scholarly journals Shades of Fake News: Manifestation, Effects and Ways to Combat False Information

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Alexandru Cristian Dumitrache
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False Information ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Different Types ◽  
News Effects

In a continually changing global political environment, fake news has become a widely debated topic by both researchers and ordinary people. Despite the relevance and the diversity of approaches, few studies have focused on the typology of fake news in specialised scientific literature, while proper assessment methods and detection techniques are not well-established yet. This paper addresses the complex concept of fake news, presenting its significance and highlighting its different types, from propaganda to news satire; the moderators of the fake news effects and the ways to counter disinformation. This exploratory study reveals that solutions to combat the phenomenon exist, but they focus more on effects rather than on causes, leaving space open for further research.

Fake News

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Kalsnes
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False Information ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fact Checking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

Fake news is not new, but the American presidential election in 2016 placed the phenomenon squarely onto the international agenda. Manipulation, disinformation, falseness, rumors, conspiracy theories—actions and behaviors that are frequently associated with the term—have existed as long as humans have communicated. Nevertheless, new communication technologies have allowed for new ways to produce, distribute, and consume fake news, which makes it harder to differentiate what information to trust. Fake news has typically been studied along four lines: Characterization, creation, circulation, and countering. How to characterize fake news has been a major concern in the research literature, as the definition of the term is disputed. By differentiating between intention and facticity, researchers have attempted to study different types of false information. Creation concerns the production of fake news, often produced with either a financial, political, or social motivation. The circulation of fake news refers to the different ways false information has been disseminated and amplified, often through communication technologies such as social media and search engines. Lastly, countering fake news addresses the multitude of approaches to detect and combat fake news on different levels, from legal, financial, and technical aspects to individuals’ media and information literacy and new fact-checking services.

scholarly journals Exploring the instrumental and reactive violence dichotomy in the offences of violent psychopaths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jane Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Secondary Variants ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms

<p>In the literature acts of violence are often divided into two dichotomous subtypes: instrumental and reactive violence. The two types of violence are considered to be underpinned by different theoretical paradigms, social learning theory and frustration aggression. This division, although widely criticised and lacking conceptual clarity, appears to be generally accepted in scientific literature. This exploratory study used multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis to see how violence characteristics co-occur in the offences of seriously violent psychopathic offenders; and whether the co-occurrence of offence variables could be explained by the instrumental and reactive dichotomy. The study also explored whether instrumental and reactive violence characteristics differentiate primary and secondary variants of psychopathy, with the hypotheses that primary psychopaths would show more instrumental features in their violence and secondary psychopaths show more reactive features. Findings show that violence characteristics do no co-occur as a mutually exclusive dichotomy and that rather, many violent acts have mix of reactive and instrumental characteristics, reflecting a dimensional rather than a dichotomous structure. This in turn suggests that act specific theories may not be necessary to describe different types of violence. Contrary to prediction, psychopathic subtypes did not differ on violence characteristics.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring the instrumental and reactive violence dichotomy in the offences of violent psychopaths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jane Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Secondary Variants ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms

<p>In the literature acts of violence are often divided into two dichotomous subtypes: instrumental and reactive violence. The two types of violence are considered to be underpinned by different theoretical paradigms, social learning theory and frustration aggression. This division, although widely criticised and lacking conceptual clarity, appears to be generally accepted in scientific literature. This exploratory study used multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis to see how violence characteristics co-occur in the offences of seriously violent psychopathic offenders; and whether the co-occurrence of offence variables could be explained by the instrumental and reactive dichotomy. The study also explored whether instrumental and reactive violence characteristics differentiate primary and secondary variants of psychopathy, with the hypotheses that primary psychopaths would show more instrumental features in their violence and secondary psychopaths show more reactive features. Findings show that violence characteristics do no co-occur as a mutually exclusive dichotomy and that rather, many violent acts have mix of reactive and instrumental characteristics, reflecting a dimensional rather than a dichotomous structure. This in turn suggests that act specific theories may not be necessary to describe different types of violence. Contrary to prediction, psychopathic subtypes did not differ on violence characteristics.</p>

scholarly journals ‘Fake news’ is the invention of a liar: How false information circulates within the hybrid news system

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Giglietto ◽  
Laura Iannelli ◽  
Augusto Valeriani ◽  
Luca Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False Information ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Global Circulation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Change Of Perspective ◽  
Micro Level

