scholarly journals The Economics of Marriage in China: How hukou and migration systems leave rural China men single

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunxiu Kang ◽  
Mazni Hanis Mahfuz ◽  
Liangzhuo Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
And Migration ◽  
China Today ◽  
The Impact ◽  
China Men ◽  
Migration Systems

Contrary to a view that the number of unmarried women in the world is increasing due to the extinction of ‘good’ men, China today faces the converse: More than 24 million Chinese men of marrying age could find themselves without spouses in 2020... Another researcher quoted by the newspaper, Wang Yuesheng, said men in poorer parts of China would be forced to accept marriages late in life or remain single for life... ~ Discovery News ( 2010 ) This paper f ocus es on the economic analysis of the impact of migration and the hukou system on the increased number of unmarried men in rural areas . We find that due to cultural issues as well as comparative advantage in home production versus income earning, women are more likely to leave rural areas of China.

scholarly journals Does Social Support Affect the Health of the Elderly in Rural China? A Meta-Analysis Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natuya Zhuori ◽  
Yu Cai ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Yu Cui ◽  
Minjuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
The Impact

As the trend of aging in rural China has intensified, research on the factors affecting the health of the elderly in rural areas has become a hot issue. However, the conclusions of existing studies are inconsistent and even contradictory, making it difficult to form constructive policies with practical value. To explore the reasons for the inconsistent conclusions drawn by relevant research, in this paper we constructed a meta-regression database based on 65 pieces of relevant literature published in the past 25 years. For more valid samples to reduce publication bias, we also set the statistical significance of social support to the health of the elderly in rural areas as a dependent variable. Finally, combined with multi-dimensional social support and its implications for the health of the elderly, meta-regression analysis was carried out on the results of 171 empirical studies. The results show that (1) subjective support rather than objective support can have a significant impact on the health of the elderly in rural areas, and there is no significant difference between other dimensions of social support and objective support; (2) the health status of the elderly in rural areas in samples involving western regions is more sensitive to social support than that in samples not involving the western regions; (3) among the elderly in rural areas, social support for the older male elderly is more likely to improve their health than that for the younger female elderly; and (4) besides this, both data sources and econometric models greatly affect the heterogeneity of the effect of social support on the health of the elderly in rural areas, but neither the published year nor the journal is significant. Finally, relevant policies and follow-up studies on the impact of social support on the health of the elderly in rural areas are discussed.

The impact of investment on drinking water quality in rural China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Ai Yue ◽  
Yaojiang Shi ◽  
Renfu Luo ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
Natalie Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Although access to safe drinking water is one of the most important health-related infrastructure programs in the world, drinking water remains a large problem in China today, especially in rural areas. Despite increased government investment in water resource protection and management, there is still an absence of academic studies that are able to document what path the investment has taken and whether it has had any tangible impact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of drinking water investment on drinking water in China. Design/methodology/approach The authors make use of nationally representative data from 2005 and 2012 to measure the impact of drinking water investment among 2,028 rural households in 101 villages across five provinces. Both ordinary least squares regression and probit regression are used to analyze the correlates and the impact of drinking water investment. Findings The authors demonstrate that water quality was likely a significant problem in 2004 but that China’s investment into drinking water appears to have resulted in initial improvements during the study period. The authors show that the most significant change came about in terms of hardware: villages that received more drinking water investment now have more piped tap water and more access to water treatment infrastructure (disinfecting and filtering facilities). High rates of rural resident satisfaction with drinking water suggest the effects of drinking water investment are being felt at the village level. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study on drinking water investment over time in rural China using nationally representative data.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on primary health care and antibiotic prescribing in rural China: qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Xingrong Shen ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Linhai Zhao ◽  
Debin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background In China, the primary health care (PHC) system has been designated responsible for control and prevention of COVID-19, but not treatment. Suspected COVID-19 cases presenting to PHC facilities must be transferred to specialist fever clinics. This study aims to understand the impact of COVID-19 on PHC delivery and on antibiotic prescribing at a community level in rural areas of central China. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 PHC practitioners and seven patients recruited from two township health centres and nine village clinics in two rural residential areas of Anhui province. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Results PHC practitioners reported a major shift in their work away from seeing and treating patients (due to government-mandated referral to specialist Covid clinics) to focus on the key public health roles of tracing, screening and educating in rural areas. The additional work, risk, and financial pressure that PHC practitioners faced, placed considerable strain on them, particularly those working in village clinics. Face to face PHC provision was reduced and there was no substitution with consultations by phone or app, which practitioners attributed to the fact that most of their patients were elderly and not willing or able to switch. Practitioners saw COVID-19 as outside of their area of expertise and very different to the non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infections that they frequently treated pre-pandemic. They reported that antibiotic prescribing was reduced overall because far fewer patients were attending rural PHC facilities, but otherwise their antibiotic prescribing practices remained unchanged. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic had considerable impact on PHC in rural China. Practitioners took on substantial additional workload as part of epidemic control and fewer patients were seen in PHC. The reduction in patients seen and treated in PHC led to a reduction in antibiotic prescribing, although clinical practice remains unchanged. Since COVID-19 epidemic control work has been designated as a long-term task in China, rural PHC clinics now face the challenge of how to balance their principal clinical and increased public health roles and, in the case of the village clinics, remain financially viable.

THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON MURDER RATES AND ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOMICIDE IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1780–1850

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER KING
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAlthough higher murder rates have traditionally been associated with large cities, this view has recently been challenged by several historians who have argued that ‘homicide rates were negatively correlated with urbanisation and industrialisation’, and this is rapidly becoming the new consensus. By exploring the geography of homicide rates for one area undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization – England and Wales, 1780–1850 – this article challenges this new view and re-assesses the relationship between recorded homicide rates and both modernization and urbanization. After discussing the methodological problems involved in using homicide statistics, it focuses mainly on the first fifteen years for which detailed county-based data is available – 1834–48 – as well as looking at the more limited late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century evidence. This data raises fundamental questions about the links historians have recently made between urbanization and low homicide rates, since the remote rural parts of England and Wales generally had very low recorded murder rates while industrializing and rapidly urbanizing areas such as Lancashire had very high ones. Potential explanations for these systematic and large variations between urban and rural areas – including the impact of age structures and migration patterns – are then explored.

Impact Assessment of MGNREGA on Employment Generation, Labour Supply in the Agriculture Sector and Migration: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 613-618
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
The Impact

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in 2005 was formulated to reinforce adherence towards livelihood security in rural areas by providing a legal guarantee of 100 day's work annually to every rural household whose adult members willing to do unskilled manual work. The study assessed the impact of MGNREGA on employment generation, labour supply in agriculture sector and migration. The study was conducted using multi-stage random sampling in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on a survey covering 100 households from 10 panchayats of 2 blocks, it was found that the scheme was the lifeline of poor villagers and significantly affected the employment level. However, labour supply in agriculture showed a negative trend which can vanquish if MGNREGA provides off-season employment to agricultural labour. Similarly, the migration level also dwindled showing a positive impact of the scheme. A new and innovative works need to be found to retain rural labour and furnish productive employment to check this trend.

The impact of trade liberalization on poverty reduction in rural China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-694
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Yong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade liberalization influences rural poverty reduction in China.Design/methodology/approachThe authors make use of China Family Panel Studies survey data, take annual income of farmers of RMB2,300 and RMB3,450 as the poverty lines (poverty line 1 and poverty line 2, respectively). Residents below poverty line 1 and poverty line 2 are 2,580 and 2,661, respectively. Probit model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization on the poverty probability. Income-deciding equation is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization on the income level of poor residents in rural areas. Income-deciding equation is also used to examine the transmission mechanism of trade liberalization affecting rural poverty.FindingsThis study finds that trade liberalization can reduce the poverty probability of rural residents and promote the income growth of poor residents in rural areas. Trade liberalization increases the income of poor residents and reduces poverty through transmission mechanisms such as promoting economic growth and financial expenditure.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study to quantitatively model the impact of trade liberalization on rural poverty reduction in China using residents’ survey data.

