DEKOMPOSISI TONGKOL JAGUNG SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM ETANOL PANAS BERTEKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Corn Cobs

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Corn cobs can be converted into oil by thermochemical liquefaction in the hot compressed ethanol. The aim of this research was to find the optimal temperature which producesmaximum yield of oil and the contained substances in the oil.A 100 ml cylindrical autoclave used in the experiment was loaded with 5 g of dry powdered corncob, 0.25 g of sodium carbonate and 65 ml of ethanol 96%. </em><em>After nitrogen was blown into autoclave, it was heated in the tube furnace until the desired temperature and kept at this temperature for 75 minutes. The reaction temperature range in this research was 260 – 400 <sup>o</sup>C. </em><em>The product was filtered and the filtrate was distillated to obtain oil, </em><em>meanwhile the solid product was dried for 24 hours. The produced oil was extracted with n-hexane to remove glucose and then the compositions of oil was analyzed by GC-MS method. Theresults showed that the maximum yield was 16.78% at reaction temperature of 280 <sup>o</sup>C.</em><em>The oil mostly contained esters from C-20 to lower. The main compound was </em><em>ethyl oleate</em><em>by 47.9% by weight.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>biomass, corn cobs, thermochemical liquefaction, ethanol</em></p><p> </p>

PENCAIRAN TONGKOL JAGUNG SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM ETANOL SUPERKRITIK

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Corn Cobs

<p>Abstract: The use of corn cobs as the biomass feedstock offers promising possibilities for<br />renewable energy production. Corn cobs can be converted into oil by thermochemical<br />liquefaction in the supercritical ethanol. The aims of this research were to find the optimal<br />temperature which produce the maximum yield of oil and the contained substances in the oil. In<br />this research, 5 gram dry corn cob powder was put into 81 ml autoclave in addition of 0.25 gr<br />sodium carbonate and 75 ml ethanol as solvent. After nitrogen was blown into autoclave, it was<br />heated in the tube furnace until it reaches 75 minutes and maintained with the various<br />temperature.The liquid product was distilled to separate oil and volatile matter, meanwhile the<br />solid product was dried for 24 hours. The solid product was extracted with n-hexane to remove<br />glucose. The composititions of oil was analyzed by using GC-MS. The experimental result<br />showed that the maximum yield was 47.10 % when heating time 75 minute. The oil mostly<br />contained esters from C-20 to lower. The main compound was hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester by<br />37.10 % weight and other consist of alkyl esters, phenols, alkanes, etc.<br />Keywords: biomass, corn cobs, thermochemical liquefaction</p>

AN APPARATUS FOR COMPARISON OF THERMOCOUPLES

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Dauphinee
Keyword(s):  
Peak Temperature ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Furnace Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Different Types

This paper describes a semiautomatic apparatus for routine or precision comparisons of thermocouples of the same type in the temperature range 0–1100 °C. The couples being compared are welded together at the tips and placed in a tube furnace which is heated at rates varying from 10 to 100 °C./min. Measurements of carefully annealed thermocouples show that in the temperature range 300–1100 °C. platinum – platinum 10% rhodium thermocouple comparisons may be made to accuracies of ± 0.3 μv. (± 0.03 °C.) at heating velocities as great as 15 °C./min. while accuracies of ± 1.5 μv. at velocities of 100 °C./min. are feasible. The furnace temperature is varied by means of a motor-driven variac with automatic reversal at peak temperature. In addition to this standard comparison procedure, provision is made for comparing corresponding elements of the couples, for suppression of all or part of the measured e.m.f., and for measuring the whole e.m.f. of all couples when a comparison of different types is desired. The system can be adapted to XY recording with total e.m.f. plotted against e.m.f. differences.

Infectivity of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis in relation to temperature, age and lipid content

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hara Menti ◽  
Denis Wright ◽  
Roland Perry
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe infectivity of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis from Greece (GR) and the UK was compared using Galleria mellonella larvae as hosts. Dose-response tests showed that the two Steinernema populations did not differ in their establishment rates but they were more infective than H. megidis UK 211. The temperature range for infectivity was greater than that for development. However, the optimal temperature for infection and development for all populations was 23°C. Infectivity of Steinernema populations was not affected by storage for 12 weeks. However, 12 week-old H. megidis UK 211 infective juveniles (IJ) were less infective than fresh IJ. H. megidis GR showed very low establishment rates at all the doses and temperatures tested, before and after storage. The results are discussed in relation to the nematodes' climatic origin and lipid content. Pouvoir infestant de populations des nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema feltiae et Heterorhabditis megidis suivant la température, l'âge et le contenu lipidique - Le pouvoir infestant de populations des nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema feltiae et Heterorhabditis megidis provenant de Grèce et du Royaume Uni a été comparée, utilisant comme hôte Galleria mellonella. Les tests de dose/réaction ont montré que les taux d'établissement des deux populations ne diffèrent pas mais que leur pouvoir infestant était plus élevée que celle de H. megidis UK211. La plage des températures permettant l'infestation était plus étendue que celle relative au développement. Cependant, les températures optimales pour l'infestation et pour le développement étaient l'une et l'autre de 23°C pour toutes les populations. L'infestivité des populations de Steinernema n'a pas été affectée par un stockage de 12 semaines. Les juvéniles infestants de H. megidis UK211 âgés de 12 semaines montraient toutefois une infestivité plus faible que celle d'individus frais. Les specimens de H. megidis provenant de Grèce présentaient - que ce soit avant ou après le stockage - des taux d'établissement très faibles pour toutes les doses et les températures testées. Ces résultats sont discutés en relation avec l'origine climatique et le contenu lipidique des nématodes.

