Latest Trends in Pig Detection System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagannath Mondal ◽  
Devarajan Umakanth ◽  
Raju Paul ◽  
Faris Ragheb Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
End User ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Water Pipeline ◽  
Integrity Assurance ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Safe Operating

Abstract Pig detector plays an important role in the Commissioning and handover of Pipelines project. This paper addresses the latest trends in Pig Detectors. In addition, this paper covers the commissioning challenges and mitigations in major Offshore Brownfield Project involving new pipelines with 80 nos of Pig Detectors and accessories. Pipelines represent a considerable investment on behalf of the End User and can often prove strategic to countries and governments. Pipelines are generally accepted as being the most efficient method of transporting fluids across distances. Pipelines transport various kinds of fluids viz. oil, gas, multiphase, water. Pipeline pigging is an important operation for enhancing reliability and durability of pipeline, adopted worldwide. It has a major impact on the operational and technical integrity of a pipeline. Pigging Operation is high-risk activity in-terms of process safety. The Pigging can be safely initiated only when safe operating conditions are maintained at both ends of pipeline. Pigging involves human intervention and thus increasing personnel risk. Pipeline pigging operations is performed during pre-commissioning, start-up, normal operations and integrity assurance.

Cake Formation in Cross-Flow Microfiltration Systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Pillay ◽  
C. A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Turbulent Flow Regime ◽  
Cake Formation

Cross-flow microfiltration (CFMF) has potentially wide application in the processing of industrial and domestic waste waters. Optimum design and operation of CFMF systems necessitates a knowledge of the characteristic system behaviour, and an understanding of the mechanisms governing this behaviour. This paper is a contribution towards the elucidation and understanding of the behaviour of a woven fibre CFMF operated in the turbulent flow regime. The characteristic flux-time curve and effects of operating variables on flux are presented for a limestone suspension cross-flow filtered in a 25 mm woven fibre tube. The phenomena contributing to the shape of the flux-time curve are discussed. A model of the mechanisms governing cake growth and limit is presented. Predicted steady-state fluxes show a notably good correspondence with experimentally measured values. It is also found that the flux may not be uniquely defined by the operating conditions, but may also be a function of the operating path taken to reach the operating point. This is of significance in the start-up and operation of CFMF units.

scholarly journals Applications of Biocatalysts for Sustainable Oxidation of Phenolic Pollutants: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8620
Author(s):  
Sanaz Salehi ◽  
Kourosh Abdollahi ◽  
Reza Panahi ◽  
Nejat Rahmanian ◽  
Mozaffar Shakeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Phenolic Pollutants ◽  
Petroleum Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Spent Caustic

Phenol and its derivatives are hazardous, teratogenic and mutagenic, and have gained significant attention in recent years due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations. Phenolic compounds appear in petroleum refinery wastewater from several sources, such as the neutralized spent caustic waste streams, the tank water drain, the desalter effluent and the production unit. Therefore, effective treatments of such wastewaters are crucial. Conventional techniques used to treat these wastewaters pose several drawbacks, such as incomplete or low efficient removal of phenols. Recently, biocatalysts have attracted much attention for the sustainable and effective removal of toxic chemicals like phenols from wastewaters. The advantages of biocatalytic processes over the conventional treatment methods are their ability to operate over a wide range of operating conditions, low consumption of oxidants, simpler process control, and no delays or shock loading effects associated with the start-up/shutdown of the plant. Among different biocatalysts, oxidoreductases (i.e., tyrosinase, laccase and horseradish peroxidase) are known as green catalysts with massive potentialities to sustainably tackle phenolic contaminants of high concerns. Such enzymes mainly catalyze the o-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of environmentally related contaminants into their corresponding o-diphenols. This review covers the latest advancement regarding the exploitation of these enzymes for sustainable oxidation of phenolic compounds in wastewater, and suggests a way forward.

Recent Advances in Lower Bound Shakedown Analysis

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Weichert ◽  
Abdelkader Hachemi
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Shakedown Analysis ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
Safe Operating ◽  
New Algorithms

The special interest in lower bound shakedown analysis is that it provides, at least in principle, safe operating conditions for sensitive structures or structural elements under fluctuating thermo-mechanical loading as to be found in power- and process engineering. In this paper achievements obtained over the last years to introduce more sophisticated material models into the framework of shakedown analysis are developed. Also new algorithms will be presented that allow using the addressed numerical methods as post-processor for commercial finite element codes. Examples from practical engineering will illustrate the potential of the methodology.

