scholarly journals Teknologi Haploid Anyelir: Studi Tahap Perkembangan Mikrospora dan Seleksi Tanaman Donor Anyelir

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Suskandari Kartikaningrum ◽  
A Purwito ◽  
G A Watimena ◽  
Budi Marwoto ◽  
D Sukma
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Donor Plant ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Major Donor ◽  
Breakthrough Innovation

Pengembangan teknologi haploidisasi merupakan salah satu terobosan yang diharapkan mampu mempercepat kebangkitan industri florikultura di Indonesia. Teknologi tersebut dapat menghasilkan tanaman homozigot murni atau tanaman haploid ganda. Tujuan penelitian ialah (1) mengetahui tahap perkembangan bunga, mikrospora, dan viabilitasnya, (2) mendapatkan medium inisiasi yang potensial untuk kultur anter atau mikrospora anyelir. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias, Segunung dan Laboratorium Microtechnique, Departemen Agronomi, Institut Pertanian Bogor, mulai September 2009 sampai dengan Oktober 2010. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan ialah lima genotip Dianthus chinensis. Pengamatan mikrospora dengan pengecatan menggunakan DAPI dan FDA, seleksi medium inisiasi, dan tanaman donor dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menghasilkan lima genotip D. chinensis yang memiliki kecepatan anthesis yang relatif sama, yaitu berkisar antara 14-16 hari, mempunyai ciri-ciri spesifik, yaitu adanya perubahan warna anter pada fase perkembangan kuncup bunga yang sama dan pada genotip V11, V13, dan V15 yang memiliki ukuran mikrospora bervariasi. Jumlah mikrospora per anter terbanyak ditemukan pada genotip V11, yaitu 30.400. Rasio tahap perkembangan mikrospora berubah sejalan dengan perubahan tahap perkembangan kuncup bunga dengan persentase late-uninucleate tertinggi (44,64%) pada saat kuncup bunga mencapai ukuran antara 1,31 dan 1,51 cm, dan belum ada perubahan warna anter. Viabilitas mikrospora berkisar antara 40-60% dan persentase tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh genotip V11. Fase perkembangan mikrospora T3 (ukuran kuncup 1,31-1,50 cm, warna anter putih) berpotensi untuk pengujian lebih lanjut. Medium inisiasi yang dipilih ialah medium M2 dan M5 yang akan diuji lebih lanjut. Genotip V11 ditetapkan sebagai tanaman donor utama, sedang genotip lain yang berpotensi yaitu V13 dan V15. Hasil penelitian ini bermanfaat sebagai langkah awal pembuatan protokol kultur anter tanaman anyelir.<br /><br /><br />The development of haploid technology is one of the breakthrough innovation to fasten the revival of floriculture industry in Indonesia. Homozygous double haploid plants can be produced through this technology. The aims of this research were to determine (1) flower development stage, microspores, and survival, (2) isolation techniques and medium having the potential for initiation of anther or microspores culture of carnation. The study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute, Segunung, and the Microtechnique Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Bogor Agricultural University, from September 2009 to October 2010. Five genotypes of Dianthus chinensis were used in this study. Periodically observations of anther morphology, DAPI and FDA staining, selection of medium, and donor plants were done in this research. The results showed that the D. chinensis genotypes tested had relatively the same growth speed of anther ranged from 14 to 16 days, special characteristics in color change of anther of the flower bud stage development of the same genotype and variation of microspore size among the genotypes V11, V13, and V15. The highest number of microspores per anther was presented in genotype V11 (30,400). The ratio of microspore developmental stage changed in line with flower bud development stage with the highest percentage of late-uninucleate (44.64%) at flower bud size between 1.31 to 1.51 cm, and there was no change in color of anther. Microspore viability ranged between 40 and 60%, and the highest percentage shown by genotype V11. Microspore development phase of  T3 (bud size 1.31-1.50 cm, white anther color) had potential for further testing. The selected initiation media were M2 and M5, which will be examined further. Genotype V11 designated as a major donor plant, while the other potential genotypes were V13 and V15. The results of this study are useful as a first step to develop anther culture protocol on carnation.<br /><br />

Influence of radiation and CO2 enrichment on whole plant net CO2 exchange in roses

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jiao ◽  
M. J. Tsujita ◽  
B. Grodzinski
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Bud Size

