scholarly journals Molecular detection of Bartonella in ixodid ticks and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) in Shiqu County, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Hao ◽  
Dongbo Yuan ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
Wei Hou ◽  
Xi Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Plateau Pika ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Dermacentor Everestianus

Abstract Background: Bartonella bacteria have been associated with an increasingly wide range of human and animal diseases. They were identified as being globally dispersed as emerging pathogens. Ticks and small rodents are known as hosts of human and animal bartonellosis. They play a significant role in the preservation and circulation of bartonellae in nature. This study investigates the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in ticks and plateau pika in Shiqu county which is located on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in China. Shiqu county is spread over approximately 26,000 square kilometers, with an average altitude of above 4,200 meters and vast area of pastureland.Results: A total of 818 ticks (Dermacentor everestianus, 79.0%, 646/818; Haemphysalis qinghaiensis, 21.0%, 172/818) were collected in 4 villages of Shiqu county. Only Bartonella melophagi was detected in tick samples with a total prevalence of 30.1% (246/818). The infection rates of Bartonella spp. in ticks from Arizha, Maga, Derongma, and Changxgma were 4.8%, 76.8%, 12.5%, and 18.0% respectively. The infection rate of Bartonella spp. in Maga was higher (p< 0.01) than in other villages. Regarding plateau pika, the total infection rate of Bartonella spp was 24.1%, with 20.8% (15/72), 30.9% (25/81), 13.8% (9/65), and 29.4% (20/68) in Arizha, Maga, Derongma, and Changxgma respectively. Finally, B. queenslandensis, B. grahamii, and two unvalidated Bartonella species were detected. No significant difference was observed (p> 0.05) in the infection rates between these study sites.Conclusion: To date, only D. everestianus and H. qinghaiensis were found in Shiqu county with high infection of Bartonella spp. in the ticks and plateau pika. The threats of Bartonella species to the public health should be closely monitored.

scholarly journals Moleculare detection of Bartonella in ixodid ticks and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) in Shiqu county, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiancai Tang ◽  
Chengcheng Liu ◽  
Aiguo Yang ◽  
Dongbo Yuan ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Bartonella Species ◽  
Plateau Pika ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Dermacentor Everestianus

Abstract Background Bartonella bacteria have been associated with an increasingly wide range of human and animal diseases and were also recognized to be globally dispersed as emergent pathogens. Ticks and small rodents are known vectors of human and animal bartonellosis and play important roles in maintenance and circulation of bartonellae in nature. In China, Shiqu county is located on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and about 26 thousands square kilometers with an average altitude of above 4,200 meters and vast area of pastureland. In present study, the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in ticks and plateau pika was firstly investigated in Shiqu county.Results A total of 818 ticks ( Dermacentor everestianus , 79.0%, 646/818; Haemphysalis qinghaiensis , 21.0%, 172/818), were collected in 4 villages in Shiqu county. Only Bartonella melophagi was detected in tick samples with a total prevalence of 30.1% (246/818). Significant difference was observed (P<0.05) between D.everestianus (17.0%) and H.qinghaiensis (79.1%).The infection rates of Bartonella spp. in ticks from Arizha, Maga, Derongma and Changxgma villages were 4.8%, 76.8%, 12.5% and 18.0%, respectively. Compared with other villages, the infection rate of Bartonella spp. in Maga was higher (P<0.01). As for plateau pika, total infection rate of Bartonella spp was 24.1%, with 20.8% (15/72), 30.9% (25/81), 13.8% (9/65) and 29.4% (20/68) in Arizha, Maga, Derongma and Changxgma, respectively. Totally, B. queenslandensis , B.grahamii and two unvalidated Bartonella species were detected. No significant difference in infection rates was observed (P>0.05) between theses study sites. Conclusion At present, only D.everestianus and H.qinghaiensis were found in Shiqu county with high infection of Bartonella spp. in theses ticks and plateau pika. The threats to public health by these Bartonella species should be monitored.

scholarly journals Immediate vs. delayed toe-to-thumb transfer: Is the infection rate greater?

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (06) ◽  
pp. 434-439
Author(s):  
Matteo Ornelli ◽  
Giovanni Ruocco ◽  
Juste Kaciulyte ◽  
Lara Lazzaro ◽  
Nicola Felici
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Immediate Reconstruction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Toe Transfer ◽  
Delayed Reconstruction ◽  
Reconstruction Group