Process Safety for Sustainable Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150033
Author(s):  
Alexander Stolar ◽  
Anton Friedl
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Implementation Effort ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
System Improvement ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Business Sectors

Process safety techniques have been used in industry for decades to make processes and systems safer and to optimize them, and thus to improve sustainability. Their main aim is to prevent damage to people, equipment and the environment. In this overview, process safety and risk management techniques are shown that can be applied in the different life cycle phases of an application without much implementation effort. A broad and universal applicability in a wide range of business sectors is set as the main focus. In addition to the application of system improvement techniques, a number of additional considerations, such as maintenance and the consideration of abnormal operating conditions, are included in order to be able to comprehensively improve a system or application.

Investigation Into the Thermal Limitations of Steam Turbines During Start-Up Operation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Topel ◽  
Björn Laumert ◽  
Åsa Nilsson ◽  
Markus Jöcker
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Expansion Behavior ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Schedule Design ◽  
Turbine Component ◽  
Differential Expansion

Liberalized electricity market conditions and concentrating solar power technologies call for increased power plant operational flexibility. Concerning the steam turbine component, one key aspect of its flexibility is the capability for fast starts. In current practice, turbine start-up limitations are set by consideration of thermal stress and low cycle fatigue. However, the pursuit of faster starts raises the question whether other thermal phenomena can become a limiting factor to the start-up process. Differential expansion is one of such thermal properties, especially since the design of axial clearances is not included as part of start-up schedule design and because its measurement during operation is often limited or not a possibility at all. The aim of this work is to understand differential expansion behavior with respect to transient operation and to quantify the effect that such operation would have in the design and operation of axial clearances. This was accomplished through the use of a validated thermo-mechanical model that was used to compare differential expansion behavior for different operating conditions of the machine. These comparisons showed that faster starts do not necessarily imply that wider axial clearances are needed, which means that the thermal flexibility of the studied turbine is not limited by differential expansion. However, for particular locations it was also obtained that axial rubbing can indeed become a limiting factor in direct relation to start-up operation. The resulting approach presented in this work serves to avoid over-conservative limitations in both design and operation concerning axial clearances.

An In-Pipe Leak Detection Sensor: Sensing Capabilities and Evaluation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris M. Chatzigeorgiou ◽  
Atia E. Khalifa ◽  
Kamal Youcef-Toumi ◽  
Rached Ben-Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Water Pipeline

In most cases the deleterious effects associated with the occurrence of leak may present serious problems and therefore leaks must be quickly detected, located and repaired. The problem of leakage becomes even more serious when it is concerned with the vital supply of fresh water to the community. In addition to waste of resources, contaminants may infiltrate into the water supply. The possibility of environmental health disasters due to delay in detection of water pipeline leaks has spurred research into the development of methods for pipeline leak and contamination detection. Leaks in water pipes create acoustic emissions, which can be sensed to identify and localize leaks. Leak noise correlators and listening devices have been reported in the literature as successful approaches to leak detection but they have practical limitations in terms of cost, sensitivity, reliability and scalability. To overcome those limitations the development of an in-pipe traveling leak detection system is proposed. The development of such a system requires a clear understanding of acoustic signals generated from leaks and the study of the variation of those signals with different pipe loading conditions, leak sizes and surrounding media. This paper discusses those signals and evaluates the merits of an in-pipe-floating sensor.

scholarly journals Enhanced dynamic voltage clamping capability of Clustered IGBT at turn-off period

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hong Long ◽  
Mark Sweet ◽  
Sankara Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Evaluation ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Current Gain ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Inductive Load ◽  
Dynamic Voltage ◽  
Voltage Clamping ◽  
Safe Operating ◽  
Off Time

One of the critical requirements for high power devices is to have rugged and reliable capability against hash operating conditions. In this paper, we present the dynamic voltage clamping capability of 3.3kV Field Stop Clustered IGBT devices under extreme inductive load condition. It shows that PMOS trench gate CIGBT structure with outstanding performance of fast turn-off time and low over-shoot voltage. Further optimization of current gain of CIGBT structure is analyzed through numerical evaluation. A step further in the safe operating area has been achieved for high voltage devices by CIGBT technology.

scholarly journals Safe operating conditions for NSLS-II Storage Ring Frontends commissioning

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Seletskiy ◽  
C. Amundsen ◽  
K. Ha ◽  
A. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Storage Ring ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Safe Operating
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