scholarly journals The Nexus between Formal Credit and E-Commerce Utilization of Entrepreneurial Farmers in Rural China: A Mediation Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 900-921
Author(s):  
Shaoxiong Yang ◽  
Huiling Wang ◽  
Zhengxiao Wang ◽  
Mansoor Ahmed Koondhar ◽  
Linxue Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asset Allocation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Online Purchases ◽  
Internet Learning ◽  
The Impact

E-commerce furnishes farmers in rural China with a novel solution accomplishing entrepreneurship transformation, but serious credit constraints still coexist with it at present, which may restrict the release of e-commerce’s potential. Therefore, this study investigates whether formal credit promotes entrepreneurial farmers’ e-commerce utilization and explores its influencing mechanism. Based on the survey data collected from 831 entrepreneurial farmers in Shaanxi province, Ningxia province and Shandong province in rural China, the propensity score matching (PSM) method was applied to measure the impact of formal credit on e-commerce utilization. The results show that formal credit contributes to a 18.41% increase of e-commerce utilization in general and increases entrepreneurial farmers’ online purchases and sales by 11.15% and 14.69%, respectively. Some groups perform significantly in the heterogeneity analysis, the most noteworthy of which are entrepreneurial farmers who are younger, belong to new type of agricultural business entities and use mobile payments. Their e-commerce utilization, including online purchases and sales, are impacted most by formal credit. Furthermore, when the bootstrap method was used to examine the mediating effect, we found that formal credit has a positive and significant effect on the utilization of e-commerce through four channels, which are internet learning, asset allocation, labor allocation and income growth. Hence, the findings suggest that the government should augment the amount of formal credit to optimize entrepreneurial farmers’ internet learning, asset allocation, labor employment and income growth, thereby promoting e-commerce to achieve entrepreneurial transformation and sustainable development in rural areas.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN RURAL AREAS: THE IMPACT OF DECENTRALIZATION REFORM

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Melnychuk A.L.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
External Support ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Local Budget ◽  
Decentralization Reform ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

The impact of decentralization reform on unemployment in territorial communities formed in 2015–2020 as a result of the reform of the administrative-territorial system in Ukraine is considered. Focused on the problem of unemployment in rural areas in the context of the reform of the administrative-territorial system. The peculiarities of strategies for the development of grassroots territorial communities in terms of ensuring the creation of new jobs are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the efforts to form non-agricultural employment in rural areas of newly created grassroots territorial communities in Ukraine. The peculiarities of community action plans aimed at combating unemployment and migration from the Ukrainian countryside are highlighted. The materials of surveys of territorial communities’ leaders 2019–2021 conducted by the analytical center of the All-Ukrainian Association of Joint Territorial Communities on the formation of policies to combat unemployment are analyzed. The peculiarities of budgetary and financial policy of grassroots territorial communities in Ukraine in the context of their influence on the fight against unemployment in rural areas are revealed. The impact of the COVID-2019 coronavirus pandemic on the economic development of newly formed grassroots territorial communities in Ukraine is reflected. The vision of the leaders of territorial communities on the consequences of the government’s introduction of a set of economic measures to reduce the tax burden on the economy and small and medium-sized businesses, which are related to counteracting the spread of coronavirus COVID-2019, was analyzed. Community leaders have identified an assessment of government measures to reduce the tax burden on the economy and small and medium-sized businesses and local budget losses caused by them, measures that will have the greatest impact on the labor market in local communities at the grassroots level. The ability of territorial communities to keep jobs in the field of medium and small business and the need for external support to local communities to combat corporate bankruptcies and the threat of unemployment have been identified.Key words: unemployment, rural environment, decentralization, territorial communities, development of territorial communities. Розглянуто вплив реформи децентралізації на безробіття у територіальних громадах, утво-рених у 2015–2020 рр. унаслідок реформи адміністративно-територіального устрою в Україні. Акцентовано увагу на проблемі безробіття у сільській місцевості у контексті реформи адміністративно-територіального устрою. Висвітлено особливості стратегій розвитку територіальних громад низового рівня у частині забезпечення створення нових робочих місць. Акцентовано увагу на зусиллях з формування несільськогосподарської зайнятості у сільській місцевості новостворених територіальних громад низового рівня в Україні. Виділено особливості планів дій громад, спрямованих на боротьбу з безробіттям та міграцією з українського села. Проаналізовано матеріали опитувань лідерів територіальних громад 2019–2021 рр., реалізованих аналітичним центром Всеукраїнської Асоціації ОТГ щодо формування політики боротьби із безробіттям. Розкрито особливості бюджетної та фінансової політики територіальних громад низового рівня в Україні у контексті їх впливу на боротьбу з безробіттям у сільській місцевості. Відображено вплив пандемії коронавірусної хвороби COVID-2019 на економічний розвиток новоутворених територіальних громад низового рівня в Україні. Проаналізовано бачення лідерів територіальних громад щодо наслідків запровадження урядом комплексу економічних заходів щодо зниження податкового навантаження на економіку та малий і середній бізнес, які пов’язані із протидією поширенню коронавірусної хвороби COVID-2019. Визначена оцінка лідерами громад урядових заходів щодо зниження податкового навантаження на економіку та малий і середній бізнес та втрат місцевих бюджетів, викликаних ними, заходів, які матимуть найбільший вплив на ринок праці у територіальних громадах низового рівня. Визначена спроможність територіальних громад зберегти робочі місця у сфері середнього та малого бізнесу та потребу у зовнішній підтримці територіальних громад для протидії банкрутствам підприємств та загрози зростання безробіття.Ключові слова: безробіття, сільська місцевість, децентралізація, територіальна громада, роз-виток територіальних громад.

