scholarly journals Peluang dan Tantangan Implementasi Model Pertanian Konservasi di Lahan Kering

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Achmad Rachman

<p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Pertanian konservasi adalah salah satu alternatif model pada praktek pertanian di lahan kering yang dalam jangka panjang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman, efisiensi usahatani, dan kualitas lingkungan melalui perbaikan kualitas tanah. Tulisan ini membahas prospek penerapan pertanian konservasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas tanah dan produktivitas lahan kering. Model pertanian konservasi lebih menekankan pada perbaikan kandungan bahan organik tanah melalui kombinasi 3 pendekatan yaitu olah tanah minimum, pemulsaan, dan pengaturan pola tanam. Introduksi model pertanian konservasi di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, yang umumnya lahan pertaniannya berskala sempit (&lt;1 ha) dihadapkan pada masalah perkembangan gulma dan penurunan produktivitas pada fase awal implementasi, dan lahan yang tidak bersih sehingga berpotensi memicu munculnya hama dan penyakit tertentu. Namun demikian, model pertanian konservasi ini berpotensi untuk mengubah lahan kering terdegradasi atau tidak produktif menjadi lahan pertanian produktif dengan efisiensi usahatani yang tinggi. Dengan manfaat jangka panjang tersebut, maka implementasi pertanian konservasi di lahan kering, yang potensinya mencapai 29,4 juta ha, akan meningkatkan secara signifikan kontribusi lahan kering terhadap upaya mempertahankan swasembada pangan nasional dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani lahan kering. Diperlukan proses dan modifikasi untuk mengadaptasikan teknologi ini yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik agroekosistem, konidisi sosial, dan ekonomi lokal setempat, sehingga berbagai kendala adopsi dapat diminimalisir dan manfaat dapat dioptimalkan baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Selain itu, diperlukan dukungan pemerintah dalam bentuk pelatihan, advokasi, dan bantuan input usahatani untuk meminimalisir resiko kerugian petani terutama pada tahap awal implementasi teknologi.</p><p><em><strong>Abstract.</strong></em> Conservation agriculture is an alternative model to agricultural practices in dryland which in the long term provides a number of benefits including an increase in crop productivity, farm input efficiency and environmental quality through the improvement of soil quality. This paper discusses the prospect for implementing conservation agricultural to improve soil quality and productivity of dryland. The conservation agriculture model emphasizes the improvement of soil organic matter content through a combination of 3 approaches, namely minimum tillage, mulching, and cropping pattern. Introduction of conservation agriculture into developing countries like Indonesia, which are generally small-scale farming (&lt;1 ha), will face a number of obstacles caused by short-term and immediate shortcomings of the technology. These shortcomings include weed development and productivity decline in the early phase of implementation, and the potential to trigger the emergence of certain pests and diseases due to unclean land. However, the practice has the potential to transform degraded or unproductive drylands into more efficient and productive agricultural land. With those long-term benefits of conservation agriculture, its implementation to 29.4 million ha of dryland of Indonesia will boost significantly the contribution of dryland agriculture in sustaining national food self sufficiency and improving the welfare of dryland farmers. Processes and modifications are needed to adapt this practice to suit local agroecosystem, social and local economic characteristics so that various adoption constraints can be minimized and short-term and long-term benefits can be optimized. In addition, government supports are needed in the form of training, advocacy and farm inputs subsidies to minimize the risk of loss of farmers especially in the early stages of technology implementation.</p>

Author(s):  
Amita M Watkar ◽  

Soil, itself means Soul of Infinite Life. Soil is the naturally occurring unconsolidated or loose covering on the earth’s surface. Physical properties depend upon the amount, size, shape, arrangement, and mineral composition of soil particles. It also depends on the organic matter content and pore spaces. Chemical properties depend on the Inorganic and organic matter present in the soil. Soils are the essential components of the environment and foundation resources for nearly all types of land use, besides being the most important component of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, assessment of soil quality and its direction of change with time is an ideal and primary indicator of sustainable agricultural land management. Soil quality indicators refer to measurable soil attributes that influence the capacity of a soil to function, within the limits imposed by the ecosystem, to preserve biological productivity and environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health. The present study is to assess these soil attributes such as physical and chemical properties season-wise.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Lipiec ◽  
Boguslaw Usowicz ◽  
Jerzy Klopotek ◽  
Marcin Turski ◽  
Magdalena Frac

