Factorial Design Validation of an Environmentally Benign Water-Based Drilling Fluid from Sweet Potato Peels at Elevated Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeanyichukwu Ebuzeme ◽  
Oladipo Olatunji ◽  
Babatope Olufemi
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Hole Cleaning ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Potato Peels

Abstract In recent years, several research types have been carried out to produce environmentally-benign drilling fluid additives using locally sourced substances. Still, the formulation of a more effective and cheaper viscosifier for a better hole cleaning ability that lowers risk in lost circulation zones, especially at higher temperatures, remains a critical research subject. This study examines the use of Sweet Potato Peels Extract (PPE), a more readily available by-product, as a drilling fluid additive. A 23 factorial experiment that considers temperature, PPE and Xanthan Gum (X.G.) as factor variables and viscosity as a response variable was conducted for field optimisation. In this research, the PPE and other commercial polymers were measured at different concentrations and combined in a specified ratio of 1:1 by mass to verify the levels of interaction between the additives on the mud weight, yield point (Y.P.), and plastic viscosity (P.V.) of the formulated drilling mud. The additives’ effects were then recorded using a mud balance, a viscometer, and a heater for temperature variance. The results were then compared with the control mud to ascertain the additives’ effectiveness. Experimental results revealed that the PPE and X.G. increased the Y.P. and P.V. at 104 °F and 176 °F, respectively. On adding 6 g of X.G. to the control mud (8.97 ppg), at 104 °F and 176 °F, the Y.P. increased by 88% and 11%, respectively, and the 3 g PPE + 3 g X.G. gave a better inference at 104 °F and 176 °F with a 92% and 38% increase respectively. This increase is a result of higher potassium content in the PPE from chemical laboratory analysis. Apart from the optimum ratio by mass of 1:1 above, the combination effects or results are shown using the factorial design experiment. The factor variables were modelled into a mathematical equation that indicates PPE additive as the most significant parameter on the yield point. The second component of viscosity, plastic viscosity (P.V.), followed a similar trend. Furthermore, PPE and X.G.'s effect on plastic viscosity at 176 °F decreased slightly with an increase in the control mud's salinity. This novel combination offers a more cost-effective and better-performing viscosifier than the conventional X.G. from the above results. The model helps predict downhole conditions better as it shows the interactive effects of the various additives and can help inform decisions at the surface. A better hole cleaning ability, lower risk in lost circulation zones, and reduced Non-Productive Time would be the benefits of using this formulation.

Wellbore Cleanness Under Total Losses in Horizontal Wells: The Field Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Ruzhnikov ◽  
Edgar Echevarria
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Circulation Zone ◽  
Hole Cleaning ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Cleaning Behavior

Abstract In the Middle East many of the matured fields have fractured or vugular formations where the drilling is continued without return to a surface. This situation has been commonly interpreted as lack of hole cleaning and high risk of stuck pipe. The manuscript describes a study performed to analyze the hole cleaning while blind drilling horizontal sections. Most of the losses while drilling across fractured or vugular formations happen sudden, and this represents a risk of formation instability and stuck pipe. Additionally, the cuttings accumulation may lead to a potential pack off. To understand the hole cleaning the annular pressure while drilling was introduced in different sections, what via change of the equivalent static and dynamic densities describes the cutting and cavings accumulation in the annulus. Additionally, the hole cleaning behavior with different fluids pumped through the drillstring (i.e. drilling fluid, water, water with sweeps) was studied. The proposed study was performed in 4 different fields, 9 wells, across horizontal 6⅛-in. sections with total lost circulation. It was identified that while drilling with full returns ECD vs ESD variations are within 1.5 ppg, those variations are matching with the modeling of hydraulics. Once total losses encountered the variations between ECD and ESD are very low - within 0.2 ppg - indicating that annular friction losses below the loss circulation zone are minimal. This support the theory that all the drilled cuttings are properly lifted from bottom and carried to the karst into the loss circulation zone and not fluctuating above the loss zone. Additionally, minor to no relation found in hole cleaning while drilling with mud or a water with sweeps. This finding also is aligned with the stuck pipe statistics that shows higher incidents of stuck pipe while drilling the with full circulation due to pack off. The manuscript confirms the theory of the hole cleaning in total lost circulation and application of different hole cleaning practices to improve it. The results of the study can be implemented in any project worldwide.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLID CONTROL SYSTEM TO OPTIMIZE DRILLING PERFORMANCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imros Kinif ◽  
Sonny Irawan ◽  
Abhilash M. Bharadwaj
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Low Gravity ◽  
Drilling Performance ◽  
The Impact