Abstract Background After loss of a thumb, the big toe is a possible donor site for reconstruction with wrap-around free flap and trimmed-toe transfer techniques. Early reconstructions seem to reduce the risk of post-operative infections, despite several studies that show different infection rates of the recipient site in immediate toe-to-hand transfer. The authors carried out a retrospective analysis of their experience in thumb reconstruction with big toe transfer and evaluated the results achieved with both immediate and delayed reconstructions in terms of infection occurrence. Patients and Methods From 2000 to 2017, patients who presented cut, crush and avulsion injuries in the thumb were selected and 33 toe-to-thumb transfers were performed. Patients were divided into two groups: in group A, patients underwent immediate reconstruction, while in group B delayed reconstructions were performed. The two groups received identical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Reliability of the immediate or delayed reconstruction was compared in terms of flap survival, requirement for a secondary intention healing and, in particular, rate of infection. Results 29 male and 4 female patients were treated. Toe-to-thumb transfers were performed in both groups: in group A, 8 wrap-around free flaps and 4 trimmed toe transfers; in group B, 11 wrap-around and 10 trimmed toe transfers. No flap loss occurred in either groups. No cases of infection were detected in the transferred toes. Conclusion For toe-to-thumb transfer, there are published reports of a wide range of infection rates of the recipient sites. The authors compared their results in terms of infection rate between immediate reconstruction, group A, and delayed reconstruction, group B. Immediate toe-to-thumb transfer showed equal success rates to delayed transfer. No statistically significant difference in risk of infection between the two groups was found. Results showed that the immediate reconstruction was as safe and reliable as the delayed one.

Biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Paulitz ◽  
C. S. Park ◽  
R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Linear Regressions

Nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum were obtained from surface-disinfested, symptomless cucumber roots grown in two raw (nonautoclaved) soils. These isolates were screened for pathogenicity and biological control activity against Fusarium wilt of cucumber in raw soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (F.o.c.). The influence of three isolates effective in inducing suppressiveness and three ineffective isolates on disease incidence over time was tested. The effective isolates reduced the infection rate (R), based on linear regressions of data transformed to loge (1/1 – y). Effective isolate C5 was added to raw soil infested with various inoculum densities of F.o.c. In treatments without C5, the increase in inoculum densities of F.o.c. decreased the incubation period of wilt disease, but there was no significant difference in infection rate among the inoculum density treatments. Isolate C5 reduced the infection rate at all inoculum densities of F.o.c. Various inoculum densities of C5 were added to raw soils infested with 1000 cfu/g of F.o.c. In the first trial, infection rates were reduced only in the treatment with 10 000 cfu/g of C5; in the second trial, infection rates were reduced in treatments with 10 000 and 30 000 cfu/g of C5.

Surgical Site Infection Rate Drops to 0% Using a Vacuum-Assisted Closure in Contaminated/ Dirty Infected Laparotomy Wounds

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Lozano-Balderas ◽  
Alejandro Ruiz-Velasco-Santacruz ◽  
Jose Antonio Diaz-Elizondo ◽  
Juan Antonio Gomez-Navarro ◽  
Eduardo Flores-Villalba
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Primary Closure ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Vacuum Assisted Closure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Delayed Closure

Wound site infections increase costs, hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. Techniques used for wounds management after laparotomy are primary, delayed primary, and vacuum-assisted closures. The objective of this study is to compare infection rates between those techniques in contaminated and dirty/ infected wounds. Eighty-one laparotomized patients with Class III or IV surgical wounds were enrolled in a three-arm randomized prospective study. Patients were allocated to each group with the software Research Randomizer® (Urbaniak, G. C, & Plous, S., Version 4.0). Presence of infection was determined by a certified board physician according to Centers for Disease Control's Criteria for Defining a Surgical Site Infection. Twenty-seven patients received primary closure, 29 delayed primary closure, and 25 vacuum-assisted closure, with no exclusions for analysis. Surgical site infection was present in 10 (37%) patients treated with primary closure, 5 (17%) with primary delayed closure, and 0 (0%) patients receiving vacuum-assisted closure. Statistical significance was found between infection rates of the vacuum-assisted group and the other two groups. No significant difference was found between the primary and primary delayed closure groups. The infection rate in contaminated/dirty-infected laparotomy wounds decreases from 37 and 17 per cent with a primary and delayed primary closures, respectively, to 0 per cent with vacuum-assisted systems.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidiosis In Man And Animals In Al-Tameem Province/ Iraq.

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-243
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul-Aziz Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Animal Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Infants And Young Children ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

This study was conducted on 790 stool samples from infants and young children up to ten years of age, suffering from acute diarrhea who attended Kirkuk Pediatric Hospital, from the beginning of August 1999 of July 2000. The animal study was carried on 160 lambs, 130 calves and 110 kids suffering from diarrhea in private veterinary clinics in Al-Tameem province.  The rate of acute cryptosporidiosis was (10%). There was no significant difference between the two sexes . It was higher in winter and spring than summer and autumn months .  The infection rate was higher among children in contact with poultry than those in contact with cattle and sheep and was lowest among those not in contacts with animals.  The distribution of cryptosporidiosis among domestic animals was as follows: in lambs, calves and kids the infection rates were 20%, 19.2% and 23.6% respectively.

Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Significant Difference

Previous records and new data on trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria are presented, and discussed in relation to the hosts fed on by this tsetse fly. The new observations were carried out in three areas: at Mando and Gamagira, both lying in a fly-belt north of Kaduna, and in the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi Province.Infection rates were obtained by dissection of flies, and the trypanosomes were identified by their locus; the validity of this method of identification is discussed. All infections withTrypanosomaspp. were attributable either to thevivaxgroup or to theconrgolensegroup; nobrucen-group trypanosomes were identified. More than 260 flies from each area were examined during March 1962, at the end of the dry season, and similar numbers during October 1962, at the end of the wet season.There was no significant difference between dry-season and wet-season infection rates in any area. Taking the two seasons together, the rate at Yankari (12%) was significantly higher than the rates at Mando (5%) and Gamagira (3%), which did not differ significantly. These contrasting infection rates could be related to the host species principally fed on by flies in the different areas as shown by blood-meal determinations. The lowest infection rates occurred where Suidae furnished a high proportion of meals (Mando, 51%; Gamagira, 67%) and Bovidae a small proportion (Mando, 16%; Gamagira, 9%). The high infection rate at Yankari was associated with a high proportion of Bovid meals (53%), especially from buffalo (Syncerus nanus) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and a lower proportion of Suid meals (33%). For the three areas the relationship between infection rate and percentage of Bovid meals was statistically significant.The species groups of infecting trypanosomes showed further contrasts between the three areas which were unrelated to the total infection rates. At Gamagira, 81 per cent, of infections werecongolensegroup, and this proportion was significantly higher than that at Mando (45%) or Yankari (37%). The differences could be related to the types of host from which blood-meals were principally derived. The highest proportion ofcongolense-group infections occurred where the highest percentage of meals came from Suidae (Gamagira, 67%), and lower proportions occurred at Mando and Yankari where Suid feeds were relatively fewer (51% and 33%, respectively).These findings are discussed in the light of existing evidence on the factors governing infection rates inGlossina. It is concluded that, within the over-riding influence exerted by temperature through geographical latitude, infection rates are determined by the type of host that forms the principal source of food. In some populations of Glossina the influence of the nature of the main food source can be sufficient to obscure the general effect of temperature in determining the level of infection. Some of the reasons for these relationships are discussed.

Prestorage Leukoreduction of Red Cells in Elective Cardiac Surgery: Results of a Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 380-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn K. Boshkov ◽  
Anthony Furnary ◽  
Cynthia Morris ◽  
Grace Chien ◽  
Donna VanWinkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Elective Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cabg Patients ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Between November 1999 and August 2002, consenting adult elective cardiac surgery patients at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, and St. Vincent’s Hospital who were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomized at admission to receive either prestorage leukoreduced red cells (PSL-RBCs) or standard red cells (S-RBCs) in a prospective double-blind fashion. Only data from those transfused were analyzed. Outcome measures included death at 60 days, 60 day infection rate, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Patients at all 3 institutions were operated on by the same group of cardiovascular surgeons. Given higher baseline infection rates for coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) randomization was stratified by CABG vs valve replacement (VR). All RBCs were issued with blinding hoods. All platelet transfusion were prestorage leukoreduced. RBC transfusion rates were 30% for CABG, 38 % for VR, and 63% for CABG + VR. Infections were determined by infection control nurses using standardized Centers for Disease Control criteria from hospital surveillance and records and follow-up phone calls. Deaths were determined from hospital records and follow-up calls, and verified by National Death Index data. The PSL-RBC arm included 304 patients and the S-RBC arm 258 patients. The two groups were well-matched demographically and by cardiovascular risk factors. Intent-to-treat analysis showed a 60 day mortality of 9.7% in the S-RBC arm and of 4.9% in the PSL-RBC arm (p=0.029). Heart failure as the sentinel cause of death accounted for most of the difference (45.5% of deaths in the S-RBC group vs 13.3% in the PSL-LR group). Death rates were procedure specific: CABG alone > CABG + VR > VR alone. There was no significant difference between the S-RBC and PSL-RBC groups with regard to overall infection rate at 60 days. Most infections were superficial wound infections in the CABG patients; however groups did not differ in more serious infections such as bacteremia (p=0.369) or pneumonia (p=0.360). There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to LOS exclusive of in-hospital deaths. Our results essentially replicate in a North American context those of a previous European trial (Van de Watering et al Circulation1998; 97:562) involving elective cardiac surgery patients undergoing CABG and/or VR surgery randomized to receive S-RBCs prepared by the European buffy coat method vs leukoreduced RBCs. Despite technical differences in RBC preparation, the excess deaths in both studies in the S-RBC group vs the leukoreduced group suggests that elective cardiac surgery patients undergoing CPB constitute an at-risk group both in the US and Europe which may benefit from use of PSL-RBC. The significance of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) in man has been the subject of intense controversy. Interestingly the cause of the increased mortality in the S-RBC group, both in this study and the European study, could not be explained by differences in infection rates. Given the preponderance of deaths in the CABG patients it is tempting to speculate this may reflect an interaction between residual passenger leukocytes and ischemia which is independent of the TH1/TH2 lymphocyte shift postulated to underlie TRIM.

