scholarly journals THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN SUNFLOWER PLANT UNDER HARDENING CONDITIONS TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE . I. PLANT HEIGHT AND STEM DIAMETER

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-297
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Neutron Moisture ◽  
Tolerance Field

The objective of the work was to study the changes in height and stem diameter of sunflower plants during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance. Field experiments were carried out during the spring season of 2000 and2001. Agricultural practices were made according to recommendations.Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications.The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments:Control(unsoaking), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron moisture meter. Results showed that stress 600 and 800Kp caused asignificant decreasing in plan height and stem diameter at most growth stages in both seasons and as a mean of seasons.The decrease in plant height at physiological maturation as a mean of seasons were 12.62 and 14.29%, and stem diameter 11.94 and 9.41%, respectively compared with full irrigation.Euroflor was superior over Flame in plant height at most growth stages during spring season of 2000, while Flame was superior in plant height at most growth stages during spring season of 2001 ,and in stem diameter after 30 days from planting.Soaking the seeds presowing in paclobutrazol and pix solutions decreased plant height at most growth stages in both seasons and as a mean of seasons. The decrease at physiological maturation as amean of seasons were 4.49 and 2.78%compared with unsoaked , and 5.27 and 3.57% compared with soaking in water, respectively.On the other hand,soaking in paclobutrazol and pix solutions increased stem diameter at physiological maturation by 9.78 and 12.18% compared with unsoaked as a mean of seasons. In conclusion, that it could reduce plant height and increase stem diameter to support the plants to drought tolerance by soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulator

scholarly journals The Morphological Change in Sunflower Plant under Hardening Conditions to Drought Tolerance. II. Leaf Number and Leaf Area

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-479
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Neutron Moisture

The study was conducted during the spring season of 2000 and2001. The objective was to study the changes in leaves number of sunflower plants and its leaf area during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance. Agricultural practices were made according to recommendations.Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications.The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments:Control(unsoaking), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron moisture meter. Results indicated that stress 800Kp reduced leaves number after 72 days from Planting by 5.29% compared with full irrigation as a mean of seasons.Increased stress to 600 and 800 Kp caused decreasing in leaf area at physiological maturation by 36.10 and 44.32% than full irrigation as a mean of seasons. Flame was superior over Euroflor after 58 days from planting in leaves number by 12.30 % in the season of 2001, while Euroflor was superior by 4.87% after58 days from planting in the season of 2000 ,and in leaf area by 58.25% after 44 days from planting in the season of 2001, and by 34.72% as a mean of seasons.Soaking the seeds presowing in paclobutrazol and pix solutions enhanced leaf formation , the percentage of increase reached to 5.57 and 7.49% after 86 days from planting as a mean of seasons, and leaf area by 35.9 and 36.95% respectively, compared with unsoaked as a mean of seasons. This study suggest that it could improve plant growth and kept sutable leaf area during seeds filling and drought tolerance by soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators.

scholarly journals Effect of Hardening to drought Tolerance on the Moisture Content of Sunflower Plant. III. Moisture Percentage in Whole Plant

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-894
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture Content

The study was conducted during spring seasons of 2000 and 2001.The aim was to study the changes in the moisture content of sunflower plants during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance .Agricultural practices were made according to recommendation. Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water. The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments: Control (unsoaked), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron meter. Results indicated that plant moisture content was not affected by irrigation treatments in both seasons and as a mean of seasons ,except after 72 days from planting in the season 2000.when stress 800 Kp caused a decreased in moisture content by 4.55and 5.18% compared with full irrigation and stress 600 Kp, respectively. Euroflor was superior over Flame after 30 days from planting by 13.64% in the season of 2000 and by 6.23% as a mean of seasons , and by 2.80% after 86 days from planting in the season of 2001.While Flame was superior by 2.75% after 58 days from planting in the season of 2001. Soaking in water , paclobutrazol and pix solutions increased plant moisture content by 4.56,3.92 and 3.82% after 86 days from planting in the season 2000 , soaking in water and paclobutrazol solution increased plant moisture content by 2.61 and 2.62% as amean of seasons compared with unsoaked treatment. In conclusion, soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators could improve water relations of plants , and increase moisture content in plants tissues especially during flowering and seed filling , when the water requirements increased and associated with high temperature in spring season in Iraq.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HARDENING TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE ON THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER PLANT. I. MOISTURE PERCENTAGEIN ROOT AND STEM

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-521
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Sunflower Plant ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Moisture Percentage

