Pathological gambling: prevalence in Spain / El juego patológico: prevalencia en España

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisardo Becoña Iglesias

El juego patológico constituye un importante problema de salud mental en España y en otros países desarrollados. Se analizan los estudios de prevalencia en función de los criterios diagnósticos que se han utilizado hasta ahora para el juego patológico. Los estudios de prevalencia realizados en muestras representativas de la población basados en el DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV y SOGS indicaban una prevalencia entre el 1.4 y el 1.7% en las muestras más representativas españolas, semejante a la de otros países. Los últimos estudios con instrumentos derivados del DSMIV, como el NODS, o versiones revisadas del SOGS indican un nivel de prevalencia menor para el juego patológico. Se analizan todos los estudios realizados en España con unos y otros instrumentos y su comparación con los resultados de otros países, especialmente en adultos junto a otros estudios realizados con niños y adolescentes. AbstractThe pathological gambling constitutes an important problem of mental health in Spain and in other developed countries. The prevalence studies are analyzed in function of the diagnostic criteria that have been used to assess the pathological gambling. The studies realized in the more representative samples of the general population in Spain based on the DSMIII, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and SOGS indicated a prevalencia between the 1.4 and 1.7%, similar to that of other countries. The last studies with derivative instruments of the DSM-IV, as the NODS, or revised versions of the SOGS, indicate a level of smaller prevalencia for the pathological gambling. Finally, we discuss the results of the studies carried out in Spain with several instruments or criteria and their comparison with the results of other countries, especially in adults as in adolescents.

Author(s):  
Marianna Toce-Gerstein ◽  
Dean R. Gerstein

Objective: This analysis tested whether past-year measures can be shown to have methodological advantages over lifetime measures of pathological gambling based on DSM-IV criteria. Methods: Two stratified random-sample surveys (n=2,417, n=530) of gambling behavior and correlates were conducted with community-based U.S. adults. A fully structured questionnaire, administered by trained interviewers, screened for lifetime and past-year prevalence of the 10 DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling. Sample: The study sample comprised 1,216 gamblers who were administered the pathological gambling screen, with particular attention given to the 400 gamblers who reported one or more gambling-related problems. Results: Pathological gambling criteria as measured by lifetime items showed greater consistency with past-year items than was true for other levels of gambling problems. Neither lifetime nor past-year measures were positively related to the age of the respondent. Conclusion: These findings deny the presumptively greater accuracy of past-year over lifetime measures of pathological gambling based on DSM-IV criteria in prevalence studies in the general population. In view of greater conceptual fidelity to DSM-IV concepts, lifetime measures appear preferable to past-year.


2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zimmerman ◽  
Iwona Chelminski ◽  
Diane Young

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. S327-S328
Author(s):  
S. Jimenez-Murcia ◽  
R. Stinchfield ◽  
E. Alvarez-Moya ◽  
N. Jaurrieta ◽  
B. Bueno ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 380-432
Author(s):  
Renata Marques de Oliveira ◽  
Jair Lício Ferreira Santos ◽  
Antonia Regina Ferreira Furegato

