scholarly journals Hydraulic Calculation of Copper Pipelines for Heating and Internal Gas Supply Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-514
Author(s):  
M. A. Rutkowski ◽  
A. S. Shybeka ◽  
K. I. Halynia
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Local Loss ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Gas Supply

Copper pipelines are widely used while designing modern heating systems, water and gas supply of residential buildings and these pipelines have a number of advantages in comparison with steel and plastic pipelines. The main reason for limited use of copper pipes is their cost which is practically twice as much as cost of steel pipes, and four times higher than the coat of polypropylene pipes. Modern design standards in Belarus do not contain specific requirements for calculation of copper pipelines. Therefore hydraulic calculation of heating systems has been considered and analyzed on the basis of norms of Russian Federation. The drawback of all theoretical calculations presented in Russian standards is their abstraction from general laws of fluid and gas mechanics. For this reason theoretical foundations of hydraulic calculations for all pipelines have been considered and expressions have been given for determination of pressure loss due to friction and in local loss. Main flow regimes have been considered on the basis of I. Nikuradze’s experiments in order to determine linear losses and dependences for determination of friction coefficient in laminar, transient and turbulent modes have been presented in the paper. Values of local loss coefficient for main pipeline elements are given for calculation of pressure loss and the paper also shows determination of value z with due account of equipment capacity. An analysis of nomograms presented in Russian norms and researches has been carried out; shortcomings have been revealed and the ways directed on their perfection have been found. Nomograms for calculation of specific pressure losses in heating systems and internal gas supply have been constructed on the basis of natural gas and propane with due account of dependences presented in the paper. Nomograms for finding equivalent length of a single local loss have been constructed for calculation of internal gas supply systems.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY VALUE AT MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE COOLANT IN THE PIPELINES WITH OUTSIDE SURFACE MOUNTED TEMPERATURE SENSORS

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Petro Golovachev ◽  
Ivan Korobko ◽  
Vitalii Krotevich
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Heat Meters

During performing technological and production processes and monitoring the modes of their operation, the problem of determining the temperature of various media transported through pipelines is solved without incut temperature sensors (TS) in them, i.e. with using outside surface mounted TS (SMTS). This method is allowing to measure mechanical values at technological processes without structure broken and without influence to physicochemical properties of measured media. Using of SMTS possible to register heat losses on sections of heating mains, pollution degree of pipelines internal walls, to control serviceability of measurement channels of temperature of the coolant in heat meters, etc. In the article authors presents results of research the uncertainty values for measuring of the coolant temperature in heating systems pipelines under different modes of its flow. First of all, the uncertainty value of the measurements results was estimated, which was determined by the results of the study for the calculation model and field tests at existing district heating systems. Emphasis is paid on estimating the difference between the registration of temperature in the middle of the pipeline, determined by mortise transducers and the temperature measured by outside surface mounted temperature transducers, taking into account the temperature gradient across the pipeline and the quality of its insulation. It is determined that: the temperature measured by temperature transducers on the surface of the pipeline at different points of its perimeter, with proper installation and sufficient thermal insulation does not depend on their location; the average temperature on the surface of the pipeline, measured using the developed method of installation of PT, slightly differs (ΔT ≈- 0.3⁰C) from the average temperature of the coolant in the middle of the flow; temperature transducers have high reproducibility of measurements and small difference in readings between channels at parallel measurements (»0,03⁰С). It is substantiated that high metrological performances of temperature transducers allow to use them for solving other tasks: measuring the distribution of heat fluxes in heating systems of residential buildings to perform hydraulic balancing of heating systems and increase their efficiency; estimate of contamination of pipelines and heat exchange equipment to determine the need for their washing; determination of thermal resistance of  buildings protective structures to assess their energy efficiency; determination of large pumps efficiency by calorimetric method; checking the correct of operation the temperature measuring channels of heat meters and cold meters; in other technology areas where measurements of small temperature differences with high accuracy are required.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Efficiency of Using Heat Exchangers with Porous Inserts in Heat and Gas Supply Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Rydalina ◽  
Elena Antonova ◽  
Irina Akhmetova ◽  
Svetlana Ilyashenko ◽  
Olga Afanaseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Classical Equation ◽  
Porous Metal ◽  
Compact Heat Exchangers ◽  
Equation Boundary ◽  
Particular Solution ◽  
Gas Supply

The creation of efficient and compact heat exchangers is one of the priority tasks arising during the design of heat and gas supply to industrial and residential buildings. As a rule, finned surfaces and turbulization of heat carrier flows are used to increase the efficiency of heat exchange in heat exchangers. The present paper proposes to use novel materials, namely porous material, in the design of highly efficient heat exchangers. The investigation was carried out experimentally and theoretically. To study the possibility of creating such heat exchangers, a multi-purpose test bench is created. The aim of the study was to assess the intensity of heat transfer in heat exchangers using porous metal. Laboratory tests are carried out as part of the experimental study. In the theoretical study, the classical equation for the change in the heat flux density when the coolant passes through the porous insert was used. As a result, a mathematical model was obtained in the form of a second-order differential equation. Boundary conditions were set and a particular solution was obtained. The results of theoretical calculations were compared with experimental data. The performed study experimentally confirmed the efficiency of using porous metal inserts in the design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The compiled mathematical model allows one to perform engineering calculations of the considered heat exchangers with porous inserts.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Optimal Development of District Heating Systems: Theoretical and Practical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Ivan Postnikov ◽  
Andrey Penkovskii ◽  
Ekaterina Mednikova
Keyword(s):  
Heat Supply ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Fuel Supply ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
District Heating Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Reliability ◽  
Supply Systems

