DEKOMPOSISI AMPAS TEBU SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM AIR PANAS BERTEKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Heating Time ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Hot Compressed Water ◽  
Thermochemical Decomposition

<p><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><em> Recently, waste bagasse in large numbers only thrown away, burned, and have notbeen used optimally. Although bagasse has been used, the waste bagasse is still piling up and considered as waste that pollute the environment. To take advantage of this biomass waste, themethod chosen is a thermochemical decomposition in hot compressed water. A 100 mL autoclave used in the experiment was loaded with 5 g dry powdered bagasse, 0.25 g catalyst (sodiumcarbonate) and 65 mL water. After having blown with nitroqen, the autoclave washeated in the tube furnace until the temperature was 280<sup>0</sup>C, and then kept at this temperaturefor the desired time. The desired time variations are 65, 70, 75, 80, and 85 minutes. The liquidand the solid product removed from the autoclave were separated by filtration. The liquidproduct was distillated to obtain oil. The results showed that the maximum oil was obtained at280<sup>0</sup>C with an optimum heating time was 80 minutes. From the analysis by GC-MS methode,the oil obtained contains several compounds such as ketones, phenols and its derivatives,syringol and its derivatives, furan and its derivatives, and offrers.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> waste bagasse, thermochemical decomposition, GC-MS, syringol.</em></p>

DEKOMPOSISI PELEPAH PISANG MENJADI GLUKOSA SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM AIR PANAS BERTEKANAN (HOT COMPRESSED WATER)

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Heating Time ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Hot Compressed Water

<p>Abstract: There are huge numbers of waste biomass like banana bark. In this study, the banana<br />bark was decomposed to be glucose with the hot compressed water using 5% Na<br />2<br />of the<br />weight of biomass as catalyst. The instrument used 100 ml autoclave which was heated at 280˚C<br />for several minutes on the tube furnace. The heating time was 25 minutes, 50 minutes; 75<br />minutes, 100 minutes, and 125 minutes. The results indicated that increasing of the length of<br />warming time increasing degradation of glucose produced.<br />Keywords : banana bark, decomposition, glucose, thermochemical<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Gulma Siam (Chromolaena odarata L.) Sebagai Adsorben Logam Timbal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Erni Mohamad ◽  
Intan J. Oputu ◽  
Julhim S. Tangio
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Ion Adsorption ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Carbon Quality ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Time Required

This study aims to utilize (Chromolaena odorata L) as a metal adsorbent. The methods used to make activated charcoal are dehydration, carbonization, and activation. The activated carbon is then characterized to obtain activated charcoal that can be applied, then optimized. The results of activated carbon characterization obtained have reached the activated carbon quality requirements based on the Indonesian Industry Standard (SII No. 0258-88). Based on the adsorption test, the optimum pH of Pb2+ (Pb (NO3) 2 (in distilled water) Chromolaena odorata L charcoal activated by NaOH 0.2 M under varying pH (2,3,4,5,6) is at pH 5 with 69.00% absorption. The optimum contact time required for Pb ion adsorption is 4 hours at variation (1-5 hours) with 70.19% absorption. The optimum concentration at variation (concentration 20; 40; 60; 80; 100 ppm) on Pb ion adsorption is 100 ppm with 76.15% absorption. The optimum heating time is a variation of 1.5; 2; 2.5; and 3 hours of Pb ion adsorption is one hour 30 minutes with an absorption of 65.95%. Based on the optimization results, the activated carbon from the Chromolaena odorata L can be used as an adsorption material against the contamination of lead heavy metals (Pb).

Effects of Heating Time, Electric Power and Frequency on Bending Fatigue Strength of Induction Hardened Gears

2006 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouitsu Miyachika ◽  
Kazuteru Oda ◽  
Hideaki Katanuma ◽  
Jun Iwanaga ◽  
Satoshi Oda
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Fatigue Test ◽  
Hardened Layer ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Bending Fatigue ◽  
Bending Fatigue Test ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Bending Fatigue Strength ◽  
Micro Structures

The measurement of hardened layer and the bending fatigue test of S35C and S45C steel gears induction-hardened under various heating conditions were carried out, and then profiles of hardened layer and S-N curves (bending fatigue strength) were obtained. Effects of the heating time, the electric power and the frequency on profiles and micro-structures of hardened layers of gears were examined. Relationship between the bending fatigue strength and the profile of hardened layer was determined. Optimum heating conditions for the bending fatigue strength of induction-hardened S35C and S45C steel gears were indicated.

