scholarly journals The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13212
Author(s):  
Mark A. Green ◽  
Matthew Hobbs ◽  
Ding Ding ◽  
Michael Widener ◽  
John Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal data to explore if the association between the retail fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n = 13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n = 11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations and test for observed confounding. A small positive association was initially detected between fast food outlets and overweight (e.g., at age 11/12, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.0006, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.0002–1.0009). Following adjusting for the confounding role of neighbourhood deprivation, this association was non-significant. Individuals who resided in the most deprived neighbourhoods had higher odds of overweight than individuals in the least deprived neighbourhoods (e.g., at age 11/12 OR = 1.95, 95% CIs = 1.64–2.32). Neighbourhood deprivation was also positively associated to the density of fast food outlets (at age 11/12 Incidence Rate Ratio = 3.03, 95% CIs = 2.80–3.28).

scholarly journals The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Green ◽  
Matt Hobbs ◽  
Ding Ding ◽  
Michael Widener ◽  
John Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
The Social

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal and representative national data to explore the extent that the association between the fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n=13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n=11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations at both ages and explicitly test for confounding. While we found some evidence for an association between the number of fast food outlets and overweight, any associations disappeared following accounting for the confounding nature of neighbourhood deprivation. Neighbourhood deprivation was consistently associated to overweight, with adolescents who resided in deprived areas more likely to be overweight. Results were largely consistent depending on different methodological decisions. Our findings suggest that policy efforts should prioritise focusing on tackling the social determinants of excess body mass which will be more effective than interventions aimed at the built environment.

scholarly journals Family Income Gradients in Adolescent Obesity, Overweight and Adiposity Persist in Extremely Deprived and Extremely Affluent Neighbourhoods but Not in Middle-Class Neighbourhoods: Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Osei Mireku ◽  
Alina Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Adolescent Obesity ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Obesity And Overweight

We investigated whether family income gradients in obesity, overweight, and adiposity persist at geographic-level deprivation quintiles using a nationally representative cohort of UK adolescents. Data from 11,714 eligible adolescents from the sixth sweep of the Millennium Cohort Study (14 years old) were analysed in this study. The International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific thresholds were used to define obesity and overweight. Self-reported family income was standardized using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s equivalised income scale. Geographic-level deprivation was defined by the index of multiple deprivation 2004. Results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight was 8.0% and 27.2%, respectively. Mean percentage body fat was 16.9% (standard error, SE = 0.2%) in male and 27.3% (SE = 0.1%) in female adolescents. Risk of obesity, overweight, and adiposity increased with decreasing family income quintiles (p for trend <0.001). After stratifying by geographic-level deprivation quintiles, a U-shaped association emerged, whereby family income gradients in the risk of adolescent obesity and adiposity persisted in extremely affluent and extremely deprived neighbourhoods but attenuated to non-significance in middle-class neighbourhoods. These results focus on the findings from England. Recognition of the persistence of inequalities in the risk of obesity in the most deprived and affluent neighbourhoods may be necessary in planning public health resources and interventions.

scholarly journals Validity and calibration of the FFQ used in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 2357-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie K Bassett ◽  
Dallas R English ◽  
Michael T Fahey ◽  
Andrew B Forbes ◽  
Lyle C Gurrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study ◽  
Calibration Coefficients

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability and validity of the FFQ administered to participants in the follow-up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS), and to provide calibration coefficients.DesignA random sample stratified by country of birth, age, sex and BMI was selected from MCCS participants. Participants completed two FFQ and three 24 h recalls over 1 year. Reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Validity coefficients (VC) were estimated from structural equation models and calibration coefficients obtained from regression calibration models.SettingAdults born in Australia, Greece or Italy.SubjectsNine hundred and sixty-five participants consented to the study; of these, 459 participants were included in the reliability analyses and 615 in the validity and calibration analyses.ResultsThe FFQ showed good repeatability for twenty-three nutrients with ICC ranging from 0·66 to 0·80 for absolute nutrient intakes for Australian-born and from 0·51 to 0·74 for Greek/Italian-born. For Australian-born, VC ranged from 0·46 (monounsaturated fat) to 0·83 (Ca) for nutrient densities, comparing well with other studies. For Greek/Italian-born, VC were between 0·21 (Na) and 0·64 (riboflavin). Calibration coefficients for nutrient densities ranged from 0·39 (retinol) to 0·74 (Mg) for Australian-born and from 0·18 (Zn) to 0·54 (riboflavin) for Greek/Italian-born.ConclusionsThe FFQ used in the MCCS follow-up study is suitable for estimating energy-adjusted nutrients for Australian-born participants. However, its performance for estimating intakes is poorer for southern European migrants and alternative dietary assessment methods ought to be considered if dietary data are to be measured in similar demographic groups.