Introduction: The opinions and perceptions about smoking in the psychiatric population contribute to the fact that its prevalence in this population remains two or three times higher than that found in other groups.Aims: 1) To compare the opinions of the psychiatric population and general population regarding the smoking ban in mental health services, as well as their perception of mental health professionals’ attitudes in relation to smoking; 2) To identify the association between personal and clinical variables with opinions and perception of attitudes.Methods: This Brazilian cross-sectional epidemiological study took place in: Mental Health Outpatient Unit (n=126), Psychiatric Hospital (n=126) and Primary Health Unit (n=126). Individual interviews were performed using a questionnaire.Results: Most participants believe that smoking ban may aggravate psychiatric symptoms. When comparing the responses of the psychiatric population with those of the general population, it is observed that the two groups have similar opinions regarding the effects of tobacco on psychiatric symptoms and behaviors. The population hospitalized in the psychiatric hospital was the one that most agreed with the perception of the attitudes of professionals working in mental health services towards smoking, possibly due to situations experienced in the psychiatric hospital. Among the personal and clinical variables, the illiterate or those who studied up to primary/junior high school were the ones who most agreed that the smoking ban aggravates psychiatric symptoms.Conclusions: This study contribute to the practice of psychiatric nursing by disclosing the opinions and perceptions of attitudes associated with smoking in mental health services. Introducción: Las opiniones y percepciones acerca del tabaquismo de la población psiquiátrica contribuyen a que su prevalencia, en esa población, sea de dos a tres veces superior a la encontrada en otros grupos.Objetivos: 1) Comparar las opiniones de la población psiquiátrica y de la población general en relación a la prohibición de fumar, en los servicios de salud mental, así como comparar la percepción que tienen de las actitudes de profesionales de salud mental, en relación al tabaquismo; 2) Identificar la asociación entre variables personales y clínicas con las opiniones y percepciones de las actitudes.Método: Este estudio epidemiológico brasileño de corte transversal fue realizado en Ambulatorio de Salud Mental (n=126), en Hospital psiquiátrico (n=126) y en Unidad Básica de Salud (n=126). Fueron realizadas entrevistas individuales usando un cuestionario.Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes cree que los síntomas psiquiátricos pueden agravarse con la prohibición de fumar. Al comparar las respuestas de la población psiquiátrica con la población general, se observó que los dos grupos tienen opiniones similares acerca de los efectos del tabaco en los síntomas psiquiátricos y en el comportamiento. La población internada en el hospital psiquiátrico fue la que más concordó con las afirmaciones relacionadas a las actitudes de los profesionales que trabajan en los servicios de salud mental, en relación al tabaquismo, posiblemente debido a las situaciones que experimentan en el hospital psiquiátrico. Entre las variables personales y clínicas, los analfabetos y los que estudiaron hasta la enseñanza fundamental fueron los que más concordaron que la prohibición de fumar puede agravar los síntomas psiquiátricos.Conclusión: Este estudio contribuye para la práctica de la enfermería psiquiátrica, al revelar las opiniones y percepciones de actitudes relacionadas al tabaquismo, en los servicios de salud mental. Introdução: As opiniões e percepções acerca do tabagismo da população psiquiátrica contribuem para sua prevalência, nessa população, ser duas a três vezes superior à encontrada em outros grupos.Objetivo: 1) Comparar as opiniões da população psiquiátrica e da população geral em relação à proibição do fumo nos serviços de saúde mental, bem como a percepção que elas têm das atitudes dos profissionais de saúde mental em relação ao tabagismo; 2) Identificar a associação entre variáveis pessoais e clínicas com as opiniões e percepção das atitudes.Método: Este estudo epidemiológico brasileiro de corte transversal foi realizado em: Ambulatório de Saúde Mental (n=126), Hospital psiquiátrico (n=126) e Unidade Básica de Saúde (n=126). Foram conduzidas entrevistas individuais usando questionário.Resultados: A maioria dos participantes acredita que os sintomas psiquiátricos podem ser agravados com a proibição do fumo. Ao comparar as respostas da população psiquiátrica com as da população geral, é observado que os dois grupos têm opiniões similares acerca dos efeitos do tabaco nos sintomas psiquiátricos e no comportamento. A população internada no hospital psiquiátrico foi a que mais concordou com as afirmativas relacionadas às atitudes dos profissionais que trabalham nos serviços de saúde mental em relação ao tabagismo, possivelmente devido às situações que experienciam no hospital psiquiátrico. Dentre as variáveis pessoais e clínicas, os analfabetos e os que estudaram até o ensino fundamental foram os que mais concordaram que a proibição do fumo pode agravar os sintomas psiquiátricos.Conclusão: Este estudo contribui para a prática da enfermagem psiquiátrica ao revelar as opiniões e percepções das atitudes relacionadas ao tabagismo nos serviços de saúde mental.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Jane Newson ◽  
Tara C Thiagarajan

