PENCAIRAN TONGKOL JAGUNG SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM ETANOL SUPERKRITIK

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Corn Cobs

<p>Abstract: The use of corn cobs as the biomass feedstock offers promising possibilities for<br />renewable energy production. Corn cobs can be converted into oil by thermochemical<br />liquefaction in the supercritical ethanol. The aims of this research were to find the optimal<br />temperature which produce the maximum yield of oil and the contained substances in the oil. In<br />this research, 5 gram dry corn cob powder was put into 81 ml autoclave in addition of 0.25 gr<br />sodium carbonate and 75 ml ethanol as solvent. After nitrogen was blown into autoclave, it was<br />heated in the tube furnace until it reaches 75 minutes and maintained with the various<br />temperature.The liquid product was distilled to separate oil and volatile matter, meanwhile the<br />solid product was dried for 24 hours. The solid product was extracted with n-hexane to remove<br />glucose. The composititions of oil was analyzed by using GC-MS. The experimental result<br />showed that the maximum yield was 47.10 % when heating time 75 minute. The oil mostly<br />contained esters from C-20 to lower. The main compound was hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester by<br />37.10 % weight and other consist of alkyl esters, phenols, alkanes, etc.<br />Keywords: biomass, corn cobs, thermochemical liquefaction</p>

DEKOMPOSISI TONGKOL JAGUNG SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM ETANOL PANAS BERTEKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Corn Cobs

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Corn cobs can be converted into oil by thermochemical liquefaction in the hot compressed ethanol. The aim of this research was to find the optimal temperature which producesmaximum yield of oil and the contained substances in the oil.A 100 ml cylindrical autoclave used in the experiment was loaded with 5 g of dry powdered corncob, 0.25 g of sodium carbonate and 65 ml of ethanol 96%. </em><em>After nitrogen was blown into autoclave, it was heated in the tube furnace until the desired temperature and kept at this temperature for 75 minutes. The reaction temperature range in this research was 260 – 400 <sup>o</sup>C. </em><em>The product was filtered and the filtrate was distillated to obtain oil, </em><em>meanwhile the solid product was dried for 24 hours. The produced oil was extracted with n-hexane to remove glucose and then the compositions of oil was analyzed by GC-MS method. Theresults showed that the maximum yield was 16.78% at reaction temperature of 280 <sup>o</sup>C.</em><em>The oil mostly contained esters from C-20 to lower. The main compound was </em><em>ethyl oleate</em><em>by 47.9% by weight.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>biomass, corn cobs, thermochemical liquefaction, ethanol</em></p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Produksi Organic Preservative dan Solid Biofuel dari Hydrothermal Treatment Tongkol Jagung dengan Variasi Temperatur

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Haidar Ali ◽  
Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Yuliansyah
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dimethyl Formamide ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Liquid Products

