Drill Bit Failure Forensics using 2D Bit Images Captured at the Rig Site

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeepkumar Ashok ◽  
Jian Chu ◽  
Ysabel Witt-Doerring ◽  
Zeyu Yan ◽  
Dongmei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Vibration Data ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Pdc Bit ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bit Life

Abstract Identifying the root cause of damage of a pulled bit as soon as possible will aid preparation for future bit runs. Today, such bit damage analyses are often anecdotal, subjective and error-prone. The objective of this project was to develop a software algorithm to automatically analyze 2D bit images taken at the rig site, and to quickly identify the root cause of bit damage and failure. A labelled dataset was first created whereby the damage seen in bit photos was associated with the appropriate root cause of failure. Particular attention was given to the radial position of the cutters that were damaged. Using the 2D bit images (which can be obtained at the rig site), a convolutional neural network along with other image processing techniques were used to identify the individual cutters, their position on the bit, the degree of wear on each cutter. A classifier was then built to directly identify root cause of failure from these images. This work utilized a large dataset of wells which included multiple bit images, surface sensor data, downhole vibration data, and offset well rock strength information. This dataset helped relate the type of dysfunction as seen in the downhole and surface sensor data to the damage seen on the bit. This dataset however only covered some types of dysfunctions and some types of bit damage. It was therefore augmented with bit images for which the type of failure was determined through analysis by a subject- matter expert. A classifier was subsequently developed which properly identified the root causes of failure when the bit photo quality met certain minimum standards. One key observation was that bit images are not always captured appropriately, and this reduces the accuracy of the method. The automated forensics approach to Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bit damage root cause analysis described in this paper can be performed using 2D bit photos that can be easily captured on a phone or camera at the rig site. By identifying the potential root causes of PDC damage through image processing, drilling parameters and bit selection can be optimized to prolong future bit life. The algorithm also enables uniformity in bit analysis across a company's operations, as well as the standardization of the process.

Mathematical Modeling of PDC Bit Drilling Process Based on a Single-Cutter Mechanics

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Wojtanowicz ◽  
E. Kuru
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Pdc Bit ◽  
Analytical Development ◽  
Assumed Similarity ◽  
Balance Of Forces ◽  
Bit Life ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

An analytical development of a new mechanistic drilling model for polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits is presented. The derivation accounts for static balance of forces acting on a single PDC cutter and is based on assumed similarity between bit and cutter. The model is fully explicit with physical meanings given to all constants and functions. Three equations constitute the mathematical model: torque, drilling rate, and bit life. The equations comprise cutter’s geometry, rock properties drilling parameters, and four empirical constants. The constants are used to match the model to a PDC drilling process. Also presented are qualitative and predictive verifications of the model. Qualitative verification shows that the model’s response to drilling process variables is similar to the behavior of full-size PDC bits. However, accuracy of the model’s predictions of PDC bit performance is limited primarily by imprecision of bit-dull evaluation. The verification study is based upon the reported laboratory drilling and field drilling tests as well as field data collected by the authors.

Analysis of Coupling Between Axial and Torsional Vibration in a Compliant Model of a Drillstring Equipped With a PDC Bit

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Elsayed ◽  
David W. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Axial Vibration ◽  
Rock Drilling ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Vibration Data ◽  
Pdc Bit ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

In this paper, we discuss results of rock drilling tests at Sandia National Laboratories’ Hard Rock Drilling Facility (HRDF). The HRDF incorporates a drillstring with axial and torsional compliance and is equipped with a coring bit having PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) cutters. We measure and analyze chatter and show evidence of stick-slip as well as coupling between axial and torsional vibrations. We show the coupling signature in axial vibration data in the form of side bands indicating frequency modulation at the torsional natural frequency. The influence of operating conditions on the bit response is shown.

