scholarly journals The Morphological Change in Sunflower Plant under Hardening Conditions to Drought Tolerance. II. Leaf Number and Leaf Area

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-479
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Neutron Moisture

The study was conducted during the spring season of 2000 and2001. The objective was to study the changes in leaves number of sunflower plants and its leaf area during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance. Agricultural practices were made according to recommendations.Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications.The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments:Control(unsoaking), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron moisture meter. Results indicated that stress 800Kp reduced leaves number after 72 days from Planting by 5.29% compared with full irrigation as a mean of seasons.Increased stress to 600 and 800 Kp caused decreasing in leaf area at physiological maturation by 36.10 and 44.32% than full irrigation as a mean of seasons. Flame was superior over Euroflor after 58 days from planting in leaves number by 12.30 % in the season of 2001, while Euroflor was superior by 4.87% after58 days from planting in the season of 2000 ,and in leaf area by 58.25% after 44 days from planting in the season of 2001, and by 34.72% as a mean of seasons.Soaking the seeds presowing in paclobutrazol and pix solutions enhanced leaf formation , the percentage of increase reached to 5.57 and 7.49% after 86 days from planting as a mean of seasons, and leaf area by 35.9 and 36.95% respectively, compared with unsoaked as a mean of seasons. This study suggest that it could improve plant growth and kept sutable leaf area during seeds filling and drought tolerance by soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators.

scholarly journals Effect of Hardening to drought Tolerance on the Moisture Content of Sunflower Plant. III. Moisture Percentage in Whole Plant

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-894
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture Content

The study was conducted during spring seasons of 2000 and 2001.The aim was to study the changes in the moisture content of sunflower plants during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance .Agricultural practices were made according to recommendation. Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water. The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments: Control (unsoaked), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron meter. Results indicated that plant moisture content was not affected by irrigation treatments in both seasons and as a mean of seasons ,except after 72 days from planting in the season 2000.when stress 800 Kp caused a decreased in moisture content by 4.55and 5.18% compared with full irrigation and stress 600 Kp, respectively. Euroflor was superior over Flame after 30 days from planting by 13.64% in the season of 2000 and by 6.23% as a mean of seasons , and by 2.80% after 86 days from planting in the season of 2001.While Flame was superior by 2.75% after 58 days from planting in the season of 2001. Soaking in water , paclobutrazol and pix solutions increased plant moisture content by 4.56,3.92 and 3.82% after 86 days from planting in the season 2000 , soaking in water and paclobutrazol solution increased plant moisture content by 2.61 and 2.62% as amean of seasons compared with unsoaked treatment. In conclusion, soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators could improve water relations of plants , and increase moisture content in plants tissues especially during flowering and seed filling , when the water requirements increased and associated with high temperature in spring season in Iraq.

scholarly journals THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN SUNFLOWER PLANT UNDER HARDENING CONDITIONS TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE . I. PLANT HEIGHT AND STEM DIAMETER

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-297
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Neutron Moisture ◽  
Tolerance Field

The objective of the work was to study the changes in height and stem diameter of sunflower plants during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance. Field experiments were carried out during the spring season of 2000 and2001. Agricultural practices were made according to recommendations.Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications.The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments:Control(unsoaking), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron moisture meter. Results showed that stress 600 and 800Kp caused asignificant decreasing in plan height and stem diameter at most growth stages in both seasons and as a mean of seasons.The decrease in plant height at physiological maturation as a mean of seasons were 12.62 and 14.29%, and stem diameter 11.94 and 9.41%, respectively compared with full irrigation.Euroflor was superior over Flame in plant height at most growth stages during spring season of 2000, while Flame was superior in plant height at most growth stages during spring season of 2001 ,and in stem diameter after 30 days from planting.Soaking the seeds presowing in paclobutrazol and pix solutions decreased plant height at most growth stages in both seasons and as a mean of seasons. The decrease at physiological maturation as amean of seasons were 4.49 and 2.78%compared with unsoaked , and 5.27 and 3.57% compared with soaking in water, respectively.On the other hand,soaking in paclobutrazol and pix solutions increased stem diameter at physiological maturation by 9.78 and 12.18% compared with unsoaked as a mean of seasons. In conclusion, that it could reduce plant height and increase stem diameter to support the plants to drought tolerance by soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulator

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HARDENING TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE ON THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER PLANT. I. MOISTURE PERCENTAGEIN ROOT AND STEM

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-521
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Sunflower Plant ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Moisture Percentage

Two field experiments were conducted during the spring seasons of 2000,2001.The aim was to study the effect of hardening to drought tolerance on moisture percentage in root and stem of sunflower plant during growth stages . Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications.The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available soil water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments :Control(unsoaked),soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron meter. . Results indicated that stress at 800 Kp reduced moisture percentage in the root by 15.96% compared with full irrigation after86 days from planting,and in the stem by 9.64 and 11.99%compared with full irrigation and stress 600 Kp, respectively after 72 days from planting in the season 2001.Also stress 600 Kp reduced moisture percentage in the root after 58 days from planting by 5.81 and 5.97% compared with full irrigation and stress 800 Kp as a mean of seasons. Euroflor was superior over Flame after30 days from planting in the moisture percentage of its roots by 6.78 in the season of 2000 and by 3.10% as a mean of seasons..While Flame was superior in the moisture percentage of its stems by 4.62 and 2.51% after 58 days from planting in the season of 2000 and as a mean of seasons, respectively.Unsoaked treatment gave highest moisture percentage in the root, the percentage of increase reached to 5.05 and 9.63% than soaking in water and paclobutrazol after 30 days from planting and by 11.43 and 10.65% than soaked in water and pix solution after 86 days from planting as a mean of seasons. soaking in paclobutrazol solution decreased moisture percentage in the stem after 30 days from planting by 4.43 and 8.31% in the season 2000 and by 2.82 and 3.23% as a mean of seasons compared with soaking in water and pix solution , respectively. On the other hand paclobutrazol increased the percentage of moisture in the stems during the next stages of growth. The study suggest that it could improve water relations specially during the stages which increased water requirement (flowering and seeds filling), and increased drought tolerance by soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators

Effect of plant growth regulators on leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, stomatal count and yield of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) var. Bhaskara

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Lakshmipathi, J. D. Adiga D. Kalaivanan and G.K. Halesh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Stomatal Number

<p>An experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous application of growth regulators at three important growth stages<br />(flushing, flowering and fruiting) on leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, stomatal count and yield of cashew var. Bhaskara.<br />Irrespective of growth stages, foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm and ethrel @ 50 ppm was found to be superior in all the<br />parameters and on par with each other compared to other growth regulators. Out of nine treatments of different growth regulators;<br />the highest leaf area was recorded in trees sprayed with GA3 @ 50 ppm and ethrel @ 50 ppm. At flushing stage, spraying with GA3<br />@ 50 ppm resulted in highest stomatal number (21.9) and carotenoids (0.41) whereas unsprayed (control) trees recorded least<br />stomatal number (11.6) and carotenoids (0.19). Thus, leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoids and stomatal count increased in<br />trees sprayed with growth regulators than unsprayed trees. Spraying of ethrel @ 50 ppm recorded highest nut yield<br />(14.3 kg tree-1) followed by NAA @ 25 ppm + GA3 50 ppm (12.9 kg tree-1). This study demonstrated the potential of ethrel as well<br />as GA3 in improving various biochemical parameters viz., chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, carotenoids and leaf area in cashew<br />which are important determinants in increasing nut production.</p>

