Role of natural and synthetic immunotropic agents in the prevention of acute respiratory infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
G.G. Maryin ◽  
◽  
A.V. Tutelyan ◽  
O.A. Gruzdeva ◽  
Yu.A. Goloverova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (influenza, acute respiratory infections (ARIs), community-acquired pneumonia, etc.) pose a serious threat to organized groups (including military personnel, cadets, students of military universities, and schools). The most common complication of ARI is community-acquired pneumonia, severe forms of which may result in an unfavorable outcome. The use of some drugs, such as Carmolis ensures a 2.0–3.8 times reduction in the incidence of ARIs in organized groups and a 2.3–3.0 times reduction in the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia. Carmolis has a pronounced non-specific protective effect and increases resistance to respiratory tract infections by promoting nonspecific resistance of the organism. This prevents significant economic damage and reduces the number of complications and poor outcomes. Keywords: organized groups, biological and social emergencies, respiratory tract infections, community-acquired pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, coronavirus infection, Carmolis, non-specific resistance, non-specific prevention of acute respiratory infections, epidemiological effectiveness

scholarly journals Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Weaning Status of Infants Admitted in Selected Hospitals of Rajshahi- A Case Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Farhana Yasmin ◽  
Md Jawadul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) include upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections. Infections of the respiratory tract are perhaps the most common human ailment. While they are a source of discomfort, disability and loss of time for most adults, they are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. ARI may cause inflammation of the respiratory tract anywhere from nose to alveoli, with a wide range of combination of symptoms and signs. ARI in children is most common among others because heir constant contact with other kids who could be virus carriers. Children often don’t wash their hands regularly. They are also more likely to rub their eyes and put their fingers in their mouths, resulting in the spread of viruses. For prevention of malnutrition and infection of child breast feeding is an important determinant of child health in the prevention of malnutrition and infection but in many cultures other food was introduced years before the cessation of breast feeding. In Bangladesh, many infectious diseases such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in infants aged less than one year. The importance of breast feeding in the prevention of infectious diseases during infancy is well known. Objective: In this study our main objective is to evaluate the association between ARI of infant and weaning status of infants admitted in selected Hospitals of Rajshahi. Study place and Method: This study provided a wide range of information regarding ARI and weaning status of infants admitted in selected hospitals of Rajshahi and from the surroundings. This was a case control type of study. A total of 230 caregiver or mothers were interviewed. Result & discussion: It was found that the relationship between weaning status of infants and occurrence of ARI was statistically significant (p<0.001). It was showed that majority of the babies of the case group were weaned by Cow’s milk and within the control group by mashed rice. The association between occurrence of ARI and type of weaning food was statistically significant (p<0.001). It was also found that majority of the babies living in rural areas developed ARI and also within the case group majority (29.6%) of the babies who were not exclusively breast fed developed ARI and the association between occurrence of ARI and EBF was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our study suggests that proportion of ARI is more among the infants who were weaned earlier. TAJ 2019; 32(1): 70-81

Role of Human Coronaviruses in Acute Respiratory Infections and Seroprevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in children

2020 ◽  
Vol EJMM29 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Ghada A. Fahmy ◽  
Dina M. Erfan ◽  
Sondos M. Magdy ◽  
Rania A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Coronaviruses have been the focus of many studies since the emergence of SARS-CoV. Data on the role of MERS-CoV in respiratory tract infection and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in Egypt are limited. Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of coronaviruses in respiratory tract infections and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in pediatric age group. Methodology: Respiratory samples were collected from 80 children with respiratory infections for detection of coronaviruses using PCR technique. Serum samples were collected from 200 children for detection of MERS-CoV IgG immunolglobulins. Results: 4 out of 80 (5%) of the respiratory samples tested positive for coronavirus (OC43 subtype). None of respiratory samples tested positive for MERS-CoV, while MERS-CoV IgG was detected in 1% of serum samples.Conclusion: A low prevalence of coronaviruses was observed in children with respiratory infection. A seroprevalence of 1% MERS-CoV was detected. Further studies are recommended on larger scale.