The nature of solid content mechanism in drilling fluids directly affects its properties and causes adverse impact on drilling performance. It has rapidly evolved and become a paramount issue over the years because of challenging drilling operations. To control the impact of the drilled solids on drilling fluid properties, solid control system unit must be capable of removing the drilled solids before the re-circulation. Failure to establish good solid control management may end the operation strategy with dilution method. A rigorous analysis of drilled solid effects and its correlation with poor performance of solid control system significantly reflects on the overall rig performance in optimizing drilling operation. This paper presents a study of two different solid control system configuration used in two drilling wells. The study shows that installation of distributor tank reduces mud overflow and brings in flow control stability. Mud rheologies – Plastic viscosity, Yield Point and Low Gravity Solid are considered for the two solid control systems. The results of the new solid control system design are better than the old one. Plastic viscosity, yield point and low gravity solid values improve by 14 %, 17 % and 25 % respectively. These results can be used to check the drilling performance and also in characterization of the solid control system to enhance the drilling mud capabilities. This research shows the need of engineering evaluation in the solid control system to reduce the chances of frequent drilling problems, rig components wear issue and other drilling fluid related hazards.

scholarly journals Improvement of Locally Available Raw Bentonite for Use as Drilling Mud

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 274-284
Author(s):  
Kaffayatullah Khan ◽  
Shaukat Ali Khan ◽  
Muhammad Umair Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Bentonite Clays ◽  
Filtrate Loss

Background: Bentonite clays are widely used in a drilling operation and play a vital role as a drilling fluid. Bentonite clay mud performs several functions during the drilling operation and facilitates the drilling process. Objective: In this study, the locally available raw bentonite clays were investigated to evaluate its potential use as a mud for borehole drilling operation after its improvement with the additives. Method: Rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength were evaluated by using a viscometer and filtrate loss test was performed by using filter press on both locally available raw bentonite clays and the commercial bentonite named as Mill gel. Results: From the test results obtained for the up gradation of clays with the different beneficiating materials, the drastic increase in the plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength has been observed. It shows that Xanthum gum produced better results for the improvement of rheological properties of such clays. Carboxymethyl cellulose and starch were used as additives and it has been observed that carboxymethyl cellulose has improved both viscosity and filtrate loss control, whereas starch muds have the best filtration control properties. Conclusion: Improved bentonite clays have rheological and filtration characteristics that have satisfied American Petroleum Institute specification at optimum conditions of clay. It was concluded that improved clays are the suitable material for the drilling operations and suitable to substitute commercial bentonite.

The Utilization of Steelmaking Industrial Waste of Silicomanganese Fume as Filtration Loss Control in Drilling Fluid Application

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Waseem Razzaq ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Hany Gamal ◽  
Ariffin Samsuri
Keyword(s):  
Yield Point ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Mud ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Drilling Operations

Abstract Drilling fluid is considered the backbone of drilling operations in the oil and gas industry to unlock hydrocarbon from subterranean formations. Maintaining the drilling fluid properties, for example, flow properties such as rheology, plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), gel strength (GS), and circulation loss, is the challenge for fluid/mud engineers to carry out successful drilling operations. A variety of chemicals have been added to improve the drilling fluid properties by introducing new chemicals(s) or optimizing the existing chemicals without affecting the other essential fluid properties. The present study for the first time employs the eco-innovation concept to explore the utilization of steelmaking industry waste, i.e. silicomanganese fume (SMF), as bridging material. The objective of this article is to design an eco-friendly framework that comprehensively explains and utilizes SMF as a bridging material in water-based fluid (WBF). The eco-innovation/eco-friendly framework includes the steps required for processing and understanding the new material and evaluating its effects on flow and the bridging properties of WBF. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and particle size distribution (PSD) were used to understand the physiochemical properties of SMF. The flow properties were studied using a Fann rheometer before and after hot rolling at 120 °F. A high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) filter press equipment was used to investigate the bridging capability of seepage losses following conditions of 190 °F and 300 psi differential pressure. Minimal cleaning and disintegration with a mortar and pestle are enough to prepare SMF to be incorporated in drilling fluid. The SEM and XRF results showed that SMF contains oxides of manganese, silicon, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, while the PSD revealed a natural bimodal distribution with an average grain size of D50 of around 29 microns. SMF showed a noticeable and measurable enhancement of flow properties and bridging capability in WBF. The SMF-based WBF showed improved rheological properties, plastic viscosity, and yield point compared to marble-based WBF. Adding SMF to WBF with and without marble showed a ten-fold superior plugging performance compared to marble-based WBF using 20-micron ceramic discs. The findings revealed the successful utilization of SMF in WBF by improving the rheology, plastic viscosity, yield point, and bridging capability.