Optimum Heating of Thick Wall Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Dzierwa ◽  
Dawid Taler ◽  
Jan Taler ◽  
Marcin Trojan
Keyword(s):  
Heating Time ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Temperature Heating

A method for determining time-optimum fluid temperature changes is presented. In contrast to present standards, two points at the edge of the opening are taken into consideration. The optimum fluid temperature changes are assumed in the form of a simple time function. It is possible to increase the fluid temperature stepwise and then the fluid temperature can be increased with a constant rate at the beginning of the heating process. Due to the stepwise increase in fluid temperature, heating time of a thick-walled component is of the same order as in the case of calculations according to EN 12952-3 European Standard, but the total circumferential stresses on the edge of the hole do not exceed the allowable value.

scholarly journals High-Energy Gamma-Ray Observations of Active Galaxies

1994 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 917-922
Author(s):  
Carl E. Fichtel
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Seyfert Galaxies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Active Galaxies ◽  
Bl Lacertae ◽  
High Energy Gamma ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
Time Variations

AbstractDuring the period from 1992 May to early 1992 November, the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory obtained high-energy gamma-ray data for most of the sky. A total of 18 active galaxies have been seen with high certainty, and it is expected that more will be found in the data when a more thorough analysis is complete. All of those that have been seen are radio-loud quasars or BL Lacertae objects; most have already been identified as blazars. No Seyfert galaxies have been found thus far. If the spectra are represented as a power law in energy, spectral slopes ranging from approximately −1.7 to −2.4 are found. A wide range of z-values exists in the observed sample, eight having values in excess of 1.0. Time variations have been seen, with the timescale for a significant change being as short as days in at least one case. These results imply the existence of very large numbers of relativistic particles, probably close to the central object. Although a large extrapolation is required, their existence also suggests that these active galactic nuclei may be the source of the extragalactic cosmic rays.Subject headings: acceleration of particles — galaxies: active — gamma rays: observations — quasars: general

Dirac's large number hypothesis: A journey from concept to implication

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (08) ◽  
pp. 1930014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saibal Ray ◽  
Utpal Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Soham Ray ◽  
Arjak Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Cosmic Time ◽  
Dimensionless Numbers ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Large Number Hypothesis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Work Relationship

Large dimensionless numbers, arising out of ratios of various physical constants, intrigued many scientists, especially Dirac. Relying on the coincidence of large numbers, Dirac arrived at the revolutionary hypothesis that the gravitational constant [Formula: see text] should vary inversely at the cosmic time [Formula: see text]. This hypothesis of Dirac, known as the Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), sparked off many speculations, arguments and new ideas in terms of applications. Works done by several authors with LNH as their basic platform are extensively reviewed in this work. Relationship between some of those works are pointed out here elaborately. Possibility of time variations of physical constants other than [Formula: see text] as well as large numbers in various realm of physical and biological sciences are also discussed.

scholarly journals Derivatization and Spectrophotometric Quantification of Pamidronate in Bulk and Dosage Forms

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Sherif A. Abdel- Gawad
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Method Validation ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Optimum Heating

Aims: To quantify pamidronate in a sensitive and accurate way either in bulk or dosage forms. Methodology: The quantification of this group of drugs is a challenging task as they lack the presence of chromophore groups in their structure. The proposed method depends on the derivatization of the studied drug by its reaction with 4-Chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxazole and the product is measured spectrophotometrically at 470 nm. The conditions for the reaction are optimized regarding the volume of the reagent, the optimum pH for the reaction completion, the buffer volume, the optimum temperature for the reaction and the optimum heating time. Results: The studied drug can be determined in the range of 9-30 µg/mL after optimizing the reaction conditions. Method validation is performed according to ICH guidelines and different validation parameters like, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness are calculated and found to be excellent. Conclusion: The proposed method is accurate, sensitive and can be applied for the routine analysis of pamidronate in quality control laboratories.

Evaluation of the combustion behaviour and ash characteristics of biomass waste derived fuels, pine and coal in a drop tube furnace

Fuel ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 809-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gongliang Wang ◽  
R.B. Silva ◽  
J.L.T. Azevedo ◽  
S. Martins-Dias ◽  
M. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Drop Tube ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Drop Tube Furnace

DEKOMPOSISI TONGKOL JAGUNG SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM ETANOL PANAS BERTEKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bregas Siswo Tatag Sembodo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Corn Cobs

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Corn cobs can be converted into oil by thermochemical liquefaction in the hot compressed ethanol. The aim of this research was to find the optimal temperature which producesmaximum yield of oil and the contained substances in the oil.A 100 ml cylindrical autoclave used in the experiment was loaded with 5 g of dry powdered corncob, 0.25 g of sodium carbonate and 65 ml of ethanol 96%. </em><em>After nitrogen was blown into autoclave, it was heated in the tube furnace until the desired temperature and kept at this temperature for 75 minutes. The reaction temperature range in this research was 260 – 400 <sup>o</sup>C. </em><em>The product was filtered and the filtrate was distillated to obtain oil, </em><em>meanwhile the solid product was dried for 24 hours. The produced oil was extracted with n-hexane to remove glucose and then the compositions of oil was analyzed by GC-MS method. Theresults showed that the maximum yield was 16.78% at reaction temperature of 280 <sup>o</sup>C.</em><em>The oil mostly contained esters from C-20 to lower. The main compound was </em><em>ethyl oleate</em><em>by 47.9% by weight.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>biomass, corn cobs, thermochemical liquefaction, ethanol</em></p><p> </p>

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