Acute Respiratory Infections in Children: Etiology and Epidemiology

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Floyd W. Denny
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Complete Discussion ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Microbial Agents

Acute respiratory infections are the most common affliction of humans, and their tendency to occur with much greater frequency in children makes them especially important to the pediatrician. A host of microbial agents can cause acute respiratory infections but only a few are responsive to antimicrobial agents. Because of the paucity of definitive laboratory tools that allow the easy recognition of the cause of acute respiratory infections, it is important for the practicing pediatrician to have other methods that aid in the clinical management of children with these infections. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections with emphasis on how this knowledge can guide the clinician in their management. The groundwork for the major emphasis of the paper will be laid by suggesting a classification of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Causative agents will be enumerated and put into perspective. The major factors associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infections will be discussed in some detail and several risk factors will be evaluated. It is important for the reader to understand that the field of acute respiratory tract infections is so extensive and complex that a complete discussion of the entire field is not possible in this review.

Clinical, epidemiological and etiological features of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitalized patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
S.S. Smirnova ◽  
◽  
E.V. Lelenkova ◽  
A.Yu. Markaryan ◽  
I.V. Vyalykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective. To study the clinical, epidemiological and etiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in in-patients in Ekaterinburg during the epidemic season 2017–2018. Patients and methods. 403 individual medical records were studied. Etiological decoding was carried out by isolating RNA or DNA of respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal swabs by polymerase chain reaction. Results. SARI in hospitalized patients were caused by both influenza viruses (В Yamagata – 25.2% and А(H1N1)pdm09 – 11.0%) and viruses of non-influenza etiology (respiratory syncytial virus (RS-virus) – 13.3%, rhinovirus – 12.9%, metapneumovirus – 11.0%). It was found that viruses were more often secreted in children than in adults; among children of the younger age group (0–2 years old) viruses of non-influenza etiology were detected significantly more often, and in children 7–14 years old, influenza viruses were more often isolated. Patients with upper respiratory tract infections were significantly more likely to have influenza viruses (78.9%) than patients with lower respiratory tract infections (21.1%). Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the importance of hospital surveillance for SARI from the point of view of the etiological diagnosis of respiratory infections, the study of epidemiology and typical clinical manifestations for the timely diagnosis and development of additional preventive and anti-epidemic measures. Key words: hospital surveillance, influenza, PCR diagnostics, respiratory infections, epidemiology, etiology

scholarly journals Revisiting cefditoren for the treatment of community-acquired infections caused by human-adapted respiratory pathogens in adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-José Giménez ◽  
Lorenzo Aguilar ◽  
Juan José Granizo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Tract Infections

Fifteen years after its licensure, this revision assesses the role of cefditoren facing the current pharmacoepidemiology of resistances in respiratory human-adapted pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis). In the era of post- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and in an environment of increasing diffusion of the ftsI gene among H. influenzae isolates, published studies on the cefditoren in vitro microbiological activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmcodynamic (PK/PD) activity and clinical efficacy are reviewed. Based on published data, an overall analysis is performed for PK/PD susceptibility interpretation. Further translation of PK/PD data into clinical/microbiological outcomes obtained in clinical trials carried out in the respiratory indications approved for cefditoren in adults (tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia) is commented. Finally, the role of cefditoren within the current antibiotic armamentarium for the treatment of community respiratory tract infections in adults is discussed based on the revised information on its intrinsic activity, pharmacodynamic adequacy and clinical/bacteriological efficacy. Cefditoren remains an option to be taken into account when selecting an oral antibiotic for the empirical treatment of respiratory infections in the community caused by human-adapted pathogens, even when considering changes in the pharmacoepidemiology of resistances over the last two decades.