BACKGROUND Existing mental health assessment tools provide an incomplete picture of symptom experience and create ambiguity, bias, and inconsistency in mental health outcomes. Furthermore, by focusing on disorders and dysfunction, they do not allow a view of mental health and well-being across a general population. OBJECTIVE This study aims to demonstrate the outcomes and validity of a new web-based assessment tool called the Mental Health Quotient (MHQ), which is designed for the general population. The MHQ covers the complete breadth of clinical mental health symptoms and also captures healthy mental functioning to provide a complete profile of an individual’s mental health from clinical to thriving. METHODS The MHQ was developed based on the coding of symptoms assessed in 126 existing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)–based psychiatric assessment tools as well as neuroscientific criteria laid out by Research Domain Criteria to arrive at a comprehensive set of semantically distinct mental health symptoms and attributes. These were formulated into questions on a 9-point scale with both positive and negative dimensions and developed into a web-based tool that takes approximately 14 min to complete. As its output, the assessment provides overall MHQ scores as well as subscores for 6 categories of mental health that distinguish clinical and at-risk groups from healthy populations based on a nonlinear scoring algorithm. MHQ items were also mapped to the DSM fifth edition (DSM-5), and clinical diagnostic criteria for 10 disorders were applied to the MHQ outcomes to cross-validate scores labeled at-risk and clinical. Initial data were collected from 1665 adult respondents to test the tool. RESULTS Scores in the normal healthy range spanned from 0 to 200 for the overall MHQ, with an average score of approximately 100 (SD 45), and from 0 to 100 with average scores between 48 (SD 21) and 55 (SD 22) for subscores in each of the 6 mental health subcategories. Overall, 2.46% (41/1665) and 13.09% (218/1665) of respondents were classified as clinical and at-risk, respectively, with negative scores. Validation against DSM-5 diagnostic criteria showed that 95% (39/41) of those designated clinical were positive for at least one DSM-5–based disorder, whereas only 1.14% (16/1406) of those with a positive MHQ score met the diagnostic criteria for a mental health disorder. CONCLUSIONS The MHQ provides a fast, easy, and comprehensive way to assess population mental health and well-being; identify at-risk individuals and subgroups; and provide diagnosis-relevant information across 10 disorders.


2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1659-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Scott ◽  
M. Von Korff ◽  
J. Alonso ◽  
M. Angermeyer ◽  
E. J. Bromet ◽  
...  

BackgroundPhysical morbidity is a potent risk factor for depression onset and clearly increases with age, yet prior research has often found depressive disorders to decrease with age. This study tests the possibility that the relationship between age and mental disorders differs as a function of physical co-morbidity.MethodEighteen general population surveys were carried out among household-residing adults as part of the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys initiative (n=42 697). DSM-IV disorders were assessed using face-to-face interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). The effect of age was estimated for 12-month depressive and/or anxiety disorders with and without physical or pain co-morbidity, and for physical and/or pain conditions without mental co-morbidity.ResultsDepressive and anxiety disorders decreased with age, a result that cannot be explained by organic exclusion criteria. No significant difference was found in the relationship between mental disorders and age as a function of physical/pain co-morbidity. The majority of older persons have chronic physical or pain conditions without co-morbid mental disorders; by contrast, the majority of those with mental disorders have physical/pain co-morbidity, particularly among the older age groups.ConclusionsCIDI-diagnosed depressive and anxiety disorders in the general population decrease with age, despite greatly increasing physical morbidity with age. Physical morbidity among persons with mental disorder is the norm, particularly in older populations. Health professionals, including mental health professionals, need to address barriers to the management of physical co-morbidity among those with mental disorders.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Schultz ◽  
Takuya Ito ◽  
Levi I. Solomyak ◽  
Richard H. Chen ◽  
Ravi D. Mill ◽  
...  