Saving 2.2 Days from Drilling in Hard and Abrasive Sandstone Formation with Innovative 360 Rolling Diamond Element Bit Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Ngo Vi ◽  
Wanwarang Khobchit ◽  
Teerawat Teerachotmongkol ◽  
Zayyan Mohammad ◽  
Ali Abbasgholipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Entire Interval ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Cutter Life ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Pdc Bit ◽  
Drilling Cost ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Vibration Simulation ◽  
Bit Life

Abstract This project drilled in Sin Phu Horm field. The main challenge in this field is the formation. The 8.5-in section is designed to drill through the hard and abrasive sandstone formation (known as Nam Phong formation) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) between 6,000 and 24,000 psi and peak up to 55,000 psi. Multiple bit runs and heavy set of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits were observed in the offset wells with slow rate of penetration (ROP) and short intervals, which resulted in a high drilling cost. In the offset runs, the average interval was observed between 200 and 300 meters and average on-bottom ROP ranged from 2 to 8 m/hr. Worn cutters were the main dull characteristic in the offset PDC bits and the bits were pulled out of hole due to slow ROP. Due to the challenging formation, the goal was to increase the interval per bit run and ROP which resulted to reduce the number of bit trips and drilling cost. Looking at the dull grading of the offset PDC bits, it was obvious that the slow ROP was caused by the cutters worn by the abrasive and hard Nam Phong formation. The fixed-cutter PDC bits were run in the offset wells and worn cutters were observed in the shoulder area. The worn portion of the cutter occurred only in the exposed side, while the portion in the cutter pocket remained intact. Utilizing the portion in the cutter pocket helps to prolong cutter life, increase the ROP, and bit life longevity. Thus, it can help to reduce undesired bit trips. Based on the worn cutter observation, the new design of the 8.5-in PDC bit equipped with innovative 360 rolling cutter (RC) bit was proposed. A comprehensive vibration simulation drilling parameters roadmap were provided to minimize shock and vibration. Two bits were run with rotary steerable BHA to drill Nam Phong formation in the field. The first bit drilled 431 meters at an average ROP of 6.8 m/hr and the second bit drilled 391 meters at an average ROP of 5.5 m/hr. Two runs using the 360 RC bits drilled 822 meters in total of 1,236 meters entire interval of Nam Phong formation, which was equivalent to 66%, achieving the operator's goal while saving 2.2 days solely from two runs of RC bit. This success increased the operator's confidence to run 360 RC bits in the subsequent wells to reduce the number of bit trips and increase the ROP. This paper will discuss the application and evolution of 360 RC bit, along with the result achieved by the bit fitted equipped with this cutter in Thailand onshore.

Root Cause Analyses of Suicides of Mental Health Clients

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Gillies ◽  
David Chicop ◽  
Paul O'Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mental Health Clients ◽  
Imminent Risk

Abstract. Background: The ability to predict imminent risk of suicide is limited, particularly among mental health clients. Root cause analysis (RCA) can be used by health services to identify service-wide approaches to suicide prevention. Aims: To (a) develop a standardized taxonomy for RCAs; (b) to quantitate service-related factors associated with suicides; and (c) to identify service-related suicide prevention strategies. Method: The RCAs of all people who died by suicide within 1 week of contact with the mental health service over 5 years were thematically analyzed using a data collection tool. Results: Data were derived from RCAs of all 64 people who died by suicide between 2008 and 2012. Major themes were categorized as individual, situational, and care-related factors. The most common factor was that clients had recently denied suicidality. Reliance on carers, recent changes in medication, communication problems, and problems in follow-through were also commonly identified. Conclusion: Given the difficulty in predicting suicide in people whose expressions of suicidal ideation change so rapidly, services may consider the use of strategies aimed at improving the individual, stressor, support, and care factors identified in this study.

A Comparative Study of Ant and Genetic Algorithms in Digital Mammography

2018 ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
J. Magelin Mary ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
Y. Arockia Suganthi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Medical Image Processing ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Image Mining ◽  
The Individual

Image processing technique in general, involves the application of signal processing on the input image for isolating the individual color plane of an image. It plays an important role in the image analysis and computer version. This paper compares the efficiency of two approaches in the area of finding breast cancer in medical image processing. The fundamental target is to apply an image mining in the area of medical image handling utilizing grouping guideline created by genetic algorithm. The parameter using extracted border, the border pixels are considered as population strings to genetic algorithm and Ant Colony Optimization, to find out the optimum value from the border pixels. We likewise look at cost of ACO and GA also, endeavors to discover which one gives the better solution to identify an affected area in medical image based on computational time.