scholarly journals 240. Reduction of antibiotic use in children admitted with viral respiratory tract infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S120-S120
Author(s):  
Ankhi Dutta ◽  
Huay-Ying Lo ◽  
Amrita Singh ◽  
Samrah Mobeen ◽  
Kelli Kulik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Process Measures ◽  
Days Of Therapy ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Background Viral respiratory tract infections (VRTI) accounts for a significant proportion of hospitalized children and contributes to a substantial use of health care resources and costs. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends against using antibiotics in uncomplicated viral respiratory infections in children. Overuse of antibiotics ranges between 29–80%. The goal of an Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP) is to decrease antibiotic misuse, lower costs, and prevent emergence of antibiotic resistance in the community. Proportion of children with Viral respiratory tract infections on antibiotics Methods Our smart aim was to reduce antibiotic use by 25% in admitted children with VRTI between October 2019-March 2020. Our outcome measure was to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use during the 2019–20 season by 25%. Process measures included percentage of antibiotic used in viral RTI, antibiotic days of therapy and appropriate audit-feedback from the ASP team to facilitate discontinuation or de-escalation of antibiotics based on culture data. Our balance measure included readmission rates in patients in whom antibiotics were discontinued or de-escalated. Several PDSA cycles implemented with predominant emphasis on communication between ASP team and primary providers. Results No differences were noted in patient demographics including sex, age, ethnicity between the viral season in 2018–19 and 2019–2020. In our previous study in 2018–2019 RSV season, there was 40.7% antibiotic use in patients admitted with RSV bronchiolitis. In 2019–2020 season we included all patients admitted with viral RTI. Of the 213 patients evaluated between October 2019 through Dec 2020, 40% of the patients received antibiotics. 100% of the antibiotics were justified, based on independent review of antibiotic data by the team. Most common cause of antibiotics were community acquired pneumonia, rule out sepsis and otitis media. Antibiotic discontinuation and de-escalation were achieved in over 90% of the justified antibiotics. Conclusion Though antibiotic usage was still at 40% at our institution, 100% of antibiotic use was deemed appropriate and significant proportion were discontinued or deescalated by the ASP team. The ASP team played a crucial role in communicating with the primary providers to advocate for appropriate antibiotic use in the children. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Tonsillopharyngitis 1994

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Floyd W. Denny
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Tract Infections

Acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, including those of the tonsils and pharynx, are the most common affliction of humans; their tendency to occur with much greater frequency in children makes them especially important to the pediatrician. A host of microbial agents can cause these infections, but only a few are responsive to antimicrobial agents. Because of the paucity of definitive laboratory tools that allow easy recognition of the cause of most acute respiratory infections, it is important for the practicing pediatrician to have other methods to aid in the clinical management of children who have these infections. This review will discuss the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections that involve primarily the tonsils and pharynx, with emphasis on how this knowledge can guide clinicians in their management. The groundwork for this approach will be laid by suggesting a classification of upper respiratory tract infections that involve the tonsils and pharynx. Causative agents will be enumerated and put into perspective. The major factors associated with the occurrence of acute upper respiratory tract infections will be discussed. Finally, treatment of the patient who has tonsillopharyngitis will be presented. Uncomplicated acute tonsillopharyngitis will be emphasized primarily and the role of complications only mentioned.

scholarly journals Application of probiotics for acute respiratory tract infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oxana Zolnikova ◽  
Inna Komkova ◽  
Nino Potskherashvili ◽  
Alexander Trukhmanov ◽  
Vladimir Ivashkin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response ◽  
Probiotic Mechanisms ◽  
Tract Infections

We have reviewed the currently published results on a role of the gut microflora in a prevention of acute respiratory infections. The main biological properties of probiotic bacteria are presented in a context of their modulating activity on an inflammatory immune response. Available data on the reduction of a possible risk, duration, and severity of respiratory infection symptoms during a probiotic medication intake were analyzed. Potential antiviral probiotic mechanisms have been reviewed and discussed.

Rational Antibiotic Therapy of Acute Respiratory Infections in Outpatient Practice

2016 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Uliana Chulovska ◽  
Olha Tolokh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Spectrum ◽  
Outpatient Practice ◽  
Tract Infections

The choice of optimal antibiotic therapy in acute respiratory infections is an important and responsible job physician outpatient practices. Macrolide antibiotics are the drugs of choice in many cases of infectious diseases of the respiratory system. Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetic parameters and safety profile of spiramycin, classic representative of 16-membered macrolides, allow you to use it successfully for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.

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