The Effect of the Pyrolysis Furnace Type on the Yield of Silicon Carbide Whiskers Produced from Rice Husks

2011 ◽  
Vol 312-315 ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Eslami Farsani ◽  
Farshad Akhlaghi ◽  
Arman Sedghi
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Horizontal Tube ◽  
Vertical Tube ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Silicon Carbide Whiskers ◽  
Pyrolysis Furnace ◽  
Vertical Tube Furnace ◽  
Lower Production

The production of silicon carbide whiskers (SiCw) by using rice husks has attracted a considerable attention due to a lower production cost as compared to the other processing routs. In the present investigation, the effect of pyrolysis furnace type (vertical tube, horizontal tube, and graphite chamber) on the yield of the resultant SiCw was investigated. It was concluded that the maximum yield was achieved by using a horizontal tube furnace whereas the minimum yield was obtained in a vertical tube furnace. These results were rationalized in terms of the different conditions for the evacuation of the produced gases from the different pyrolysis furnaces.

Effects of temperature on growth of north-east Pacific moon jellyfish ephyrae, Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad L. Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Bell Diameter ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Moon Jellyfish ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
North East ◽  
East Pacific ◽  
Optimal Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The effects of ten different water temperatures on the growth of newly released ephyrae of Aurelia labiata were explored. Ephyrae grown at 21°C showed the greatest growth, increasing in bell diameter from about 4.0 mm to 14.5 mm in 14 days and remained in good condition for the duration of the experiment. Ephyrae subjected to other temperatures grew at different rates. Ephyrae maintained at 8°C gradually decreased in size during the experiment, shrinking in bell diameter from about 4.0 mm to 3.8 mm by day 14, but remained in apparent good condition. Ephyrae reared at 22.5°C and above everted their bells, were in poor condition, and were unable to feed or swim effectively by about day ten. In this study the optimal temperature range for rearing A. labiata ephyrae was 12°C—21°C, which corresponds with the reported range for this species.

Research on Additives Assisted Catalytic Cyclo-Dehydration of 1, 4-Butanediol to Tetrahydrofuran in Near-Critical Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yang ◽  
Li Yi Dai ◽  
Jin Shou Wang ◽  
Hong Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Water Ratio

We herein report the cyclo-dehydration of 1,4-butanediol (BD) assisted with additives to form tetrahydrofuran (THF) in near-critical water (NCW).Three additives including Fe2(SO4)3,ZnSO4 and NaHSO4 were screened. Effects of various experimental parameters such as temperature (260-340°C), time (60-180min), reactant/water ratio (r/w, 1:10-1:40) and pressure (15-25MPa) on the yield of THF were examined. Without the presence of additives, the results showed that increasing temperature favored the cyclo-dehydration of BD to form THF. The maximum yield (52.61 wt. %) was obtained at temperature of 340°C and time of 180 min. With the presence of additives, at temperature range of 260~300°C and time range of 60~130min, all the additives selected can promote the cyclo-dehydration of BD to yield THF. However, with further increasing temperature and time, the additives would suppress the formation of THF. The catalytic activity toward the production of THF in the order of Fe2(SO4)3> ZnSO4> NaHSO4. The maximum yield of THF assisted with Fe2(SO4)3 could reach as high as 59.85 wt. % at 320°C, 120 min. Large reactant/water ratio would not benefit the yield of THF because of the dilution of additive. Increasing the pressure will slightly increase the yield of THF. Base on experimental results, a possible reaction mechanism and pathway of dehydration of BD was proposed in NCW.

DEKOMPOSISI AMPAS TEBU SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM AIR PANAS BERTEKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Heating Time ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Hot Compressed Water ◽  
Thermochemical Decomposition

<p><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><em> Recently, waste bagasse in large numbers only thrown away, burned, and have notbeen used optimally. Although bagasse has been used, the waste bagasse is still piling up and considered as waste that pollute the environment. To take advantage of this biomass waste, themethod chosen is a thermochemical decomposition in hot compressed water. A 100 mL autoclave used in the experiment was loaded with 5 g dry powdered bagasse, 0.25 g catalyst (sodiumcarbonate) and 65 mL water. After having blown with nitroqen, the autoclave washeated in the tube furnace until the temperature was 280<sup>0</sup>C, and then kept at this temperaturefor the desired time. The desired time variations are 65, 70, 75, 80, and 85 minutes. The liquidand the solid product removed from the autoclave were separated by filtration. The liquidproduct was distillated to obtain oil. The results showed that the maximum oil was obtained at280<sup>0</sup>C with an optimum heating time was 80 minutes. From the analysis by GC-MS methode,the oil obtained contains several compounds such as ketones, phenols and its derivatives,syringol and its derivatives, furan and its derivatives, and offrers.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> waste bagasse, thermochemical decomposition, GC-MS, syringol.</em></p>

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