parameters in their statistical model. For example, a researcher might expect that regression coefficient β1 is larger than regression coefficients β2 and β3. To test such a constrained hypothesis special methods have been developed. However, the existing methods for structural equation models (SEM) are complex, computationally demanding, and a software routine is lacking. Therefore, in this paper we describe a general procedure for testing order/inequality constrained hypotheses in SEM using the R package lavaan. We use the likelihood ratio (LR) statistic to test constrained hypotheses and the resulting plug-in p value is computed by either parametric or Bollen-Stine bootstrapping. Since the obtained plug-in p value can be biased, a double bootstrap approach is available. The procedure is illustrated by a real-life example about the psychosocial functioning in patients with facial burn wounds.

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