scholarly journals Deprivation matters: understanding associations between neighbourhood deprivation, unhealthy food outlets, unhealthy dietary behaviours and child body size using structural equation modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Egli ◽  
Matthew Hobbs ◽  
Jordan Carlson ◽  
Niamh Donnellan ◽  
Lisa Mackay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Dietary Behaviours ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Home And School

BackgroundChildren residing in neighbourhoods of high deprivation are more likely to have poorer health, including excess body size. While the availability of unhealthy food outlets are increasingly considered important for excess child body size, less is known about how neighbourhood deprivation, unhealthy food outlets and unhealthy dietary behaviours are interlinked.MethodsThis study involves children aged 8–13 years (n=1029) and resided in Auckland, New Zealand. Unhealthy dietary behaviours (frequency of consumption of unhealthy snacks and drinks) and food purchasing behaviour on the route to and from school were self-reported. Height and waist circumference were measured to calculate waist-to-height ratio (WtHR). Geographic Information Systems mapped neighbourhood deprivation and unhealthy food outlets within individual, child-specific neighbourhood buffer boundaries (800 m around the home and school). Associations between neighbourhood deprivation (calculated using the New Zealand Index of Deprivation 2013), unhealthy food outlets, unhealthy dietary behaviours and WtHR were investigated using structural equation modelling in Mplus V.8.0. Age, sex and ethnicity were included as covariates, and clustering was accounted for at the school level.ResultsStructural equation models showed that unhealthy food outlets were unrelated to unhealthy dietary behaviours (estimate 0.029, p=0.416) and excess body size (estimate −0.038, p=0.400). However, greater neighbourhood deprivation and poorer dietary behaviours (estimate −0.134, p=0.001) were associated with greater WtHR (estimate 0.169, p<0.001).ConclusionExcess child body size is associated with neighbourhood deprivation and unhealthy dietary behaviours but not unhealthy outlet density or location of these outlets near home and school.

scholarly journals The role of entrepreneurial characteristics in predicting job satisfaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene Van Wyk ◽  
Mandla Adonisi
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Entrepreneurial Characteristics ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

This study investigates the prediction of job satisfaction using the important entrepreneurial characteristics of corporate entrepreneurship (CE), market orientation (MO) and organisational flexibility (F). In this study, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to predict the causal relationship between these entrepreneurial characteristics and job satisfaction (JS) as the outcome variable. It was found that the corporate entrepreneurship factors of work discretion, work improvement and rewards/reinforcement displayed a statistically significant common variance of ≥ 25.00 with extrinsic job satisfaction. The four Structural Equation Models built in this study indicated a reasonable to good fit with the data. Since all the entrepreneurial variables investigated can be controlled by management, it follows that the application of the research findings of this study can go a long way toward improving job satisfaction and possibly organisational performance through innovative entrepreneurial activities.

scholarly journals A two-stage estimation procedure for non-linear structural equation models

Biostatistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-691
Author(s):  
Klaus Kähler Holst ◽  
Esben Budtz-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Ml Estimation ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Stage Estimation

Summary Applications of structural equation models (SEMs) are often restricted to linear associations between variables. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in non-linear models may be complex and require numerical integration. Furthermore, ML inference is sensitive to distributional assumptions. In this article, we introduce a simple two-stage estimation technique for estimation of non-linear associations between latent variables. Here both steps are based on fitting linear SEMs: first a linear model is fitted to data on the latent predictor and terms describing the non-linear effect are predicted by their conditional means. In the second step, the predictions are included in a linear model for the latent outcome variable. We show that this procedure is consistent and identifies its asymptotic distribution. We also illustrate how this framework easily allows the association between latent variables to be modeled using restricted cubic splines, and we develop a modified estimator which is robust to non-normality of the latent predictor. In a simulation study, we compare the proposed method to MLE and alternative two-stage estimation techniques.

Abstract P126: Availability of Fast-food Outlets is Associated with Intake of Fast-food

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Glümer ◽  
Peter Erbs-Maibing ◽  
Ulla Toft
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Eating Fast