Two field experiments were conducted during the spring seasons of 2000,2001.The aim was to study the effect of hardening to drought tolerance on moisture percentage in root and stem of sunflower plant during growth stages . Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications.The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available soil water.The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments :Control(unsoaked),soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron meter. . Results indicated that stress at 800 Kp reduced moisture percentage in the root by 15.96% compared with full irrigation after86 days from planting,and in the stem by 9.64 and 11.99%compared with full irrigation and stress 600 Kp, respectively after 72 days from planting in the season 2001.Also stress 600 Kp reduced moisture percentage in the root after 58 days from planting by 5.81 and 5.97% compared with full irrigation and stress 800 Kp as a mean of seasons. Euroflor was superior over Flame after30 days from planting in the moisture percentage of its roots by 6.78 in the season of 2000 and by 3.10% as a mean of seasons..While Flame was superior in the moisture percentage of its stems by 4.62 and 2.51% after 58 days from planting in the season of 2000 and as a mean of seasons, respectively.Unsoaked treatment gave highest moisture percentage in the root, the percentage of increase reached to 5.05 and 9.63% than soaking in water and paclobutrazol after 30 days from planting and by 11.43 and 10.65% than soaked in water and pix solution after 86 days from planting as a mean of seasons. soaking in paclobutrazol solution decreased moisture percentage in the stem after 30 days from planting by 4.43 and 8.31% in the season 2000 and by 2.82 and 3.23% as a mean of seasons compared with soaking in water and pix solution , respectively. On the other hand paclobutrazol increased the percentage of moisture in the stems during the next stages of growth. The study suggest that it could improve water relations specially during the stages which increased water requirement (flowering and seeds filling), and increased drought tolerance by soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators

scholarly journals High dilution preparations for organic production system of broccoli

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Pulido ◽  
Pedro Boff ◽  
Tatiana Duarte ◽  
Mari Inês Boff
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fresh And Dry Mass

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of high dilution preparations on seedlings growth and production of broccoli under organic system. Three experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with completely randomized design. Two others experiments were conducted under field conditions, and the experimental design was randomized in blocks. Both designs were done with four replications and nine treatments. The treatments consisted of high dilution preparations of Arnica montana, Silicea terra, Carbo vegetabilis and Sulphur at 6CH or 30CH, water was used as control. In greenhouse, plant height, root length and stem diameter of seedlings were evaluated, along with the fresh and dry mass of shoot and root. In field, fresh and dry mass of inflorescences, plant heigh and stem diameter were evaluated. Silicea terra at 30CH increased the stem diameter, root length and dry mass of shoot and root in the broccoli seedlings. Sulphur at 6CH increased the fresh and dry mass of broccoli inflorescences. Silicea terra at 6CH, Carbo vegetabilis, and Sulphur at 30CH increased the plant height in field experiments. This suggests that high dilution preparations can be utilized to increase the biomass production and others desirable characteristics of broccoli crop under organic system.

Weak border effects and great uniformity increase yield of maize (Zea mays) under dense population

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Guangzhou Liu ◽  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
Yuee Liu ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Border Effect ◽  
Border Effects ◽  
Ear Height

The effects of uniformity in border rows and population structure on the yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) grown at high planting density was studied in field experiments at Qitai Farm (89°34′E, 44°12′N), Xinjiang, China, during 2013 and 2014. The experiments incorporated a planting density of 12.0 plants m–2 and three maize cultivars (M753, LY66, LD565). Border effects and uniformity in the border rows were studied at the silking and maturity stages. Yields of M753, LY66 and LD565 were 16.46, 15.02 and 11.45 Mg ha–1, respectively. Analysis of yield components in border rows indicated that the number of kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight and yield per plant of M753 stopped decreasing after the second row in the border, whereas those of LY66 and LD565 stopped decreasing after the third row in the border, demonstrating a stronger border effect. The cultivars intercepted >95% of the light, but light transmission was lower for M753 than for LY66 and LD565, which resulted in the highest light interception in the upper canopy layers of M753. Analysis of uniformity in the border rows showed that the uniformity values for plant height, ear height, stem diameter, number of kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight and yield per plant were higher for M753 than for LY66 and LD565. For the three cultivars, uniformity values could be ranked in the order plant height > ear height > stem diameter. The results suggest that cultivars with weaker border effects and greater uniformity in border rows can produce higher yields when grown at a high planting density.