&lt;p&gt;The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term application of exogenous organic matter on soil organic matter and water storage. Addition of organic matter is of importance in sandy soils that are in general poor in organic matter, acidic, conducive to drought and used in agricultural production throughout the world. In this study the sandy podzol (63-74% sand) was amended with chicken manure or waste spent mushroom substrate through more than 20 years. Soil organic matter content, water retention curves, acidity and structural stability were determined at three depths in the top 60 cm in organic amended and control plots. Enrichment of the soil with chicken manure and spent mushroom substrate caused increase in soil organic matter content in the top 0-20 cm from 1.34 to 3.50% and from 0.86 to 4.71%, respectively. Corresponding increases in field water capacity were from 13.6 to 31.8 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;3&lt;/sup&gt; and from 17.7 to 27.2 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Both amendments improved soil structure, reaction and nutrient status. In general, these positive effects were greater in chicken manure than spent mushroom substrate amended soil and less pronounced at depths 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm compared to upper soil. Increase in the field water capacity and water storage capacity made the soils amended with&amp;#160; organic matter more drought resistant. Our findings provide valuable insights the spent mushroom substrate left after growing the mushrooms and chicken manure are environmentally friendly and economical viable soil management practices to increase soil quality and crop productivity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;Acknowledgements&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The work was partially funded by the HORIZON 2020, European Commission, Programme: H2020-SFS-4-2014: Soil quality and function, project No. 635750, Interactive Soil Quality Assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Resilience (iSQAPER, 2015&amp;#8211;2020).&lt;/p&gt;


Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Guzmán ◽  
Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno ◽  
José Gómez ◽  
Miguel Cabrerizo-Morales ◽  
Gonzalo Martínez ◽  
...  

Soil quality is usually assessed through the measurement of selected soil properties. However, in spite of the diversity of the chosen properties, use of the soil water retention curve, like the pressure head or the specific water capacity at the inflection point, provides relevant information of degradation or improvement of soil. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the methods based on these indices in the evaluation of short-term changes of olive cropped soils under typical Mediterranean agricultural conditions. For this reason, soil properties (bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, aggregates stability, and organic matter content) were measured in a short-term trial settled in two olive orchards under different soil managements: tillage and cover crop. Several sampling areas were also distinguished: (i) along the inter tree row and under the canopies’ projection and (ii) at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth. In addition, water retention curves were determined and fitted using two models (van Genutchen’s and Kosugi’s) in order to obtain the inflection point and therefore the S index. This index is the maximum value of the slope of the soil water retention curve and is related to soil quality. At the two sites, changes in soil management, even after a brief period of two years, had a relatively quick effect, especially in organic matter content along the inter tree row. The use of indices based on soil water retention curves helps to detect soil degradation or improvement changes. Future research, including the inclusion of more soil types and longer time periods, might lead to the development of more refined tools for the assessment of soil health.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Imelda J Lawalatta ◽  
Francina Matulessy ◽  
Meitty L Hehanussa

Chili (Capsicum annum L.) often experience the highest price fluctuations in Indonesia. This is caused by the production that is often disrupted in certain months, especially in the months in the rainy season due to flowers and fruits that fall before the harvest. Since agricultural land has changed its function for infrastructure development, marginal land (Ultisol) is used. The ultisol problem is: high acidity, low organic matter content, nutrient deficiency important for plants (eg N, P, Ca, Mg and Mo) and high solubility of Al, Fe and Mn. The provision of organic materials such as manure and marine mud will overcome the problem of acid-rich mineral soil and play an important role in improving, increased and maintaining sustainable land productivity. Research results for chili flower significantly. the highest number of flowers found in the treatment of L0P3, L1P2, L1P3 and L2P3 that is > 60 flower/plant. There was a single factor effect for the amount of fruit, mostly found in L3 treatment (600 ton/ha marine mud) that is 22.36 fruit/plant. The treatment of manure significantly influenced the formation of the most fruit set in the treatment of P0 and P2 (without manure and manure 20 ton/ha) that is 77.60% and 70.,45%. Keywords: Ultisol, Marine mud, Manure, Flowers and Fruit sets   ABSTRAK Tanaman cabai besar (Capsicum annum L.) sering mengalami fluktuasi harga paling tinggi di Indonesia. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh produksi yang sering terganggu pada bulan tertentu terutama pada bulan-bulan di musim penghujan dikarenakan bunga dan buah yang rontok sebelum panen. Karena lahan pertanian banyak beralih fungsinya untuk pembangunan infrastuktur, maka digunakan lahan marginal (Ultisol). Masalah ultisol ialah: kemasaman tinggi, kadar bahan organik yang rendah, kekurangan unsur hara penting bagi tanaman (contoh: N, P, Ca, Mg dan Mo) serta tingginya kelarutan Al, Fe dan Mn. Pemberian bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang dan Lumpur laut akan mengatasi persoalan tanah mineral masam berkadar Al tinggi dan berperan penting dalam memperbaiki, meningkatkan serta mempertahankan produktifitas lahan secara berkelanjutan Hasil Penelitian untuk jumlah bunga cabai berpengaruh signifikan. jumlah bunga terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan L0P3, L1P2, L1P3 dan L2P3 yaitu > 60 bunga/tanaman. Terjadi pengaruh faktor tunggal untuk jumlah buah, terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan L3 ( 600 ton/ha lumpur laut) yaitu 22,36 buah/tanaman. Perlakuan pupuk kandang berpengaruh signifikan Pembentukan fruit set terbanyak pada perlakuan P0 dan P2 (tanpa pupuk kandang dan pupuk kandang 20 ton/ha) yaitu 77,60% dan 70,45%. Kata kunci: Ultisol, Lumpur Laut, Pupuk Kandang, Bunga dan Fruit set


