Comparison of the Metabolites and Carotenoids between a Graft Chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus unshiu + C. changshan-huyou) and Two Donors

Abstract Background: Graft chimeras can be synthesized out, which is crucial to cultivar breeding. A new graft chimera named ‘Hongrou Huyou’, simply as OCC (the cell layers constitutions were ‘O’ for L1 and ‘C’ for L2 & L3, determined by ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin and ‘Changshan Huyou’, respectively) was found at the junction where a scion C top-grafted onto a stock O, in an orchard in Changshan county, Quzhou city of Zhejiang province. This study investigated the primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids of OCC, aiming to figure out which substances are derived from layer source donors and which are newly generated by genetic regulation and interaction of two donors. Results: Based on statistical similarity analysis, the main results indicated that some substances in peels of OCC, such as 4-aminobutanoic acid, and palmitic acid were derived from C, while others in juice sacs, such as 4-aminobutanoic acid and palmitic acid were produced by O. Among those identical compounds observed in three cultivars, the concentrations of 13 and 7 compounds in OCC were significantly higher and lower than those in any of the donors, respectively. Especially, Germacrene D even exceeded 6-17 times than two donors in juice sacs. Interestingly, α-ylangene was herein exclusively observed in OCC and were rarely reported in any other citrus species, this was probably due to the interactions of cell layers from different genotypic donor parents and then lead to addictive effect in chimeras; the presence and absence of some profiles, such as the disappearance of α-carotene in C, can be used for genotype differentiation and citrus breeding assessment. Conclusion: Our results first systematically provide a chemical characterization of a citrus chimera, and found the genetic regularity of chemical substances and put forward some predictions on donor-controlled and autonomous metabolic patterns in plant chimeras. This work provide a theory guidance for synthetic chimera and diversity of certain chemical-preserved cultivars can try to be obtained in this way. Key words: Citrus, Periclinal chimera, Metabolites, Volatiles, Carotenoids

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Metabolite profile comparison of a graft chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou + Citrus unshiu) and its two donor plants

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-019-2173-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Min Zhang ◽

Luyang Jing ◽

Qun Wu ◽

Kaijie Zhu ◽

Fuzhi Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Metabolite Profile ◽

Citrus Unshiu ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Citrus Breeding ◽

Metabolite Profiles ◽

Germacrene D ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Tissues ◽

Juice Sacs

Abstract Background Chimeras synthesized artificially by grafting are crucial to the breeding of perennial woody plants. ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou + Citrus unshiu) is a new graft chimera originating from the junction where a Citrus changshan-huyou (“C”) scion was top-grafted onto a stock Satsuma mandarin ‘Owari’ (C. unshiu, “O”). The chimera was named OCC because the cell layer constitutions were O for Layer 1(L1) and C for L2 and L3. In this study, profiles of primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids derived from different tissues in OCC and the two donors were investigated, with the aim of determining the relationship between the layer donors and metabolites. Results The comparison of the metabolite profiles showed that the amount and composition of metabolites were different between the peels and the juice sacs, as well as between OCC and each of the two donors. The absence or presence of specific metabolites (such as the carotenoids violaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, the volatile hydrocarbon germacrene D, and the primary metabolites citric acid and sorbose) in each tissue was identified in the three phenotypes. According to principal component analysis (PCA), overall, the metabolites in the peel of the chimera were derived from donor C, whereas those in the juice sac of the chimera came from donor O. Conclusion The profiles of primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids derived from the peels and juice sacs of OCC and the two donors were systematically compared. The content and composition of metabolites were different between the tissues and between OCC and the each of the two donors. A clear donor dominant pattern of metabolite inheritance was observed in the different tissues of OCC and was basically consistent with the layer origin; the peel of the chimera was derived from C, and the juice sacs of the chimera came from O. These profiles provide potential chemical markers for genotype differentiation, citrus breeding assessment, and donor selection during artificial chimera synthesis.