scholarly journals Do Remittances reduce poverty in Kosovo? - A counterfactual analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Arbëresha Loxha
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Migration and remittances are argued to be an effective mechanism for mitigating poverty, as well as a coping mechanism for disadvantaged households with no or little employment and earning opportunities in Kosovo. A considerable part is reported to be directed towards consumption and very little for investment or enterpreneurship purposes. The high dependence of households on remittances suggests that poverty rates would be much higher without the safety net provided through migration and remittances. The conventional approach of empirically estimating determinants of remittances, including those focusing on Kosovo, treats both remittance and migration behaviour as independent decisions. Empirically estimating determinants of remittances while overlooking the importance of variables that influenced the decision to migrate will leave out these determinants and also bias the results. Hence, this study treats migration and remittance decision as a joint process and focuses on the household. More precisely, it analyses the impact that remittances and migration have on the poverty in Kosovo, in a hypothetical case, without remittances and migration using data from the Household Budget Survey 2011. Due to the potential presence of selection bias, this study uses a two-stage Heckman-type selection procedure which suggests that there is no selection bias. The study develops counterfactual consumption estimates for remittance recipient households through the use of survey bootstrap procedure to predict the consumption of households in the case of no remittances. The results support the hypothesis that remittances increase the consumption of recipient households. The poverty rate would be higher for a considerable proportion of households in the case of no remittances. The poverty rates would increase particularly in rural areas. The novelty of this study lies on the methodological approach chosen to investigate the impact of remittances on poverty in Kosovo. In contrast to previous analysis, this study controls for potential selection bias and empirically assesses whether the expectations on the poverty reducing effect of remittances in Kosovo hold.

scholarly journals The lived experience of family members of older people who have committed suicide in rural China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyun Chen ◽  
Xiubin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: China has the largest older population in the world. With the increasing trend of ageing, the problem of suicide among old people is increasing rapidly, especially in rural areas. The pressures and challenges faced by family members of loved ones who have committed suicide has been studied closely around the world. However, the impact of suicide on the lives of family members have not received enough attention in China. Therefore, it is very important to understand the lived experience of the family members of older people who have committed suicide. The study aims to understand the lived experiences of family members who have experienced their older family member’s suicide in a rural area based in Shaanxi Province, China.Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used for this study. Semi-structured individual interviews with five family members of older people who have committed suicide recruited from a rural area of Shaanxi Province, China.Results: Three main themes emerged from the study: (a) Initial reactions; (b) Continual effects; (c) Social attitudes.Conclusions: With the development of China’s economic, social and cultural changes, the suicide of the older people in rural China poses a challenge to the future living quality of their family members. It shows that it is necessary to pay attention to families of older people who have committed suicide. It also shows that more support is required to improve the quality of life of families of older people who have committed suicide in rural China.

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