Identifying the Root Cause of Source-Drain Leakage Caused Soft Fail in Advanced Bulk FinFET Devices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangshan Chen ◽  
Yuting Wei ◽  
Tanya Schaeffer ◽  
Chongkhiam Oh
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
3D Architecture ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
Electrical Analysis ◽  
Electrical Data

Abstract The paper reports the investigation on the root cause of source-drain leakage in bulk FinFET devices. While the failing device was readily isolated by nanoprobing technique and the electrical analysis pinpointed the potential defect location inside the Fin channel, the identification of physical root cause went through extreme challenges imposed by the tiny-sized device and the unique FinFET 3D architecture. The initial TEM analysis was misled by the projection of a species in the lamella surface and thus could not explain the electrical data. Careful analysis on the device structure was able to identify the origin of the species and led to the discovery of the actual root cause. This paper will provide the analysis details leading to the findings, and highlight the role of electrical understanding in not only providing guidance for physical analysis but also revealing the true root cause of failure in FinFET devices.

Failure Localization in a Multistage S-Band Power Amplifier

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Rebello ◽  
Ted Kolasa ◽  
Parag Modi
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Amplifier ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Failure Investigation ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
Design Materials ◽  
Board Level ◽  
Failure Localization

Abstract During the search for the root cause of a board level failure, all aspects of the product must be revisited and investigated. These aspects encompass design, materials, and workmanship. In this discussion, the failure investigation involved an S-Band Power Amplifier assembly exhibiting abnormally low RF output power where initial troubleshooting did not provide a clear cause of failure. A detailed fault tree drove investigations that narrowed the focus to a few possible root causes. However, as the investigation progressed, multiple contributors were eventually discovered, some that were not initially considered.

Case Study—Failure Analysis of a Multiplexer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Woo ◽  
Marcos Campos ◽  
Luigi Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A component failure has the potential to significantly impact the cost, manufacturing schedule, and/or the perceived reliability of a system, especially if the root cause of the failure is not known. A failure analysis is often key to mitigating the effects of a componentlevel failure to a customer or a system; minimizing schedule slips, minimizing related accrued costs to the customer, and allowing for the completion of the system with confidence that the reliability of the product had not been compromised. This case study will show how a detailed and systemic failure analysis was able to determine the exact cause of failure of a multiplexer in a high-reliability system, which allowed the manufacturer to confidently proceed with production knowing that the failure was not a systemic issue, but rather that it was a random “one time” event.

High-Resolution Facial Feature Saliency Mapping

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel D Haig
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Feature Saliency ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Computational Speed ◽  
The Individual

For recognition of a target there must be some form of comparison process between the image of that target and a stored representation of that target. In the case of faces there must be a very large number of such stored representations, yet human beings seem able to perform comparisons at phenomenal speed. It is possible that faces are memorised by fitting unusual features or combinations of features onto a bland prototypical face, and such a data-compression technique would help to explain our computational speed. If humans do indeed function in this fashion, it is necessary to ask just what are the features that distinguish one face from another, and also, what are the features that form the basic set of the prototypical face. The distributed apertures technique was further developed in an attempt to answer both questions. Four target faces, stored in an image-processing computer, were each divided up into 162 contiguous squares that could be displayed in their correct positions in any combination of 24 or fewer squares. Each observer was required to judge which of the four target faces was displayed during a 1 s presentation, and the proportion of correct responses for each individual square was computed. The resultant response distributions, displayed as brightness maps, give a vivid impression of the relative saliency of each feature square, both for the individual targets and for all of them combined. The results, while broadly confirming previous work, contain some very interesting and surprising details about the differences between the target faces.

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