The paper presents a synthesis of research results on the development of scientific and methodo-logical support for the comprehensive solution of the main technical, economic and organizational problems of designing, functioning and development of modern district heating systems (DHS). These studies were conducted at the Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of SB RAS (Irkutsk city) by the scientific team of the Laboratory of Heat Supply Systems. Within the framework of the developed scientific and methodological support, the following basic problems were solved: optimization of levels of district heating in DHS with feasibility study for connecting new consumers, selection of optimal forms and models of heating market for DHS, comprehensive analysis and ensuring (optimization) reliability of DHS taking into account the fuel supply of heating sources (HS), and other additional problems. Based on the developed scientific and methodological ensuring following practical researches were carried out on existing DHS schemes of cities of the Irkutsk region: optimal management of DHS in Angarsk, Irkutsk region, taking into account the diverging interests of heating market participants; determination of the optimal scale of development of the existing DHS in Irkutsk based on the optimization of the effective heat supply radius taking into account the reliability of heating to consumers; comprehensive reliability analysis of DHS in Shelekhov of Irkutsk region, taking into account the fuel supply to HS.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM SECTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
O. N. Medvedeva ◽  
N. S. Bessonova
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Strategic Factors ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Gas Supply

The paper proposes the optimum distribution of the differential pressure between gas supply system sections and gas consumption, depending on the settlement planning and development. This provides a 10–15 % reduction in metal and material consumption of gas supply systems and a 4–5 % cost reduction. The hydraulic analysis of differential pressure distribution does not allow to purposefully distribute the calculated pressure drop. The pipeline diameter is usually selected according to the estimated gas flow rate and specific pressure loss per unit length of gas supply system sections. Then, in accordance with the State standard, the condition of compliance and non-exceedance of the obtained differential pressure is checked with the standard value. If this condition is not met, the pipeline diameter is adjusted for design reasons.This work conducts additional research into the differential pressure distribution between gas supply system sections. Materials and methods include the assessment methodology for the effectiveness of differential pressure distribution between gas supply system sections.Although many publications are devoted to the optimization of gas pressure distribution systems, the proposed solutions and the recommendations developed in this paper are fragmentary, often contradictory, since they do not consider the completeness and diversity of strategic factors.The paper shows that the pressure loss values obtained for domestic gas-based units with a reduced nominal pressure, are much less than those given in regulatory documents. According to the analysis, the settlement development, population density in gas-supplied territories, and technical conditions of gas-supplied buildings, have a decisive influence on the unit costs of gas supply systems.

FEATURES OF THE HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Alexander K. STRELKOV ◽  
Yuri N. ZOTOV ◽  
Irina Yu. MIKHAILOVA
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Current System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Supply Systems

The article is devoted to the practical implementation of changes in the current system of legal regulation in the fi eld of water supply and sanitation of apartment buildings. The results of the analysis of operational and design standards of water consumption are presented. The necessity of adjusting the normative and technical documents in terms of improving the methodological foundations of designing indoor cold and hot water supply systems for an apartment building and creating a legitimate methodological toolkit is shown. Recommendations have been developed to supplement the norms of the set of rules 30.13330.2016 “Internal water supply and sewerage systems of buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 2.04.01-85 *».

Research of pressure influence in the gas supply system on the energy consuption level of gas devices

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
L. D. Pylypiv ◽  
І. І. Maslanych
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Gas Combustion ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Combustion ◽  
Gas Supply

There are investigated the influence of operating pressures in the gas supply system on the level of such energy indicators as efficiency, gas flow and gas overrun by gas equipment in residential buildings. There is established a relationship between the values of operating pressures in the gas supply system and the gas consumption level of household appliances. The causes of insufficient pressure in the gas networks of settlements are analyzed in the article. There is also developed an algorithm for calculating the change in the efficiency of gas appliances depending on the operational parameters of the gas network. It has been found that the most efficient operation of gas appliances is observed at an overpressure at the inlet of gas appliances of about 1200 Pa.To ensure the required quality of natural gas combustion among consumers and minimize gas consumption there are justified the following measures in the article: coordinating a domestic regulatory framework for assessing the quality of natural gas with international norms and standards; improving the preparation of gas coming from local wells before supplying it to gas distribution networks; auditing low pressure gas pipelines and reconstructing areas affected by corrosion; ensuring standard gas pressure in the network for the normal operation of domestic gas appliances; stating quality indicators of natural gas combustion by gas sales organizations.

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