At three stages of flowering shoot development, varying the irradiance and CO2 levels had a similar effect on the whole-plant net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) of Samantha rose plants. At 22 °C, the NCER was saturated at 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The duration of the light period was also important in determining daily carbon (C) gain. When roses were exposed to a constant daily radiant energy dose of 17.6 μmol m−2 provided either as a 12-h irradiation interval at 410 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR or 24 h of irradiation at 204 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR, the plants exposed to 24 h of continuous irradiation at the lower photon flux density retained 80% more C. Under saturating irradiance, the net photosynthetic rate at an enriched (1000 μL L−1) CO2 level was almost double that at ambient (350 μL L−1) CO2. However, plants grown at ambient and enriched CO2 levels had similar whole-plant NCERs when compared at the same assay CO2 level. Under CO2 enrichment the flower stem was longer and thicker but the flower bud size at harvest was not significantly different to that of roses grown at the ambient CO2 level. Key words: CO2 enrichment, daily carbon gain, net CO2 exchange rate, radiation, Rosa hybrida

scholarly journals Flowering Induction in Camellia chrysantha, a Golden Camellia Species, with Paclobutrazol and Urea

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1537-1543
Author(s):  
Xiao-Juan Wei ◽  
Jinlin Ma ◽  
Kai-Xiang Li ◽  
Xiao-Jing Liang ◽  
Haiying Liang
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flowering Induction ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Camellia Species ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
High Concentrations

The flowers of Camellia chrysantha, commonly named as golden camellia, are treasured for their unique yellow color and are popularly used for tea. Compared with common camellia flowers that are either red, purple, pink, or white, golden camellia flowers are rare and are in high market demand. Our study was aimed to induce flowering in juvenile C. chrysantha grafted plants with urea and paclobutrazol (PBZ), a growth retardant. Generally, it takes 6–8 years for C. chrysantha seedlings and 5–6 years for grafted plants to set flower buds. With a 4 × 4 factorial design, four dosages of urea (1, 3, 5, or 8 g/plant) and four concentrations of PBZ (50, 150, 350, and 750 ppm) were tested on 4-year-old C. chrysantha grafted plants. Significant interaction between urea and PBZ was observed, and nine of the 16 combinations produced significantly more flower buds than the control, although not all flower buds could open because of abscission. High concentrations of PBZ and high dosages of urea were generally associated with severe defoliation and slow growth of basal stem diameter. When taking bud abscission into account, combinations of 150 ppm PBZ with 1 g urea and 350 ppm PBZ with 3 g urea resulted in significant flowering in juvenile C. chrysantha grafted plants without negative effects on vegetative growth and flower bud size and severe defoliation. This is the first report on flowering induction in a golden camellia species using juvenile plants. Our results suggest that application of optimized PBZ and urea doses can be a potential means for manipulation of early flowering in golden camellia species.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics and transcriptome analysis at different anther development stages of the male sterile mutant MS7–2 in Wucai (Brassica campestris L.)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yitao Yang ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Shaoxing Wang ◽  
Lingyun Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Pollen Abortion ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Sterile Mutant

Abstract Background The discovery of male sterile materials is of great significance for the development of plant fertility research. Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) is a variety of non-heading Chinese cabbage. There are few studies on the male sterility of wucai, and the mechanism of male sterility is not clear. In this study, the male sterile mutant MS7–2 and the wild-type fertile plant MF7–2 were studied. Results Phenotypic characteristics and cytological analysis showed that MS7–2 abortion occurred at the tetrad period. The content of related sugars in the flower buds of MS7–2 was significantly lower than that of MF7–2, and a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accumulated. Through transcriptome sequencing of MS7–2 and MF7–2 flower buds at three different developmental stages (a–c), 2865, 3847, and 4981 differentially expressed genes were identified in MS7–2 at the flower bud development stage, stage c, and stage e, respectively, compared with MF7–2. Many of these genes were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation, and most of them were down-regulated in MS7–2. The down-regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate and secondary metabolite synthesis as well as the accumulation of ROS in MS7–2 led to pollen abortion in MS7–2. Conclusions This study helps elucidate the mechanism of anther abortion in wucai, providing a basis for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of male sterility and the screening and cloning of key genes in wucai.

scholarly journals Leaf Removal and Terminal Bud Size Affect the Fruiting Habits of Cranberry

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Patten ◽  
J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