Banana plant growth. 2. Dry matter production, leaf area and growth analysis

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Plant Crop

The quantitative aspects of banana plant growth (omitting roots) at Alstonville, New South Wales, are described. Dry matter distribution, leaf area index (L), net assimilation rate (E), leaf area ratio (F) and relative growth rates (R), were measured. For a spring planting, only 1695 kg ha-l dry matter were produced in the first twelve months but 6780 kg were produced in the first half of the second year as the bunch and first ratoon crop developed. The plant crop was characterized by early leaf growth (high F) whereas in the ratoon crops, corm growth was a feature of early growth stages. Leaf area index was less than 1 for the first twelve months but reached 5 after 18 months. Plants were 3.1 m X 1.9 m apart. Net assimilation rate was affected by internal and external factors. The main internal control was the growth of suckers, which tended to increase E. Removal of the suckers in autumn or winter caused a sudden drop i i ~ E and absolute growth rate but when they were removed in early summer E was increased. The external controls affecting E were solar radiation, temperature and soil moisture, although the amount of variation explained in correlations was low. - R appeared to be constant in the plant crop within morphologically defined growth stages. This was not so in moon crops and R was probably a resultant of ontogenetic and climatic drifts. Desuckering in autumn and winter decreased R. Early summer desuckering increased R.

scholarly journals PRODUTIVIDADE DE GRÃOS E PARÂMETROS FISIOLÓGICOS DE SORGO GRANÍFERO SOB DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA E IRRIGAÇÃO PLENA

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
MAURÍCIO CASTELO BRANCO SANTANA ◽  
EDSON ALVES BASTOS ◽  
MILTON JOSÉ CARDOSO ◽  
ADERSON SOARES ANDRADE JÚNIOR ◽  
FLÁVIO DESSAUNE TARDIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Area Index

RESUMO - O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar híbridos de sorgo granífero em condições com (CDH) e sem restrição hídrica (SDH) em Teresina-PI, buscando identificar híbridos mais tolerantes ao déficit hídrico. Foram avaliados doze híbridos comerciais (DKB 599, BRS 330, AS 4610, BRS 380, BRS 309, AG 1040, BRS 310, DKB 551, 1 G 282, 50 A 50, BRS 305 e BRS 373), utilizando-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, entre os meses de setembro e dezembro de 2012. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 12 (regimes x híbridos). O manejo de irrigação baseou-se na evapotranspiração da cultura. Foram determinados o índice de área foliar (IAF), o teor relativo de clorofila na folha (TCF), a eficiência de uso da água (EUA) e a produtividade de grãos. O cultivo de sorgo granífero CDH apresentou redução de 38,1% e 36,4% no IAF, nas leituras aos 63 e 98 dias após a semeadura, respectivamente; 9,3% no TCF e 33,1% na produtividade de grãos em relação ao sorgo sob SDH. Em média, a EUA na condição de déficit hídrico foi superior em 7,13%. Os híbridos BRS 305 e 1G 282 foram os mais produtivos na condição de restrição hídrico, mostrando-se também responsivos à melhoria do ambiente. Palavras-chave: Sorghum bicolor, tolerância a seca, área foliar, teor de clorofila. GRAIN PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF GRAIN SORGHUM UNDER WATER DEFICIENCY AND FULL IRRIGATION  ABSTRACT - Twelve commercial sorghum hybrids were evaluated under two water regimes: water deficit (WD) and full irrigation (FI), at Embrapa Meio-Norte, in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, from September to December 2012. The hybrids DKB 599, BRS 330, AS 4610, BRS 380, BRS 309, AG 1040, BRS 310, DKB 551, 1 G 282, 50 A 50, BRS 305 e BRS 373 were evaluated using complete randomized blocks with four replications. The irrigation management was based on crop evapotranspiration. The irrigation applied summed to the rainfall amounted 484 mm and 302 mm for FI and WD environments, respectively. The leaf area index (LAI), the relative chlorophyll content in the leaf (RCC), water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield were determined. The sorghum under water deficit decreased by 38.1% and 36.4% in the LAI, respectively, in the readings at 63 and 98 days after sowing; 9.3% in the RCC and 33.1% in grain yield compared to sorghum under full irrigation. The WUE under water deficit was in average 7.13% higher than under full irrigation (FI). The hybrids BRS 305 and 1G 282 showed phenotypic characteristics of drought tolerance and responsiveness to irrigation for grain production. Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, drought tolerance, leaf area, chlorophyll content.

scholarly journals EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF SALICYLIC ACID AT DIFFERENT PLANT GROWTH STAGES IMPROVES PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (03) ◽  
pp. 541-548
Author(s):  
Syed Mohsin Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Tagetes Erecta L

