scholarly journals Unification through Generalised Proper Time: The Elementary Construction of the Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Dimensional Spacetime ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
Elementary Construction ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
Structure Of Matter ◽  
Dimensions Of Space

Unification based upon the generalisation of proper time is proposed as a comprehensive framework to account for the fundamental structure of matter, in a manner contrasting with the more familiar approach based on extra dimensions of space. The elementary properties of matter to be incorporated include the Standard Model of particle physics together with a source for the dark sector and a coherent formalism for quantum gravity. We elaborate upon the manner in which all such material phenomena and empirical properties as distributed in an extended 4-dimensional spacetime can be encompassed within, and derived from, the continuous flow of time alone via a generalised arithmetic form for infinitesimal intervals of proper time. This approach will also be compared and contrasted with the basic structure of causal set theory as a means of demonstrating how it is possible to construct a full physical theory essentially from elements of time alone, as explicitly developed from the most elementary level. The conception of time as utilised and elucidated in this theory, with emphasis upon the causal continuum properties and as the basis for unification, will be clarified.

scholarly journals The Dark Sector and the Standard Model from a Local Generalisation of Extra Dimensions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Extra Dimensions ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Dimensional Spacetime ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Spacetime Theory

Many models with structures of matter associated with a structure of extra spatial dimensions have been proposed in recent decades. On employing a further generalisation from the local 4-dimensional spacetime form to a general form for proper time, we describe how matter fields resembling the Standard Model of particle physics can be accommodated far more directly than with a higher-dimensional spacetime theory. The successful identification of key features of visible matter in this non-spatial sector of extra dimensions in turn motivates seeking a candidate for dark matter residing in the original extra spatial dimension sector, and provides a close guide for the explicit form this invisible matter might take. We describe how such Standard Model and dark matter sectors in different extra-dimensional branches of generalised proper time are gravitationally connected through their common root in the local 4-dimensional spacetime and consider further possible mutual interactions and implications in comparison with existing dark matter models. A yet further possible branch of generalised proper time can be connected with dark energy models, hence in principle accounting for all three major components of cosmological structure within this framework.

The Physical World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Manton ◽  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Variational Principles ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Dimensional Spacetime

The book is an inspirational survey of fundamental physics, emphasizing the use of variational principles. Chapter 1 presents introductory ideas, including the principle of least action, vectors and partial differentiation. Chapter 2 covers Newtonian dynamics and the motion of mutually gravitating bodies. Chapter 3 is about electromagnetic fields as described by Maxwell’s equations. Chapter 4 is about special relativity, which unifies space and time into 4-dimensional spacetime. Chapter 5 introduces the mathematics of curved space, leading to Chapter 6 covering general relativity and its remarkable consequences, such as the existence of black holes. Chapters 7 and 8 present quantum mechanics, essential for understanding atomic-scale phenomena. Chapter 9 uses quantum mechanics to explain the fundamental principles of chemistry and solid state physics. Chapter 10 is about thermodynamics, which is built around the concepts of temperature and entropy. Various applications are discussed, including the analysis of black body radiation that led to the quantum revolution. Chapter 11 surveys the atomic nucleus, its properties and applications. Chapter 12 explores particle physics, the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism, with a short introduction to quantum field theory. Chapter 13 is about the structure and evolution of stars and brings together material from many of the earlier chapters. Chapter 14 on cosmology describes the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. Finally, Chapter 15 discusses remaining problems at the frontiers of physics, such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the ultimate nature of particles. Some speculative ideas are explored, such as supersymmetry, solitons and string theory.

scholarly journals Xenon-1T excess as a possible signal of a sub-GeV hidden sector dark matter

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Aboubrahim ◽  
Michael Klasen ◽  
Pran Nath
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Mass Splitting ◽  
Recoil Energy ◽  
Dirac Fermions ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Dark Photon ◽  
Physics Model

Abstract We present a particle physics model to explain the observed enhancement in the Xenon-1T data at an electron recoil energy of 2.5 keV. The model is based on a U(1) extension of the Standard Model where the dark sector consists of two essentially mass degenerate Dirac fermions in the sub-GeV region with a small mass splitting interacting with a dark photon. The dark photon is unstable and decays before the big bang nucleosynthesis, which leads to the dark matter constituted of two essentially mass degenerate Dirac fermions. The Xenon-1T excess is computed via the inelastic exothermic scattering of the heavier dark fermion from a bound electron in xenon to the lighter dark fermion producing the observed excess events in the recoil electron energy. The model can be tested with further data from Xenon-1T and in future experiments such as SuperCDMS.

Forces of the World Unite!

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Electroweak Force ◽  
Structure Of Matter

The structure of matter and the forces that are important in particle physics are now understood in terms of the Standard Model, which is currently being tested at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Since the 1930s, physicists have used particle accelerators to investigate the structure of matter. Three forces are important in particle interactions, the strong force, the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The weak and electromagnetic forces are now recognized as two components of a unified electroweak force. The strong force and the electroweak force act on a small collection of fundamental particles that include quarks, the subcomponents of protons, neutrons and many other particles. The final missing piece of the Standard Model, the Higgs boson, was discovered by the LHC in 2012.

scholarly journals Dark side of the neutron?

2019 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 05005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Fornal ◽  
Benjamín Grinstein
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Decay Channel ◽  
Branching Fraction ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Neutron Lifetime ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dark Decay ◽  
Theoretical Developments

We discuss our recently proposed interpretation of the discrepancy between the bottle and beam neutron lifetime experiments as a sign of a dark sector. The difference between the outcomes of the two types of measurements is explained by the existence of a neutron dark decay channel with a branching fraction 1%. Phenomenologically consistent particle physics models for the neutron dark decay can be constructed and they involve a strongly self-interacting dark sector. We elaborate on the theoretical developments around this idea and describe the efforts undertaken to verify it experimentally.

scholarly journals Emergence of Time in Quantum Gravity: Is Time Necessarily Flowing?