Alarmed by the oversimplifications related to the ‘fake news’ buzzword, researchers have started to unpack the concept, defining diverse types and forms of misleading news. Most of the existing works in the area consider crucial the intent of the content creator in order to differentiate among different types of problematic information. This article argues for a change of perspective that, by leveraging the conceptual framework of sociocybernetics, shifts from exclusive attention to creators of misleading information to a broader approach that focuses on propagators and, as a result, on the dynamics of the propagation processes. The analytical implications of this perspective are discussed at a micro level (criteria to judge the falsehood of news and to decide to spread it), at a meso level (four possible relations between individual judgements and decisions), and at a macro level (global circulation cascades). The authors apply this theoretical gaze to analyse ‘fake news’ stories that challenge existing models.

scholarly journals “Fake News” Is Not Simply False Information: A Concept Explication and Taxonomy of Online Content

2019 ◽  
pp. 000276421987822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Molina ◽  
S. Shyam Sundar ◽  
Thai Le ◽  
Dongwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Online News ◽  
Citizen Journalism ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Online Content ◽  
False Information ◽  
Message Source ◽  
Different Types ◽  
False News ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Source Structure

As the scourge of “fake news” continues to plague our information environment, attention has turned toward devising automated solutions for detecting problematic online content. But, in order to build reliable algorithms for flagging “fake news,” we will need to go beyond broad definitions of the concept and identify distinguishing features that are specific enough for machine learning. With this objective in mind, we conducted an explication of “fake news” that, as a concept, has ballooned to include more than simply false information, with partisans weaponizing it to cast aspersions on the veracity of claims made by those who are politically opposed to them. We identify seven different types of online content under the label of “fake news” (false news, polarized content, satire, misreporting, commentary, persuasive information, and citizen journalism) and contrast them with “real news” by introducing a taxonomy of operational indicators in four domains—message, source, structure, and network—that together can help disambiguate the nature of online news content.

scholarly journals Communication transparency in ethical and traditional banking in Spain

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Baraibar-Diez ◽  
María D.Odriozola ◽  
José Luis Fernández Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Information Channels

Transparency is a key value in the thinking of ethical banks, but do they perform different practices over traditional banking that justify or support that commitment to transparency? This study examines transparency in the communication process in two different types of banking in Spain: ethical/alternative banking and traditional banking. The identification of an explicit commitment to transparency, the analysis of disclosed information, the identification of information channels and the identification of stakeholders allow assessing transparency, which appears as a complex concept that has more to do with corporate philosophy rather than with the actions developed to achieve a greater transparency level, where the resources of the financial institution seem to prevail over the thinking of the organization. This exploratory study will contribute to the knowledge about ESG information disclosure in the banking industry, developing the identification of practices that improve transparency and will result in greater efficiency in decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Intelligent Detection of False Information in Arabic Tweets Utilizing Hybrid Harris Hawks Based Feature Selection and Machine Learning Models

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Thaer Thaher ◽  
Mahmoud Saheb ◽  
Hamza Turabieh ◽  
Hamouda Chantar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
User Profile ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False Information ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Fake or false information on social media platforms is a significant challenge that leads to deliberately misleading users due to the inclusion of rumors, propaganda, or deceptive information about a person, organization, or service. Twitter is one of the most widely used social media platforms, especially in the Arab region, where the number of users is steadily increasing, accompanied by an increase in the rate of fake news. This drew the attention of researchers to provide a safe online environment free of misleading information. This paper aims to propose a smart classification model for the early detection of fake news in Arabic tweets utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, Machine Learning (ML) models, and Harris Hawks Optimizer (HHO) as a wrapper-based feature selection approach. Arabic Twitter corpus composed of 1862 previously annotated tweets was utilized by this research to assess the efficiency of the proposed model. The Bag of Words (BoW) model is utilized using different term-weighting schemes for feature extraction. Eight well-known learning algorithms are investigated with varying combinations of features, including user-profile, content-based, and words-features. Reported results showed that the Logistic Regression (LR) with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) model scores the best rank. Moreover, feature selection based on the binary HHO algorithm plays a vital role in reducing dimensionality, thereby enhancing the learning model’s performance for fake news detection. Interestingly, the proposed BHHO-LR model can yield a better enhancement of 5% compared with previous works on the same dataset.

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