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is a famous flowering plant in the world which has medicinal and industrial values. In Pakistan, it is an important floricultural crop and used widely as bedding plant. Pakistan is facing water shortage, which is affecting crops growth and productivity including marigold badly. Drought stress reduces plant growth, physiological and biochemical processes and flower yield in marigold. Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone and its exogenous application is an effective approach to support plant during drought stress and mitigate its harmful impacts. Present study was planned to evaluate the effect of exogenous salicylic acid application on growth response and drought tolerance potential of marigold. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in rain out shelter with four treatments of SA i.e., no SA application, SA foliar @ 100 mg L-1 application at vegetative growth, reproductive growth and at vegetative plus reproductive growth stages, under normal irrigation as well as under drought stress conditions were imposed. Drought stress was applied by skipping every alternate irrigation. The results showed that SA application at reproductive growth stage of marigold improved plant growth by improving its physiological processes during drought stress. It was concluded that exogenous application of SA, not only increased bioproductivity of marigold plants but also ameliorated the negative impacts of drought stress by enhancing drought tolerance potential in plants.

scholarly journals Protists as main indicators and determinants of plant performance

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Guo ◽  
Wu Xiong ◽  
Xinnan Hang ◽  
Zhilei Gao ◽  
Zixuan Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Beneficial Microorganisms ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Microbes

Abstract Background Microbiomes play vital roles in plant health and performance, and the development of plant beneficial microbiomes can be steered by organic fertilizer inputs. Especially well-studied are fertilizer-induced changes on bacteria and fungi and how changes in these groups alter plant performance. However, impacts on protist communities, including their trophic interactions within the microbiome and consequences on plant performance remain largely unknown. Here, we tracked the entire microbiome, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, over six growing seasons of cucumber under different fertilization regimes (conventional, organic, and Trichoderma bio-organic fertilization) and linked microbial data to plant yield to identify plant growth-promoting microbes. Results Yields were higher in the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Soil abiotic conditions were altered by the fertilization regime, with the prominent effects coming from the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Those treatments also led to the pronounced shifts in protistan communities, especially microbivorous cercozoan protists. We found positive correlations of these protists with plant yield and the density of potentially plant-beneficial microorganisms. We further explored the mechanistic ramifications of these relationships via greenhouse experiments, showing that cercozoan protists can positively impact plant growth, potentially via interactions with plant-beneficial microorganisms including Trichoderma, the biological agent delivered by the bio-fertilizer. Conclusions We show that protists may play central roles in stimulating plant performance through microbiome interactions. Future agricultural practices might aim to specifically enhance plant beneficial protists or apply those protists as novel, sustainable biofertilizers.

scholarly journals Vegetation Response to Goats Grazing Intensity in Semiarid Hilly Grassland of the Loess Plateau, Lanzhou, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3569
Author(s):  
Hua Cheng ◽  
Baocheng Jin ◽  
Kai Luo ◽  
Jiuying Pei ◽  
Xueli Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Vegetation Community ◽  
Natural Grasslands

Quantitatively estimating the grazing intensity (GI) effects on vegetation in semiarid hilly grassland of the Loess Plateau can help to develop safe utilization levels for natural grasslands, which is a necessity of maintaining livestock production and sustainable development of grasslands. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), field vegetation data, and 181 days (one goat per day) of GPS tracking were combined to quantify the spatial pattern of GI, and its effects on the vegetation community structure. The spatial distribution of GI was uneven, with a mean value of 0.50 goats/ha, and 95% of the study area had less than 1.30 goats/ha. The areas with utilization rates of rangeland (July) lower than 45% and 20% made up about 95% and 60% of the study area, respectively. Grazing significantly reduced monthly aboveground biomass, but the grazing effects on plant growth rate were complex across the different plant growth stages. Grazing impaired plant growth in general, but the intermediate GI appeared to facilitate plant growth rate at the end of the growing seasons. Grazing had minimal relationship with vegetation community structure characteristics, though Importance Value of forbs increased with increasing GI. Flexibility in the number of goats and conservatively defining utilization rate, according to the inter-annual variation of utilization biomass, would be beneficial to achieve ecologically healthy and economically sustainable GI.

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