KronoScope ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Martinetti
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
List Type ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Dimensional Space Time ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
Time In Quantum Mechanics

Abstract We discuss the emergence of time in quantum gravity and ask whether time is always “something that flows.” We first recall that this is indeed the case in both relativity and quantum mechanics, although in very different manners: time flows geometrically in relativity (i.e., as a flow of proper time in the four dimensional space-time), time flows abstractly in quantum mechanics (i.e., as a flow in the space of observables of the system). We then ask the same question in quantum gravity in the light of the thermal time hypothesis of Connes and Rovelli. The latter proposes to answer the question of time in quantum gravity (or at least one of its many aspects) by postulating that time is a state-dependent notion. This means that one is able to make a notion of time as an abstract flow—that we call the thermal time—emerge from the knowledge of both: the algebra of observables of the physical system under investigation; a state of thermal equilibrium of this system. Formally, the thermal time is similar to the abstract flow of time in quantum mechanics, but we show in various examples that it may have a concrete implementation either as a geometrical flow or as a geometrical flow combined with a non-geometric action. This indicates that in quantum gravity, time may well still be “something that flows” at some abstract algebraic level, but this does not necessarily imply that time is always and only “something that flows” at the geometric level.

scholarly journals The Most Probable Cosmic Scale Factor Consistent with the Cosmological Principle, General Relativity and the SMPP

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur N. James
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
New Model ◽  
Cosmological Principle ◽  
Cosmic Scale ◽  
Einstein's Equation ◽  
The One

Current literature on the evolution of the cosmic scale factor is dominated by models using a dark sector, these all involve making many conjectures beyond the basic assumption that the Cosmological Principle selects a space–time metric of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker type through which ordinary Standard Model of Particle Physics matter moves according to General Relativity. In this chapter a different model is made using the same basic assumptions but without making extra conjectures, it depends on following the idea introduced by Boltzmann that when physically meaningful concepts fluctuate the value which will be observed is the one which has the highest probability. This change removes the mathematically incorrect procedure of averaging the matter density before solving Einstein’s Equation, the procedure which causes the introduction of many of the conjectures. In the non-uniform era the changes are that the evolution of the scale factor is influenced by the formation of structure and removes the conjecture of having to use two inconsistent probability distributions for matter through space, one to calculate the scale factor and one to represent structure. The new model is consistent from the earliest times through to the present epoch. This new model is open and matches SNe 1a redshift data, an observation which makes it a viable candidate and implies that it should be fully investigated.

scholarly journals Composição histórica da teoria eletrofraca: da reformulação V-A à detecção dos bósons W+, W- e Z0

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Marcia da Costa ◽  
Irinéa de Lourdes Batista
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Theory Theory ◽  
Electroweak Theory ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
Cognitive Values ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Structure Of Matter

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar uma Composição Histórica a respeito de estudos que culminaram na elaboração da teoria de unificação das interações eletromagnéticas e fracas, a Teoria Eletrofraca. Entende-se que as contribuições teóricas e experimentais envolvidas nesse processo constituíram novos rumos para a Física de Partículas daquela época e elucidaram questões relevantes para o entendimento da estrutura da matéria. Neste artigo, serão apresentados estudos que partem da Teoria V-A, apresentam as primeiras hipóteses de bósons mediadores para a interação fraca, possíveis relações entre as interações fracas e eletromagnéticas, e as contribuições teóricas e experimentais que consolidaram a Teoria Eletrofraca.  Este artigo foi elaborado com base em encaminhamentos metodológicos de pesquisas em História da Ciência e pressupostos da elaboração de uma Composição Histórica, considerando fontes primárias e seguindo os princípios de inteligibilidade, valores cognitivos e fidedignidade, que resultam em um material que reúne elementos históricos, epistemológicos, axiológicos e científicos para a inteligibilidade de um conteúdo científico com objetivos pedagógicos e de disseminação de conhecimentos.Historical composition of electroweak theory: from V-A reformulation to detection of W+, W- and Z0 bosonsAbstractThis paper aims to present a Historical Composition about studies that culminated in the elaboration of the theory of unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions, the Electroweak Theory. It is understood that the theoretical and experimental contributions involved in this process constitute new directions for Particle Physics of that time and clarified relevant issues for the understanding of the structure of matter. In this article we will present studies that depart from Theory V-A, present the first hypothesis of mediating bosons for the weak interaction, possible relations between weak and electromagnetic interactions, and the theoretical and experimental contributions that consolidated the Electro-Theory Theory. This article was elaborated based on methodological referrals of research in History of Science and assumptions of the elaboration of a Historical Composition, considering primary sources and following the principles of intelligibility, cognitive values and reliability, which result in a material that brings together historical, epistemological elements axiological and scientific for the intelligibility of a scientific content with pedagogical purpose and knowledge dissemination.Keywords: Electroweak theory; Historical composition; Unification; Historical experiments.

scholarly journals Neutron’s dark secret

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (31) ◽  
pp. 2030019
Author(s):  
Bartosz Fornal ◽  
Benjamín Grinstein
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Neutron Lifetime ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Lifetime Measurements ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Dark Decay ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The existing discrepancy between neutron lifetime measurements in bottle and beam experiments has been interpreted as a sign of the neutron decaying to dark particles. We summarize the current status of this proposal, including a discussion of particle physics models involving such a portal between the Standard Model and a baryonic dark sector. We also review further theoretical developments around this idea and elaborate on the prospects for verifying the neutron dark decay hypothesis in current and upcoming experiments.

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