Response of Acetolactate Synthase–Resistant Grain Sorghum to Nicosulfuron Plus Rimsulfuron

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shane Hennigh ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The lack of POST herbicides to control grasses in grain sorghum prompted researchers to develop acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the differential response of ALS-resistant grain sorghum to POST application of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at three growth stages. ALS-resistant grain sorghum was treated with 0, 13 + 7, 26 + 13, 39 + 20, 52 + 26, 65 + 33, 78 + 39, and 91 + 46 g ai ha−1of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron when plants were at the three- to five-leaf, seven- to nine-leaf, or 11- to 13-leaf stage. In general, as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased, visible injury increased at the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages. Injury was greatest 1 wk after treatment for the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages across all ratings, and plants then began to recover. No injury was observed at any rating time for the 11- to 13-leaf stage. Plant height and sorghum grain yield were reduced as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased when applied at the three- to five-leaf stage. However, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at the seven- to nine-leaf and 11- to 13-leaf stages did not decrease sorghum yield. This research indicated that nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron application at the three- to five-leaf stage injured ALS-resistant grain sorghum; however, application at the seven- to nine-leaf or 11- to 13-leaf stages did not result in grain yield reduction.

scholarly journals Discontinuous hydration improves germination and drought tolerance in Annona squamosa seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e56710313706
Author(s):  
José Laurindo dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Rafael Silva Freitas ◽  
Elizamar Ciríaco da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Suppression ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The aim of this work was to determine if the discontinuous hydration of A. squamosa seeds benefit its seed germination and if the seedlings from these seeds have a greater tolerance to water deficit through the analysis of growth parameters. The experimental design was a completely randomized, in a 4x3 factorial, with four HD cycles in seeds (zero, one, two and three) and three water treatments (control with daily watering, and cycles of five and ten-intervals days between watering). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry biomass, root/shoot ratio, leaf area, specific leaf area, and leaf area ratio were evaluated. Discontinuous hydration treatments benefited germination and promoted a better growth of the seedlings under water deficit cycles. The application of three HD cycles increased plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter of the seedlings compared to the other cycles. On the other hand, water suppression caused a reduction in the growth of A. squamosa, especially at ten-day intervals between watering. HD cycles in the seeds improved drought tolerance in the seedlings, mainly when three HD cycles are applied to the seeds, suggesting this is a good technique to produce seedlings better tolerant to environments with reduced water availability.

scholarly journals Heritability and Correlations for Agronomic and Physiologic Traits of Maize under Deficit Irrigation at Two Growth Stages

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
A. M. M. Al-Naggar ◽  
M. M. Shafik ◽  
M. O. A. Elsheikh
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Maize Genotypes

Strong associations between agronomic and physiologic traits and drought tolerance, high heritability and high genetic advance for such traits would allow plant breeder to use such traits as selection criteria for selecting drought tolerant genotypes. The objectives of the present investigation were: (i) to explain the relationships between the drought tolerance index (DTI) and 14 agronomic and physiologic traits of 22 maize genotypes and (ii) to estimate the broad-sense heritability (h2b) and genetic advance (GA) from selection for such traits, in order to determine the selection criteria for DTI. A two-year experiment was carried out using a split plot experiment with three replications. The main plots were devoted to irrigation regimes, i.e. well watering (WW), water stress at flowering (WSF) and at grain filling (WSG), and sub plots to maize genotypes. It is evident from results that the best selection criteria for drought tolerance in our study were: 100-kernel weight (100KW) and chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) under WSF and WSG, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), upper stem diameter (SDU) and lower stem diameter (SDL) under WSF and kernels/row (KPR) and ear leaf area (ELA) under WSG, since they show high correlation (r) values with grain yield/plant (GYPP), high h2b and high GA estimates under the respective environments. Under well watering conditions, KPR, 100KW, CCI, and SDL traits showed high (r) values, high h2b and high GA estimates and therefore could be considered selection criteria for GYPP under non-stressed environment. The results concluded that predicted selection gain would be higher if selection was practiced under WW for lower values of days to silking and higher values of ears/plant, rows/ear, KPR, 100KW, SDU and SDL, under WSF for lower values of ASI and higher values of GYPP and under WSG for lower values of plant height, ear height, and barren stalks, and higher values of CCI and ELA.

scholarly journals Effect of Spraying with Water Hyacinth and Silverleaf Extractson Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 904 (1) ◽  
pp. 012062
Author(s):  
W K Houry ◽  
A M A Alkaisy ◽  
A F Almehemdi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Fall Season ◽  
Herb Extract