Percentage of fruiting uprights, fruit set, number of fruit per upright, and flower bud formation of `McFarlin' and `Stevens' cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were reduced by removal of old leaves, new leaves, or both on the upright. Results varied slightly, based on which leaves were removed, time of removal, cultivar, year, and bog site. Percentage of fruiting uprights, flowers and fruit per upright, and fruit set were higher on uprights with a terminal bud size >1 mm in diameter in September than for those <1 mm in diameter. Effects were cultivar and site dependent. Terminal bud size of `McFarlin' was negatively related to the subtending number of fruit and positively related to leaf fresh weight of the upright.

scholarly journals Controlling Flowering of Photoperiodic Ornamental Crops with Light-emitting Diode Lamps: A Coordinated Grower Trial

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingwu Meng ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Michigan State University ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
State University ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Photoperiodic lighting from lamps with a moderate ratio of red [R (600–700 nm)] to far-red [FR (700–800 nm)] light effectively promotes flowering of long-day plants (LDPs). Because of spectral controllability, long life span, and energy efficiency, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional light sources, such as incandescent (INC) and high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. We conducted a coordinated trial with five commercial greenhouse growers to investigate the efficacy of R + white (W) + FR LEDs, with an R:FR of 0.82, to regulate flowering of daylength-sensitive ornamental crops. The trial was also performed in two replicate greenhouses at Michigan State University (MSU). Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ×hybrida), dahlia (Dahlia ×hybrida), dianthus (Dianthus chinensis), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), and verbena (Verbena ×hybrida) were grown under natural short days (SDs) with 4-hour night-interruption (NI) lighting provided by the R + W + FR LEDs or conventional lamps typically used by each grower. Two companies used HPS lamps, whereas the other sites used INC lamps. In addition, a natural SD treatment, a truncated 9-hour SD treatment, or a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) NI treatment was provided at three different sites. With few exceptions, time to flower and flowering percentage of the bedding plant crops tested were similar under the R + W + FR LEDs to that under the conventional lamps at all sites. At MSU, ageratum, dianthus, petunia, snapdragon, and verbena flowered earlier under NI lighting treatments than under 9-hour SDs. In addition, plant height and visible flower bud or inflorescence number at flowering were similar under the R + W + FR LEDs and INC lamps for most crops. Therefore, we conclude that the R + W + FR LEDs are as effective as lamps traditionally used in greenhouses at controlling flowering of photoperiodic plants.

scholarly journals Sorbitol in loquat promotes early flower bud differentiation via the MADS-box transcription factor EjCAL

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Xu ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Meng Qi ◽  
Xiaoying Li ◽  
Junwei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractThe sugar alcohol sorbitol plays an important signaling role in fruit trees. Here, we found that sorbitol significantly increased during flower bud differentiation (FBD) in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) from the physiological FBD stage (EjS1) to the morphological FBD stage (EjS2), and it then decreased in the panicle development stage (EjS3) compared to in EjS2, and in subsequent stages. Spraying sorbitol increased the sorbitol content and thereby promoted early FBD and increased the proportion of flower buds that completed FBD. A transcriptomics analysis showed that the expression of a MADS-box transcription factor (TF) family gene, EjCAL, was highly correlated with the FBD phenotypic data. EjCAL-overexpressing transgenic tobacco exhibited the early FBD phenotype. Using the EjCAL promoter as bait in a yeast-one hybrid (Y1H) assay, the TF ERF12 was identified. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR confirmed that EjERF12 can bind to the EjCAL promoter, and β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity assays demonstrated that EjERF12 can regulate EjCAL expression. Spraying loquat with sorbitol confirmed that EjERF12 and EjCAL expression were regulated by sorbitol. We also identified downstream functional genes (EjUF3GaT1, EjGEF2, and EjADF1) that might be involved in FBD. Finally, we found that the change in the level of hyperoside (a reproduction-related flavonoid) was consistent with that of sorbitol during FBD in loquat, and EjCAL can bind to the EjUF3GaT1 promoter and might thereby regulate hyperoside biosynthesis. Two early- and late-flowering varieties of loquat and EjCAL-overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants were used to confirm this hypothesis.One-sentence summarySorbitol promotes bud differentiation via EjCAL.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of rolC Results in Unique Plant Phenotypes

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Gardner ◽  
Tracy Melberg ◽  
Manju George ◽  
Alan G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Corolla Length ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Ornamental Crops