scholarly journals Studying the Effects of Different Polymers on Rheological Properties of Water Base Muds

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amel Habeeb Assi ◽  
Ramzi Riyadh Khazeem ◽  
Ahmed Salah Salem ◽  
Alaa Tahseen Ali
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Water Base

This research is focusing on finding more effective polymers that leads to enhance the rheological properties of Water Base Muds. The experiments are done for different types of mud for all substances which are Polyacrylamide, Xanthan gum, CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose). This study shows the effect of add polymer to red bentonite mud, effect of add polymer to Iraqi bentonite mud, the effect of add bentonite to polymer mud. The mud properties of Iraqi bentonite blank are enhanced after adding the polymers to the blank mix, CMC gives the highest value of plastic viscosity and Gel strength than others; X-anthan gives the highest value of yield point and gel strength than others. For the red bentonite mud, Polyacrylamide has the highest shear stress and yield point than the others polymers, but Xanthan has the highest effect on plastic viscosity than other polymers. All polymers reduce filtration loss. The polymer solution mud failed to suspend the barite so we cannot use it as drilling fluid even so this mud has good Rheological properties (PV and YP). The maximum amount of each polymer is founded for the studied clay types.                                                             

Drilling Fluid Evaluation Using Yield Point-Plastic Viscosity Correlation

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
George V. Chilingarian ◽  
Ersen Alp ◽  
Ryan Caenn ◽  
Mouhammed Al-Salem ◽  
Saffet Uslu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Point ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Viscosity Correlation

An Experimental Investigation of Temperature and Aging Effects on Bentonite and Sepiolite Drilling Fluids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Ahmed ◽  
Nura Makwashi
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Ageing Time ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Water Based

The selection and control of a suitable drilling fluid is necessary to successfully drill an oil and gas well. The rheological properties of drilling fluids vary with changes in conditions such as time and temperature. Slight changes in these conditions can cause unpredictable and significant changes in the mud’s properties. This makes it necessary to study the rheology of drilling fluids and how it is affected by these changes. At the rig sites, tests are carried out by the mud engineers to ensure that the properties of the drilling fluids are within the required limits. Similar tests were carried out at the laboratory in this work to determine the plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength of mud samples at different conditions of ageing time, temperature and concentration of Xanthan gum (X.G) used as an additive. The Experiments carried out were grouped into three. The first was done with the aim to further explain how the Bentonite and Sepiolite water-based drilling fluids behaves after been aged for certain period. The second sets of experiments were conducted to investigate how the rheological properties of water-based Bentonite muds are affected by different concentration of xanthan gum added as an additive to improve the muds properties and the last sets of experiments were done to investigate the ageing effect on Bentonite mud treated with 250mg/L xanthan gum. Effects of temperature were also considered in these experiments with a 10℃ variation in the first group and 20℃ in the other two groups between readings from 20℃ to 60℃ . Results obtained indicated that Sepiolite water-based drilling fluid offers better plastic viscosity and yield point as compared to Bentonite water-based drilling fluids. It was also found that the viscosity and yield point of Sepiolite, Bentonite and treated Bentonite muds decreases with increase ageing time and temperature while the gel strength increases with ageing time but similarly decreases with increase in temperature. In the second group, results obtained indicated that plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength increases as concentration of xanthan gum increases, all of which decreases with increase in temperature.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Rheological Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluid by Utilizing of Environmentally-Friendly Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
Amel Habeeb Assi ◽  
Ahmed Abdallah Haiawi
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Main Components