Abstract A field experiment was carried out in one of the special fields Al-Jazirah - Al-Budhiyab located at latitude 38.28° north and longitude 43.19° east, to find out the effect of different concentrations of the extract of the Water hyacinth and silverleaf plants in three varieties of sun flower. The experiment was applied using a split-plate arrangement within an RCBD design with three replications. The main plots were represented by the varieties Ishaqi, Sakha, and Iqmar, and the sub plots included the spray concentrations 0, 5, 15 and 25 mg L-1. The results showed that the Iqmar variety was superior in plant height (179.73 cm) in the spring season, and the cultivar Ishaqi (175.50 cm) in the fall season. The variety also outperforms generously in leaf area (307.4 cm2) in the fall season. As for the extracts, the water hyacinth outperformed the plant height (177.74 and 175.11 cm) in both seasons, respectively. And in the stem diameter (20.45 mm) in the spring season and in the dry weight of the weeds (0.045 and 0.053 g m2) in both seasons respectively. While silverleaf herb extract exceeded the leaf area (213.9 and 271.1 cm2) in both seasons sequentially and the stem diameter (20.86 mm) in the fall season, the silverleaf herb extract reduced the dry weight of the weeds (0.032 and 0.043 g m2) in both seasons respectively. He increased the weight of 1000 seeds (59.25 and 67.20 grams) in both seasons and the total yield (3.26 ton ha-1) in the fall season. The 15 mg L-1 concentration also increased plant height (180.02 cm) and leaf area (208.9 cm2) in the spring season, disc diameter (22.39 cm) in the fall season and the number of seeds (924 seeds per disc-1). While the concentration increased plant height (176.19 cm) and leaf area (276.8 cm2) in the fall season. The concentration outperformed 5 mg L-1 in stem diameter (19.65 and 20.32 mm) in both seasons and increased the weight of 1000 seeds (59.57 and 67.94 g) in both seasons sequentially and the overall yield (4.35 and 3.18 ton ha-1) in both seasons. Sequentially. We conclude that there is a fluctuation in the behavior of the same crop varieties due to the overlap of study factors and in different directions, so it is recommended to individualize the factors in their influence on the varieties to know the behavior of those varieties more accurately.

scholarly journals Simulating the Response of Drought–Tolerant Maize Varieties to Nitrogen Application in Contrasting Environments in the Nigeria Savannas Using the APSIM Model

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Aloysius Beah ◽  
Alpha Y. Kamara ◽  
Jibrin M. Jibrin ◽  
Folorunso M. Akinseye ◽  
Abdullahi I. Tofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Maize Varieties

This paper assessed the application of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)–maize module as a decision support tool for optimizing nitrogen application to determine yield and net return of maize production under current agricultural practices in the Nigeria savannas. The model was calibrated for two maize varieties using data from field experiments conducted under optimum conditions in three locations during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. The model was evaluated using an independent dataset from an experiment conducted under different nitrogen (N) levels in two locations within Southern and Northern Guinea savannas. The results show that model accurately predicted days to 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield and total dry matter (TDM) of both varieties with low RMSE and RMSEn (%) values within the range of acceptable statistics indices. Based on 31-year seasonal simulation, optimum mean grain yield of 3941 kg ha−1 for Abuja, and 4549 for Kano was simulated at N rate of 120 kg ha–1 for the early maturing variety 2009EVDT. Meanwhile in Zaria, optimum mean yield of 4173 kg ha–1 was simulated at N rate of 90 kg ha−1. For the intermediate maturing variety, IWDC2SYNF2 mean optimum yields of 5152, 5462, and 4849 kg ha−1, were simulated at N application of 120 kg ha−1 for all the locations. The probability of exceeding attainable mean grain yield of 3000 and 4000 kg ha−1 for 2009EVDT and IWDC2SYNF2, respectively would be expected in 95% of the years with application of 90 kg N ha−1 across the three sites. Following the profitability scenarios analysis, the realistic net incomes of US$ 536 ha–1 for Abuja, and US$ 657 ha−1 for Zaria were estimated at N rate of 90 kg ha−1 and at Kano site, realistic net income of US$ 720 ha–1was estimated at N rate of 120 kg ha−1 for 2009EVDT.For IWDC2SYNF2, realistic net incomes of US$ 870, 974, and 818 ha−1 were estimated at N application of 120 kg ha−1 for Abuja, Zaria, and Kano respectively. The result of this study suggests that 90 kg N ha−1 can be recommended for 2009EVDT and 120 kg N ha–1 for IWDC2SYNF2 in Abuja and Zaria while in Kano, 120 kg N ha−1 should be applied to both varieties to attain optimum yield and profit.

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