Corn is one of staple food and influential commodity driving Indonesia’s economy. Indonesia currently produces as high as 19 million tons of corn which contains 50% of biomass in the form of cob. Waste from harvesting and consumption of corn, namely, corn cob (CC) is left as waste. This CC is actually a sustainable, easily accessible, and renewable biomass energy source as an alternative to Indonesia’s depleting fossil fuel reserves. Hydrothermal treatment is a conversion method that has some consequential advantages compared to other methods; e.g. the ability to treat high-moisture biomass like CC and the possibility to use lower temperature. This research aims to produce and characterize liquid and solid fuel subsequent to hydrothermal treatment of CC obtained from Sleman, Yogyakarta. After size reduction, fine particles were mixed with water to form slurry. Slurry was heated in an autoclave for hydrothermal treatment at initial pressure of 2.0 MPa and was held for 200°C, 240°C, and 270°C in 30 minutes. The solid and liquid products were then separated. Liquid was analyzed using GC-MS and solid by using AAS. The result showed that, in comparison to raw material, solid product had higher carbon content which resulted in the increase of calorific value of the solid biofuel. The calorific value of solid product ranged from 19,59 -22,02 MJ/kg or 20,93-35,87% higher than raw materials and 4-17% higher than average coal used in Indonesia. Major component in liquid product are N, N-dimethyl formamide, furfural, and phenolic compound, with benzoic acid present as minor component. The potential of liquid products as organic preservatives are examined by testing the tenacity of wood against termite according to ASTM D3345-74 standard method. Result showed that liquid product were effective in exhibiting termiticidal activity and temperature 200°C showed the optimum condition. Keywords: corn cob, hydrothermal treatment, organic preservatives, solid biofuel Jagung merupakan salah satu makanan pokok dan komoditas yang berpengaruh terhadap ekonomi Indonesia. Produksi jagung Indonesia saat ini mencapai 19 juta ton dan sebanyak 50% berupa tongkol. Limbah dari pemanenan dan konsumsi jagung adalah tongkol jagung (CC) yang cepat busuk dan banyak kelemahannya yang harus ditangani. Sebetulnya, CC merupakan solusi yang berkelanjutan, mudah diperoleh, serta sumber energi terbarukan berupa biomassa yang dapat menjadi alternatif solusi untuk berkurangnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil di Indonesia. Hydrothermal treatment adalah metode konversi yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan jika dibandingkan dengan metode lain seperti kemampuan untuk menangani kandungan air yang tinggi pada CC dan kemungkinan penggunaan temperatur yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi cairan dan padatan yang dihasilkan dari proses hydrothermal terhadap tongkol jagung yang diperoleh dari Sleman, Yogyakarta. Setelah proses reduksi ukuran, partikel halus tersebut dicampur dengan air sehingga terbentuk slurry. Slurry dipanaskan dalam autoclave untuk dijalankan proses hydrothermal dengan tekanan awal sebesar 2.0 MPa dan dijalankan pada suhu 200°C, 240°C, dan 270°C dengan holding time selama 30 menit. Padatan dan cairan yang dihasilkan dipisahkan. Cairan dianalisis dengan GC-MS sedangkan padatan dengan AAS. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dengan perbandingan bahan baku, padatan memiliki kandungan karbon yang lebih tinggi sehingga terjadi kenaikan nilai kalor. Nilai kalor padatan berkisar antara 19,59-22,02 MJ/kg atau 20,93-35,87% lebih tinggi dari bahan baku dan 4-17% dari batubara yang ada saat ini. Cairan yang dihasilkan didominasi oleh N,N-dimethyl formamide, furfural, phenolic compound serta sedikit asam berupa benzoic acid. Pengujian produk cairan sebagai pengawet organik dilakukan dengan pengujian ketahanan kayu terhadap rayap sesuai dengan standar ASTM D3345-74. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa cairan yang dihasilkan cukup efektif sebagai pembunuh rayap dan variasi temperatur 200°C memberikan kondisi yang optimum. Kata kunci: tongkol jagung, proses hidrotermal, pengawet organik, bahan bakar padat

Pengaruh Jenis Co-Solvent terhadap Rendemen dan Mutu Biodiesel secara Transesterifikasi In Situ Menggunakan Radiasi Gelombang Mikro

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Mahlinda Mahlinda ◽  
Fitriana Djafar
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Biodiesel Quality

The main purpose of this research was to observer effect co-solvent type (n-Hexane, chloroform and without co-solvent)  toward yield and quality of biodiesel via in situ transesterification process using microwave irradiation. The process was studied at microwave power 450 watt, reaction time 4 minutes, methanol to seed ratio 25:1 and catalyst concentration 5%. The physicochemical parameters of the biodiesel produced such as viscosity, density and acid value were analysed and compared with the SNI 7182-2012 standard. The experimental result showed the maximum yield biodiesel 78,32% obtained by using co-solvent chloroform.Test result of physicochemical properties (viscosity, density and acid value) of biodiesel products using co solvent n-Hexane, chloroform and without co solvent showed that these products conform to the SNI 7182-2012 standars. The type of co-solvent only affectedon biodiesel yield dan not affected on biodiesel quality (viscosity, density and acid value).  ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis co-solvent (n-Hexane, chloroform dan tanpa co-solvent) terhadap rendemen dan mutu biodiesel secara trasesterifikasi in situ menggunakan radiasi gelombang mikro. Proses dilakukan pada daya gelombang mikro 450 watt, waktu reaksi 4 menit, perbandingan berat metanol terhadap bahan baku 25:1 dan jumlah katalis 5%. Parameter fisiko kimia dari produk biodiesel seperti viskositas, densitas dan angka asam di analisa dan dibandingkan dengan standar SNI 7182-2012 tentang biodiesel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen maksimum biodiesel sebesar 78,32% diperoleh dengan menggunakan co-solvent chloroform. Hasil pengujian  karakteristik fisiko kimia (viskositas, densitas dan angka asam) dari produk biodiesel menggunakan co-solvent n-Hexane, chloroform dan tanpa co-solvent menunjukkan bahwa semua parameter ini masih memenuhi standar SNI 1782-2012 tentang biodiesel. Jenis co-solvent hanya berpengaruh pada rendemen biodiesel dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap mutu biodiesel (viskositas, densitas dan bilangan asam).Kata kunci: co-solvent, in situ transesterifikasi, microwave, rendemen, mutu   

analysis of mechanical properties of ceiling boards based on corn cobs and coconut coir waste with latex adhesive