Introduction: Intake of fast-food is associated with an increased risk of health outcomes. The prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases is higher among deprived individuals; studies have shown that the availability of fast-food outlets (FFO) are higher in deprived neighbourhoods than in non-deprived neighbourhoods. Some studies find an association between the availability of FFO and unhealthy diet. Most of studies are performed in US or Australia with different context to Denmark. We hypothesize that a high degree of availability of fast-food is associated with high intake of fast-food in a Danish population. The aim is to examine the association between availability of FFO and frequency of fast-food intake. Methods: Health survey data from the Capital Region of Denmark used in the analyses included a random sample of 95.150 inhabitants aged 16+ from 29 municipalities. Response rate:52,3%. Information’s on fast-food intake and socioeconomic factors is derived from a questionnaire survey (How are you 2010?). Information on FFO is collected through central a register using a validated name recognition method (sensitivity: 82%). Using network analyses in Geographic Information System proximity (Road network distance to the nearest FFO) and density (numbers of FFO within 1 km) of FFO are calculated for each participant. Multilevel regression analyses taking neighbourhood, individual social factors, age and sex into account are performed. Results: 17 % of the population eats fast-food at least once a week, the proportion varies between 10.1% in the rural areas to 27.2 % in the inner-city of Copenhagen. Individuals living in high density areas or with low proximity have a significantly higher risk of eating fast-food once weekly; Compared to individuals living with 0-4 FFO within 1 km the OR’s were 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3-1.6) and 1.8 (95 % CI: 1.7-2.0) for individuals living with 5-9 or ≥ 10 FFO, respectively. After adjustment for individual and contextual factors the OR’s diminished to 1.13, but remained significant. The same picture was seen for proximity, the greater distance to the nearest FFO the lower risk of eating fats-food. Conclusions: This paper shows that availability of fast-food outlets is associated with frequency of eating fast-food weekly. In order to prevent the epidemic of obesity and development of chronic diseases, this may have an impact on future urban planning of fast-food outlets.

scholarly journals Reconsidering the relationship between fast-food outlets, area-level deprivation, diet quality and body mass index: an exploratory structural equation modelling approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hobbs ◽  
Mark Green ◽  
Kath Roberts ◽  
Claire Griffiths ◽  
Jim McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Food Outlet ◽  
Fast Food Outlet ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Equation Modelling

BackgroundInternationally, the prevalence of adults with obesity is a major public health concern. Few studies investigate the explanatory pathways between fast-food outlets and body mass index (BMI). We use structural equation modelling to explore an alternative hypothesis to existing research using area-level deprivation as the predictor of BMI and fast-food outlets and diet quality as mediators.MethodsAdults (n=7544) from wave II of the Yorkshire Health Study provided self-reported diet, height and weight (used to calculate BMI). Diet quality was based on sugary drinks, wholemeal (wholegrain) bread and portions of fruit and vegetables. Fast-food outlets were mapped using the Ordnance Survey Points of Interest within 2 km radial buffers around home postcode which were summed to indicate availability. Age (years), gender (female/male) and long-standing health conditions (yes/no) were included as covariates.ResultsThere was little evidence linking fast-food outlets to diet or BMI. An independent association between fast-food outlet availability and BMI operated counterintuitively and was small in effect. There was also little evidence of mediation between fast-food outlet availability and BMI. However, there was more evidence that area-level deprivation was associated with increased BMI, both as an independent effect and through poorer diet quality.ConclusionThis exploratory study offers a first step for considering complexity and pathways linking fast-food outlets, area-level deprivation, diet quality and BMI. Research should respond to and build on the hypothesised pathways and our simple framework presented within our study.

scholarly journals Bidirectional relations between cognitive function and oral health in ageing persons: a longitudinal cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Kang ◽  
Bei Wu ◽  
David Bunce ◽  
Mark Ide ◽  
Vishal R Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Beta Coefficient ◽  
Bidirectional Relations

Abstract Background evidence suggests a reciprocal relationship between cognitive function (CF) and oral health (OH), but no study has demonstrated this inter-relationship in a longitudinal population. Objective to investigate the bidirectional relationship between CF and OH in an ageing cohort. Design cohort study. Setting general community. Subjects participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Methods OH, measured by teeth status, self-reported OH and OH-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and CFs were collected at three time points in 2006/07, 2010/11 and 2014/15. Cross-lagged structural equation models were used to investigate the association between CF and OH, adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results 5477 individuals (56.4% women) were included (mean age = 63.1 years at 2006/07, 67.2 at 2010/11 and 70.4 at 2014/15, SD = 8.9) in analyses. The average CF score was 46.5(SD = 12.3) at baseline and 41.2 (SD = 13.4) at follow-up. 3350 (61.2%) participants had natural teeth only and 622 (11.2%) were edentulous. In the fully adjusted model, better cognition at baseline was associated with better OH at follow-up (beta coefficient = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01–0.03); conversely better OH at baseline predicted better cognition (beta coefficient = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06–0.18). Similar magnitude and direction of the reciprocal association was evident between cognition and OHRQoL. Conclusions This is the first longitudinal study to demonstrate the positive reciprocal association between CF and OH. The findings suggest the importance of maintaining both good CF and OH in old age.

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