Expression of the rolC gene in plants has been shown to cause pleiotropic effects, including decreased height. The effects of differential rolC gene expression on plant height, leaf color, root growth, leaf size, corolla length, and stem diameter were determined. Differential expression of rolC in Nicotiana tabacum L. `Samsun' plants was achieved using the 35S promoter, the light-inducible rbcS promoter, or the native rolC promoter. Sixteen plants from the T1 generation—six with the 35S promoter, six with the rbcS promoter, and four with the native rolC promoter—and non-transformed controls were measured for height, internode length, branch number, bud size, corolla length and diameter, root growth, and the number of days to flowering. Steady state mRNA levels of rolC were measured in roots, stems, and leaves to assess relationships between rolC expression level in specific tissues and phenotypes. Plants expressing rolC showed a wide range of phenotypes, with the largest changes in plants expressing rolC using the 35S promoter, which also had the highest rolC mRNA levels. Plants expressing rolC with the rolC or rbcS promoter had significant changes for many measured traits, despite rolC mRNA levels that were not significantly different from non-transformed controls. In general, as rolC mRNA levels increased, so did the severity of the rolC phenotype observed. Three plants, A4, A7, and B9, had unique combinations of traits that did not follow this general trend. Transformation with rolC can be useful in ornamental crops where smaller cultivars are desired.

METHOD OF COMPARATIVE VARIETY ASSESSMENT OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 734-742
Author(s):  
O.E. Khanbabaeva ◽  
◽  
I.V. Berezkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Height Field ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Ornamental Crops

At the present development stage of the ornamental plants selection, there are almost no clear guidelines on the methodology for carrying out variety assessment. Applying the methods used in vegetable and fruit growing for the variety assessment of ornamental crops is incorrect due to the fact that when assessing varieties in ornamental gardening, the leading role belongs to such quality indicators as: color and shape of a leaf, flower or inflorescence, terry, aroma, number of peduncles etc. In addition, such important indicators for industrial floriculture or landscaping of territories as resistance to lodging, resistance to diseases and pests are taken into account indirectly. A characteristic feature of ornamental gardening, in contrast to vegetable growing and fruit growing, is the presence of a very wide variety of varieties within one species, differing in color, doubleness, height, field of use and other qualities, which is extremely important to take into account when carrying out a variety assessment. An integrated method of comparative variety assessment of ornamental plants, when converting all characteristics into relative values (points), simplifies selection and allows choosing the best varieties and hybrids in terms of decorative characteristics that best meet the requirements of modern production. At the same time, as a result of targeted selection, carried out within the relevant garden groups, a recommended assortment is formed, and it covers all existing typical flower colors, including early, middle and late varieties, in terms of flowering time, allowing to prolong the flowering of this crop. The developed methodology for a comprehensive assessment makes it possible to include in the modern assortment varieties that meet various purposes: for cutting in the open field, for forcing in greenhouse complexes and greenhouses, for landscaping gardens and parks.

scholarly journals Synchronizing coffee blossoming and fruit ripening in irrigated crops of the Brazilian Cerrado Mineiro Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Rodrigues Miranda ◽  
Luis Cesar Dias Drumond ◽  
Cláudio Pagotto Ronchi
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Continuous Irrigation ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Non-uniform blossoming due to deficit irrigation is common in perennial crops such as coffee. It usually leads to uneven ripening of fruits and impairs harvesting efficiency and quality of coffee. The effect of different water deficit periods was evaluated on development stage of flower bud at blossoming stages in coffee plantations. We also evaluated the effect of water deficit on growth, productivity, maturation, and physical quality of the bean. Two identical trials were performed on 19-month-old Coffea arabica cultivars (‘Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144’ and ‘Bourbon Amarelo J9’), from June 2008 to July 2009. Irrigation was suspended and resumed at different times (seven treatments) at the pre-flowering stage using a randomized block design with four replicates. The cultivars reached different levels of deficit for the same period of suspended irrigation. In ‘Catuaí’, 60% of the flower buds opened after the coffee plants were exposed to water deficit from early or late June to early September. In ‘Bourbon’, even the longer water deficit period (06/09 to 09/07) did not induce blossoming greater than 20%. Growth was slightly affected during the water withholding period, but not in the subsequent evaluations in October or January. In both cultivars, drought promoted a higher percentage of ripe cherries at harvest than continuous irrigation, regardless of treatment. In conclusion, although blossoming was not a single concentrated event, especially in ‘Bourbon’, withholding irrigation in the pre-flowering stage contributed to uniform fruit ripening in both Arabica coffee cultivars.

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