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ety Jumiati ◽  
Ufik Eliati Tumanggor ◽  
Abdul Halim Daulay
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Fracture Strength ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Optimal Result ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Coconut Coir

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p>Ceiling evelopment by utilizing waste corn cobs, coconut coir with gypsum flour an the adition of latex adhesive. Variations in the composition of the mixture of corn cobs, coconut coir, gypsum flour with latex adhesive include sample A (0:0:100:15), sample B (3:3:94:15), sample C (6:6:88:15), sample D (9:9:82:15), sample E (12:12:76:15), and sample F (15:15:70:15) with emphasis using a <em>hot press </em>and drying for 28 days. The test parameters include flexural strength and fracture strength. The test results show that sample B in the composition (3:3:94:15) is the optimal result. In this composition, the resulting ceiling board has the characteristics of a flexural strength of 3966,39 kgf/cm<sup>2</sup> and a fracture strength of 1088,6 kgf/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p><p><strong><em>Keyword :</em></strong><em> Lateks , Ceiling Board, Coconut Coir, Corn Cob</em></p><p><em> </em></p>

Analysis and Characterization of Solid and Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Chicken Feather and Blood Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Agus Kuncaka ◽  
Rizky Ibnufaatih Arvianto ◽  
Almas Shafira Ramadhanty Bunga Latifa ◽  
Munawir Ramadhan Rambe ◽  
Adhitasari Suratman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Content ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Chicken Waste ◽  
20 Nm

Conversion of feather and blood from chicken slaughterhouse waste for producing solid and liquid organic fertilizer excluding composting process with a variation of the mass ratio of feather and blood of a chicken has been conducted. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content in the solid and liquid product of the hydrothermal carbonization process were analyzed to identify and characterize the possibility of hydrolysate as a source of nitrogen, sulfur, and iron in soil fertilizer. Feather and blood of chicken waste were introduced to a hydrothermal carbonization reactor with the addition of limestone at a temperature range of 160–170 °C for the preparation of solid and liquid organic fertilizer. According to the FTIR interpretation, the solid product had functional groups such as NH, OH, CH sp3, SH, C=O, C=C, C–O–C, and C–H aromatic. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content of the optimal ratio in the solid phase were 4.67%, 1.63%, and 3694.56 ppm, while their contents in the liquid fertilizer were 3.76%, 1.80%, and 221.56 ppm, respectively. The vibration of 478 cm–1 is attributed to Fe–O paramagnetic (Fe2O3) confirmed by TEM images showed the diameter size less than 20 nm indicating the presence of superparamagnetic material.

scholarly journals Using four pelletizing machines with flat die and different capacities for obtaining the best pellets from corn cobs waste

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7058-7073
Author(s):  
Aurel Lunguleasa ◽  
Cosmin Spirchez ◽  
Sorin Radulescu
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Corn Cobs

Making pellets from corn cobs, the goal of this work, was motivated by the abundance of vegetable biomass. Corn is used in both animal and human food. Four pelletizing presses with flat die and different capacities were considered. The influence of the capacity of the pellet mills on the density of the obtained pellets was established by increasing the capacities of the pellet mills to increase the density of the pellets. The waste of crushed corn cobs was used for pelletizing. The energy characteristics of the pellets from corn cobs were determined, with a high calorific value of 20.0 MJ·kg-1 and a calorific density of 19.8 MJ·m-3; these values were much higher than the wood species used currently in combustion. The black and calcined ash contents of 24.7% and 2.3%, respectively, were also obtained. Based on the main properties of experimental pellets, corn cob waste can be regarded as suitable for transformation into pellets with good characteristics. The positive influence of capacity press increase on density of pellets was also highlighted.