Recently, many materials have shown that they can be used as alternatives to chemicals materials in order to be used to improve the properties of drilling fluids. Some of these materials are banana peels and corn cobs which both are considered environmentally- friendly materials. The results of the X-ray diffraction examination have proved that the main components of these materials are cellulose and hemicellulose, which contribute greatly to the increasing of the effectiveness of these two materials. Due to their distinct composition, these two materials have improved the rheological properties (plastic viscosity and yield point) and reduced the filtration of the drilling fluids to a large extent. The addition rates used for each of the two materials (banana peels and corn cob) are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6%. As regard to banana peels, the results have shown that there is a direct correlation between the addition ratios, the increase in the rheological properties (plastic viscosity and yield point), and the decrease in filtration The corn cob has shown the same results. Also, 0.01% increase in the pH value was observed when adding a corn cob, while adding banana peels showed the opposite, as adding them led to 0.02% decrease in the pH value. Among the other properties that have been studied is density, as it has been noticed that there is no significant effect of these two materials on the density of drilling fluid. Moreover, the performance of these two materials has been compared with the PAC polymer. This research suggests that the possibility of moving towards corn cob and dried banana peels as additives for biodegradable drilling fluid. Apart from being environmentally friendly, the choice of using them is considered economically more efficient than other chemical additives. By all accounts, the above materials are an increasingly rational choice for moving forward for an environmentally friendly oil industry.

scholarly journals Effect of pH on Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluid Based on Bentonite

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany Gamal ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Salem Basfar ◽  
Abdulaziz Al-Majed
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Filtration Properties

The design of drilling fluids is very important for the drilling operation success. The rheological properties play a key role in the performance of the drilling fluid. Therefore, studying the mud rheological properties of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite is essential. The main objectives of this study are to address the effect of pH changes on the rheological and filtration properties of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite and to provide a recommended pH range for this drilling fluid for a safe and high-performance drilling operation. Different samples of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite with different pH values were prepared, and the rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength were measured. After that, the filtration test was performed under 300 psi differential pressure and 200 °F. The pH for the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite significantly affects the mud rheology. The shear stress and shear rate relation were varying with the change in the pH. Increasing the pH from 8 to 12 resulted in decreasing the plastic viscosity by 53% and the yield point by 82%, respectively. The ratio of yield point / plastic viscosity was 1.4 for pH of 8 while it decreased to 0.5 for a pH of 11 and 12. There was a significant decrease in the gel strength readings by increasing the pH. The filtrate volume and filter cake thickness increased by increasing pH. The filtration volume increased from 9.5 cm3 to 12.6 cm3 by increasing the pH from 9 to 12. The filter cake thickness was 2 mm at 9 pH, while it was increased to 3.6 mm for 12 pH. It is recommended from the results to keep the pH of water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite in the range of 9 to 10 as it provides the optimum mud rheological and filtration properties. The findings of this study illustrated that keeping the pH in the range of 9 to 10 will reduce the plastic viscosity that will help in increasing the rate of penetration and reducing the required pump pressure to circulate the mud to the surface which will help to sustain the drilling operation. In addition, reducing the filtrate volume will produce a thin filter cake which will help in avoiding the pipe sticking and protect the environment. In general, optimizing the pH of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite in the range of 9 to 10 will improve the drilling operation and minimize the total cost.

Nanoparticles Performance as Fluid Loss Additives in Water Based Drilling Fluids

2016 ◽  
Vol 864 ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Razak Ismail ◽  
Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman ◽  
Mohd Zaidi Jaafar ◽  
Issham Ismail ◽  
Elisabet Sabu Hera
Keyword(s):  
Yield Point ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Water Based

Nanoparticles are used to study the rheological characteristics of drilling fluids. Nanoparticles have high surface to volume ratio, therefore only small quantity is required to blend in the drilling fluid. This research evaluates the performance of nanosilica and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as fluid loss additives in water based drilling fluid with various nanoparticles concentration and temperature. The results show that plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength of drilling fluid increases as the concentration of nanoparticles increased. Drilling fluid with nanosilica gives the highest filtrate loss of 12 ml and mudcake thickness of 10 inch at 1 g concentration at 300°F. However, drilling fluid with MWCNT shows a decreasing trend in fluid loss and mudcake thickness. The results also show that xanthan gum containing 1 g of MWCNT gives 4.9 ml fluid loss and mudcake thickness of 4 inch at 200°F. After aging, plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength of mud containing nanoparticles decrease significantly especially for 1 g of nanosilica and 0.01 g MWCNT. Fluid loss and mudcake thickness increased when the mud is exposed to temperature above 250°F. The results showed that xanthan gum with MWCNT gives a better rheological performance.

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