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3957
Author(s):  
Yingying Xing ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Xiaoli Niu ◽  
Wenting Jiang ◽  
Xiukang Wang

Soil nutrients are essential nutrients provided by soil for plant growth. Most researchers focus on the coupling effect of nutrients with potato yield and quality. There are few studies on the evaluation of soil nutrients in potato fields. The purpose of this study is to investigate the soil nutrients of potato farmland and the soil vertical nutrient distributions, and then to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the fertilizer management practices for potatoes in Loess Plateau. Eight physical and chemical soil indexes were selected in the study area, and 810 farmland soil samples from the potato agriculture product areas were analyzed in Northern Shaanxi. The paper established the minimum data set (MDS) for the quality diagnosis of the cultivated layer for farmland by principal component analysis (PCA), respectively, and furthermore, analyzed the soil nutrient characteristics of the cultivated layer adopted soil quality index (SQI). The results showed that the MDS on soil quality diagnosis of the cultivated layer for farmland soil included such indicators as the soil organic matter content, soil available potassium content, and soil available phosphorus content. The comprehensive index value of the soil quality was between 0.064 and 0.302. The SPSS average clustering process used to classify SQI was divided into three grades: class I (36.2%) was defined as suitable soil fertility (SQI < 0.122), class II (55.6%) was defined as moderate soil fertility (0.122 < SQI < 0.18), and class III (8.2%) was defined as poor soil fertility (SQI > 0.186). The comprehensive quality of the potato farmland soils was generally low. The proportion of soil nutrients in the SQI composition ranged from large to small as the soil available potassium content = soil available phosphorus content > soil organic matter content, which became the limiting factor of the soil organic matter content in this area. This study revolves around the 0 to 60 cm soil layer; the soil fertility decreased gradually with the soil depth, and had significant differences between the respective soil layers. In order to improve the soil nutrient accumulation and potato yield in potato farmland in northern Shaanxi, it is suggested to increase the fertilization depth (20 to 40 cm) and further study the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Jesús Aguilera-Huertas ◽  
Beatriz Lozano-García ◽  
Manuel González-Rosado ◽  
Luis Parras-Alcántara

The short- and medium—long-term effects of management and hillside position on soil organic carbon (SOC) changes were studied in a centenary Mediterranean rainfed olive grove. One way to measure these changes is to analyze the soil quality, as it assesses soil degradation degree and attempts to identify management practices for sustainable soil use. In this context, the SOC stratification index (SR-COS) is one of the best indicators of soil quality to assess the degradation degree from SOC content without analyzing other soil properties. The SR-SOC was calculated in soil profiles (horizon-by-horizon) to identify the best soil management practices for sustainable use. The following time periods and soil management combinations were tested: (i) in the medium‒long-term (17 years) from conventional tillage (CT) to no-tillage (NT), (ii) in the short-term (2 years) from CT to no-tillage with cover crops (NT-CC), and (iii) the effect in the short-term (from CT to NT-CC) of different topographic positions along a hillside. The results indicate that the SR-SOC increased with depth for all management practices. The SR-SOC ranged from 1.21 to 1.73 in CT0, from 1.48 to 3.01 in CT1, from 1.15 to 2.48 in CT2, from 1.22 to 2.39 in NT-CC and from 0.98 to 4.16 in NT; therefore, the soil quality from the SR-SOC index was not directly linked to the increase or loss of SOC along the soil profile. This demonstrates the time-variability of SR-SOC and that NT improves soil quality in the long-term.


Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Nørnberg ◽  
A. L. Vendelboe ◽  
H. P. Gunnlaugsson ◽  
J. P. Merrison ◽  
K. Finster ◽  
...  

AbstractA long-standing unresolved puzzle related to the Danish temperate humid climate is the presence of extended areas with large Fe contents, where goethite and ferrihydrite are present in the topsoil along with hematite and maghemite. Hematite and, particularly, maghemite would normally be interpreted as the result of high temperature as found after forest fires. However, a body of evidence argues against these sites having been exposed to fire. In an attempt to get closer to an explanation of this Fe mineralogy, an experimental forest fire was produced. The results showed a clear mineralogical zonation down to 10 cm depth. This was not observed at the natural sites, which contained a mixture of goethite/ferrihydrite, hematite and maghemite down to 20 cm depth. The experimental forest fire left charcoal and ashes at the topsoil, produced high pH and decreased organic matter content, all of which is in contrast to the natural sites. The conclusion from this work is that the mineralogy of these sites is not consistent with exposure to forest fire, but may instead result from long-term transformation in a reducing environment, possibly involving microbiology.


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