The Study on Anaerobic Fermentative Biological Hydrogen Production with Organic Wastes

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 1476-1480
Author(s):  
Xiao Ye Liu ◽  
Yi Sun ◽  
Jian Yu Yang ◽  
Yong Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Brown Sugar

This papre discussed the ability of H2-production and wastewater treatment, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)using a synthesized substrate with brown sugar wastewater was conducted to investigate the hydrogen yield, fermentation type of biohydrogen production, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, respectively. The results show that when the pH value was 4.0～4.5, OLR was 24.5kg/(m3•d), oxidation-reduction potential was -350～-450mv, temperature was 34.0°C～36.0°C, hydraulic retention time was 6h～8h, the maximum yield of biogas production reached 20L/d and the maximum content of hydrogen is 70%. Detection of the end liquid product, ethanol and acetic acid are main, they are 70% ~90% of the total liquid product, so that is called ethanol-type fermentation.

Cellulolytic Enzyme Production by Three Fungi Grown in a Ground Corn Cob Medium1

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUO-SUI YE ◽  
M. L. FIELDS
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Beta Glucosidase

Trichoderma reesei NRRL 11236, Trichoderma viride ATCC 32630, Trichoderma viride ATCC 32098 and Myrothecium verrucaria ATCC 9095 were evaluated for the production of toxic substances with the fertile egg tests. Strains NRRL 11236, ATCC 32630, and ATCC 9095 produced no detectable toxic substance. However, when an oil extract was made of fermented corn cobs, strain ATCC 32098 produced a significant kill of 23.1% of the embryos. Cellulases (C1,Cx) and beta glucosidase production were produced using different ammonium salts as additional nitrogen sources to what the corn cobs contained. Temperatures (23° and 30°C) had no effect on beta glucosidase except for T. viride ATCC 32630 which produced significantly smaller quantities at 30°C than at 23°C.

DEKOMPOSISI AMPAS TEBU SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM AIR PANAS BERTEKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Heating Time ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Hot Compressed Water ◽  
Thermochemical Decomposition

<p><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><em> Recently, waste bagasse in large numbers only thrown away, burned, and have notbeen used optimally. Although bagasse has been used, the waste bagasse is still piling up and considered as waste that pollute the environment. To take advantage of this biomass waste, themethod chosen is a thermochemical decomposition in hot compressed water. A 100 mL autoclave used in the experiment was loaded with 5 g dry powdered bagasse, 0.25 g catalyst (sodiumcarbonate) and 65 mL water. After having blown with nitroqen, the autoclave washeated in the tube furnace until the temperature was 280<sup>0</sup>C, and then kept at this temperaturefor the desired time. The desired time variations are 65, 70, 75, 80, and 85 minutes. The liquidand the solid product removed from the autoclave were separated by filtration. The liquidproduct was distillated to obtain oil. The results showed that the maximum oil was obtained at280<sup>0</sup>C with an optimum heating time was 80 minutes. From the analysis by GC-MS methode,the oil obtained contains several compounds such as ketones, phenols and its derivatives,syringol and its derivatives, furan and its derivatives, and offrers.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> waste bagasse, thermochemical decomposition, GC-MS, syringol.</em></p>

scholarly journals Optimizing Edible Film from Corn Cobs with Surface Response Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 08009
Author(s):  
Ni Ketut Sari ◽  
Adelia Hayu Regita ◽  
Dimas Wahyu Dwi Putra ◽  
Dira Ernawati ◽  
Widi Wurjani
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Edible Films ◽  
Edible Film ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Surface Response Method ◽  
Response Method

The increase in plastic production worldwide has created quite a serious environmental problem. Edible film is an alternative packaging that can decompose naturally, one of the materials that can be used to make edible films is starch. This study aims to determine the composition of corn cob starch and plasticizers that can produce edible films with the best properties. The starch used is derived from corn cobs and the plasticizers used are glycerol and sorbitol. The edible film in this study was made by the casting method by dispersing the raw materials, heating the mixture, printing the edible film and drying the edible film. This research was conducted with variations in the corncob of 5, 6 and 7 in grams and the variation of the ratio of glycerol to sorbitol plasticizer is 2:8; 3:7; 5:5; 7:3; 8:2 (ml). The more starch content increases the thickness of the edible film and tensile strength, but the elongation and water vapor permeability decreases, the best edible film is obtained at the glycerol-sorbitol composition ratio of 5:5 with the amount of corncob starch of 7 grams.

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