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Metabolite profile comparison of a graft chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou + Citrus unshiu) and its two donor plants

10.21203/rs.2.10626/v4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Min Zhang ◽

Luyang Jing ◽

Qun Wu ◽

Kaijie Zhu ◽

Fuzhi Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Metabolite Profile ◽

Citrus Unshiu ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Citrus Breeding ◽

Metabolite Profiles ◽

Germacrene D ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Tissues ◽

Juice Sacs

Abstract Background: Chimeras synthesized artificially by grafting are crucial to the breeding of perennial woody plants. ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou + Citrus unshiu) is a new graft chimera originating from the junction where a Citrus changshan-huyou (“C”) scion was top-grafted onto a stock Satsuma mandarin ‘Owari’ (C. unshiu, “O”). The chimera was named OCC because the cell layer constitutions were O for Layer 1(L1) and C for L2 and L3. In this study, profiles of primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids derived from different tissues in OCC and the two donors were investigated, with the aim of determining the relationship between the layer donors and metabolites. Results: The comparison of the metabolite profiles showed that the amount and composition of metabolites were different between the peels and the juice sacs, as well as between OCC and each of the two donors. The absence or presence of specific metabolites (such as the carotenoids violaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, the volatile hydrocarbon germacrene D, and the primary metabolites citric acid and sorbose) in each tissue was identified in the three phenotypes. According to principal component analysis (PCA), overall, the metabolites in the peel of the chimera were derived from donor C, whereas those in the juice sac of the chimera came from donor O. Conclusion: The profiles of primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids derived from the peels and juice sacs of OCC and the two donors were systematically compared. The content and composition of metabolites were different between the tissues and between OCC and the each of the two donors. A clear donor dominant pattern of metabolite inheritance was observed in the different tissues of OCC and was basically consistent with the layer origin; the peel of the chimera was derived from C, and the juice sacs of the chimera came from O. These profiles provide potential chemical markers for genotype differentiation, citrus breeding assessment, and donor selection during artificial chimera synthesis.

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Comparison of the metabolites profiles between a Graft Chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ ( Citrus changshan-huyou + C. unshiu Marc.) and Two Donors

10.21203/rs.2.10626/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Min Zhang ◽

Luyang Jing ◽

Qun Wu ◽

Kaijie Zhu ◽

Fuzhi Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Layer ◽

Principal Component ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Satsuma Mandarin ◽

Citrus Breeding ◽

Metabolite Profiles ◽

Germacrene D ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Tissues ◽

Juice Sacs

Abstract Background: Chimeras synthesized artificially by grafting are crucial to breeding of perennial woody plants. ‘Hongrou Huyou’ ( Citrus changshan-huyou + C . unshiu Marc.) was a new grafting chimera originated from the junction where a scion Citrus changshan-huyou (“C”) was top-grafted onto a stock Satsuma mandarin ‘Owari’ ( C . unshiu Marc., “O”). The chimera was simplified as OCC because the cell layer constitutions were O for L1 and C for L2 & L3, respectively. In this study, profiles of primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids derived from different tissues were investigated between OCC and two donors, aiming to figure out the relationship between layer donor and metabolites. Results: Comparison of the metabolite profiles showed that the amount and composition of metabolites were different between the peels and the juice sacs, as well as between OCC and two donors. Metabolites (such as violaxanthin and β -cryptoxanthin in carotenoids, germacrene D in volatiles, citric acid and sorbose in primary metabolites) specifically present or absent in the certain tissue were identified in three phenotypes. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), the total metabolites of chimeric peel properties were derived from the donor C, whereas those of chimeric juice sac properties came from the donor O. Conclusion: Profiles of primary metabolites, volatiles and carotenoids derived from the peels and the juice sacs were systematically compared between OCC and two donors. The content and composition of metabolites differed in tissues as well as between OCC and two donors. Donor dominant metabolite inheritance was dramatic in the different tissues of OCC and basically consistent with the layer origin that the chimeric peels were derived from C and the chimeric juice sacs came from O. These profiles provide potentially chemical markers for genotype differentiation and citrus breeding assessment, more than that, for donor selection during chimera synthesis artificially.

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Metabolite profile comparison of a graft chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou + Citrus unshiu) and its two donor plants

10.21203/rs.2.10626/v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Min Zhang ◽

Luyang Jing ◽

Qun Wu ◽

Kaijie Zhu ◽

Fuzhi Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Metabolite Profile ◽

Citrus Unshiu ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Citrus Breeding ◽

Metabolite Profiles ◽

Germacrene D ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Tissues ◽

Juice Sacs

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Essential Oils of New Lippia alba Genotypes Analyzed by Flow-Modulated Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) and Chemometric Analysis

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2332

Author(s):

Leila Gimenes ◽

Júlio César R. Lopes Silva ◽

Roselaine Facanali ◽

Leandro Wang Hantao ◽

Walter José Siqueira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Germplasm Bank ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Lippia Alba ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Promising Source

Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br. (Verbenaceae) is an aromatic shrub whose essential oils have stood out as a promising source for application in several industrial fields. In this study, the essential oils chemical characterization of eight new L. alba genotypes was performed. The selected materials were collected from the Active Germplasm Bank of the Agronomic Institute and the essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation. Flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) was employed for chemical characterization and evaluation of possible co-eluted compounds. In addition, the chemical analyses were submitted to multivariate statistical analyses. From this investigation, 73 metabolites were identified in the essential oils of the genotypes, from which α-pinene, β-myrcene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, neral, geranial, and caryophyllene oxide were the most abundant compounds among the accessions. This is the first report disclosing α-pinene in higher amounts in L. alba (19.69%). In addition, sabinene, trans-verbenol, myrtenol, (E)-caryophyllene, α-guaiene, germacrene D, and α-bulnesene were also found in relevant quantities in some of the genotypes, and myrtenal and myrtenol could be well separated through the second dimension. Such results contributed to the understanding of the chemical composition of those new genotypes, being important to drive a future industrial applicability and studies in genetic breeding.

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Chemical Characterization of Wild Growing Origanum vulgare Populations in Montenegro

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1801301031 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1801301 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danijela Stešević ◽

Željko Jaćimović ◽

Zlatko Šatović ◽

Aida Šapčanin ◽

Gordan Jančan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Linalyl Acetate ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpene

In order to make chemical characterization of two Origanum vulgare L. subspecies in Montenegro, the essential oils of five wild growing populations were analyzed. Among 67 oil constituents, in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum dominant one was oxygenated monoterpene carvacrol (74.3%), while in O. vulgare subsp. vulgare prevailed sesquiterpene hydrocarbons: germacrene D (15.4–27.9%) and β-caryophyllene (7.7–14.6%), and among oxygenated monoterpenes: α- terpineol (4.8–17.8%), linalyl acetate (0.5–9.6%), linalool (3.0–8.8%), thymol (0.2–8.3), terpinene 4-ol (1.5–8.3%). Several of the main essential oil constituents appeared to be highly intercorrelated. Strong positive correlations (r > 0.70; P < 0.01) were observed between α-terpineol and linalyl acetate, α-terpineol and thymol, linalyl acetate and thymol, γ-terpenene and carvacrol, ( E)-β-ocimene and β-bisabolene, while strong negative correlations (r < −0.70; P < 0.01) were evidenced between γ-terpenene and β-caryophyllene, γ-terpenene and germacrene D, p-cymene and germacrene D. Multivariate analyses allowed the grouping of the populations into three distinct chemotypes. Population P5 (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum) was distinguished from O. vulgare subsp. vulgare populations by predominance of carvacrol, while within the typical subspecies the population P1 (Boljevići) separated from P2 (Radovče), P3 (Lipovo) and P4 (Grahovo) by high oil levels of α-terpineol, linalyl-acetate and thymol.

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Chemical characterization of Goniothalamus macrophyllus and Goniothalamus malayanus leaves’ essential oils

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2020-0090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (11-12) ◽

pp. 485-488

Author(s):

Natasa Mohd Shakri ◽

Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh ◽

Shamsul Khamis ◽

Nor Azah Mohamad Ali

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Germacrene D

AbstractThis study was aimed to investigate the chemical compositions of the essential oils from Goniothalamus macrophyllus and Goniothalamus malayanus growing in Malaysia. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC–FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Analyses of the essential oils from G. macrophyllus and G. malayanus resulted in 93.6 and 95.4% of the total oils, respectively. The major components of G. macrophyllus oil were germacrene D (25.1%), bicyclogermacrene (11.6%), α-copaene (6.9%) and δ-cadinene (6.4%), whereas in G. malayanus oil bicyclogermacrene (43.9%), germacrene D (21.1%) and β-elemene (8.4%) were the most abundant components.

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Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Phthirusa adunca from Venezuelan Andes

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600731 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Flor D. Mora ◽

Nurby Ríos ◽

Luis B. Rojas ◽

Tulia Díaz ◽

Judith Velasco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Germacrene D ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

In this paper, preliminary studies on the chemical characterization of Phthirusa adunca Meyer essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, is presented. The separation of the components was performed by GC-MS. Twenty-three compounds (94.5% of the sample) were identified of which the three major ones (76% of the sample) were β-phellandrene (38.1%), germacrene D (26.8%) and β-pinene (11.5%). The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of activity against Salmonella Typhi CDC 57 (100 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (200 μg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (250 μg/mL), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (500 μg/mL). This is the first report on the composition and activity of the essential oil of this species.

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