We all vary in our mental health, even among people not meeting diagnostic criteria for mental illness. Understanding this individual variability may reveal factors driving the risk for mental illness, as well as factors driving subclinical problems that still adversely affect quality of life. To better understand the large-scale brain network mechanisms underlying this variability, we examined the relationship between mental health symptoms and resting-state functional connectivity patterns in cognitive control systems. One such system is the fronto-parietal cognitive control network (FPN). Changes in FPN connectivity may impact mental health by disrupting the ability to regulate symptoms in a goal-directed manner. Here we test the hypothesis that FPN dysconnectivity relates to mental health symptoms even among individuals who do not meet formal diagnostic criteria but may exhibit meaningful symptom variation. We found that depression symptoms severity negatively correlated with between-network global connectivity (BGC) of the FPN. This suggests that decreased connectivity between the FPN and the rest of the brain is related to increased depression symptoms in the general population. These findings complement previous clinical studies to support the hypothesis that global FPN connectivity contributes to the regulation of mental health symptoms across both health and disease.


2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne D. Hall

Objective: To review the evidence on the mental health and psychosocial consequences of rising rates of cannabis use among young people in developed countries. Method: This paper critically reviews epidemiological evidence on the following psychosocial consequences of adolescent cannabis use: cannabis dependence; the use of heroin and cocaine; educational underachievement; and psychosis. Leading electronic databases such as PubMed have been searched to identify large-scale longitudinal studies of representative samples of adolescents and young adults conducted in developed societies over the past 20 years. Results: Cannabis is a drug of dependence, the risk of which increases with decreasing age of initiation. Cannabis dependence in young people predicts increased risks of using other illicit drugs, underperforming in school, and reporting psychotic symptoms. Uncertainty remains about which of these relationships are causal although the evidence is growing that cannabis is a contributory cause of psychotic symptoms. Conclusions: We face major challenges in communicating with young people about the most probable risks of cannabis use (dependence, educational underachievement and psychosis) given uncertainties about these risks and polarized community views about the policies that should be adopted to reduce them.


2007 ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine M. Grüsser ◽  
Babett Plöntzke ◽  
Ulrike Albrecht ◽  
Chantal Patricia Mörsen

Objective: Lottery gambling has enjoyed great popularity around the world for many years and is generally seen as a socially acceptable form of gambling. Apart from aspects such as effects on charities, pathological lottery gambling and its addictive nature have often been discussed recently but rarely investigated. Methods: In the present study lottery gambling was investigated with respect to criteria of pathological gambling and addiction using a standardized questionnaire on gambling behavior that also assesses diagnostic criteria of addiction according to the DSM-IV. Sample: 171 active lottery gambling subjects (40 females, 131 males) participated in the present study. Results: 15.2% of the subjects fulfilled the criteria of pathological lottery gambling. Pathological lottery gamblers differed significantly from nonpathological lottery gamblers concerning the diagnostic criteria for addiction. Conclusion: An extension of the diagnosis "pathological gambling" to "behavioral addiction" seems to be appropriate for excessive lottery gambling.


2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 761-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Lee Derevensky ◽  
David McDuff ◽  
Claudia L Reardon ◽  
Brian Hainline ◽  
Mary E Hitchcock ◽  
...  

Opportunities to participate in gambling have dramatically changed during the past 20 years. Casinos have proliferated as have electronic gambling machines, lotteries, sports betting, and most recently online gambling. Gambling among the general population has moved from being perceived negatively to a socially acceptable pastime. As over 80% of individuals have reported gambling for money during their lifetime, governments recognise that regulating gambling—a multibillion dollar industry—is a significant source of revenue. While the vast majority of individuals engaged in some form of gambling have no or few gambling-related problems, an identifiable proportion of both adolescents and adults experience significant gambling-related problems. Elite athletes have not been immune to the lure of gambling nor its concomitant problems. Prevalence studies suggest higher rates of gambling problems among athletes than the general population. In this narrative review, we examine several risk factors associated with gambling problems among elite athletes and new forms of gambling that may be problematic for this population. Given the potential serious mental health and performance consequences associated with a gambling disorder for athletes, we aim to increase coaches’, athletic directors’ and health professionals’ knowledge concerning the importance of screening and treatment referrals.


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