scholarly journals Silent HumanTrypanosoma brucei gambienseInfections around the Old Gboko Sleeping Sickness Focus in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karshima Solomon Ngutor ◽  
Lawal A. Idris ◽  
Okubanjo Oluseyi Oluyinka
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Human Blood Samples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice ◽  
Group 1

Trypanosoma brucei gambiensecauses Gambian trypanosomosis, a disease ravaging affected rural parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. We screened 1200 human blood samples forT. b. gambienseusing the card agglutination test for trypanosomosis, characterized trypanosome isolates withTrypanosoma gambienseserum glycoprotein-PCR (TgsGP-PCR), and analyzed our data using Chi square and odds ratio at 95% confidence interval for statistical association. Of the 1200 samples, the CATT revealed an overall infection rate of 1.8% which ranged between 0.0% and 3.5% across study sites. Age and sex based infection rates ranged between 1.2% and 2.3%. We isolated 7 (33.3%) trypanosomes from the 21 seropositive samples using immunosuppressed mice which were identified asT. b. gambiensegroup 1 by TgsGP-PCR. Based on study sites, PCR revealed an overall infection rate of 0.6% which ranged between 0.0% and 1.5%. Females and males revealed PCR based infection rates of 0.3% and 0.8%, respectively. Infection rates in adults (1.3%) and children (0.1%) varied significantly (p<0.05). We observed silentT. b. gambienseinfections among residents of this focus. Risks of disease development into the second fatal stage in these patients who may also serve as reservoirs of infection in the focus exist.

scholarly journals THE ABUNDANCE OF BORRELIA INIXODID TICKS OF BAIKAL REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
O.V. Mel’nikova ◽  
◽  
Yu.N. Trushina ◽  
R.V. Adel’shin ◽  
N.V. Yakovchits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Baikal Region ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Taiga Tick ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Activity Season

Ixodid ticks (n=3714) from natural foci of Baikal Region (Irkutsk Region and Republic of Buryatia) have been examined for pathogenic Borrelia DNA during 2013-2010. On average 40.9 % of the samples were positive for Borrelia markers during the survey period; the range of variantion was – 32–55 %. The increasing of infection rate in ticks is traced in multi-year trends. During the ticks’ activity season, maximal infection rates have been noted at the end of the season (60 %), minimal – at the very beginning of the season (28,6 %) and on the peak of vectors’ abundance (36-39 %). The significant geographical, species and age differences have been detected in Borrelia infection rate of Ixodid ticks. Borrelia DNA have been detected considerably more often in taiga tick (the main vector of Ixodid tick borrelioses in Siberia) and in its nymphs more often, than in adult ticks. There was no difference in the infection rate of male and female ticks, and also between ticks, collected from the vegetation and from human and animals. The ratio og genotyped Borrelia species had been as follows: 64.2 % – B. garinii, 21,7 % – B. afzelii, 14,2 % – B. miyamotoi. Key words: Ixodid ticks, pathogenic Borrelia, PCR, genotyping, Baikal Region.

scholarly journals Quantitative Microbial Population Study Reveals Geographical Differences In Bacterial Symbionts of Ixodes Ricinus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra I. Krawczyk ◽  
Lisa Röttjers ◽  
Manoj Fonville ◽  
Katsuhisa Takumi ◽  
Willem Takken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background: Ixodes ricinus ticks vector pathogens that cause serious health concerns. Like in other arthropods, the microbiome may affect the tick’s biology with consequences for pathogen transmission. Here, we explored the bacterial communities of I. ricinus across its developmental stages and six geographic locations by the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, combined with quantification of the bacterial load. Results: A wide range of bacterial loads was found. Accurate quantification of low microbial biomass samples permitted comparisons to high biomass samples, despite the presence of contaminating DNA. The bacterial communities of ticks were associated with geographical location rather than life stage, and differences in Rickettsia abundance determined this association. Subsequently, we explored the geographical distribution of four vertically-transmitted symbionts identified in the microbiome analysis. For that, we screened 16,555 nymphs from 19 forest sites for Rickettsia helvetica, Rickettsiella spp., Midichloria mitochondrii, and Spiroplasma ixodetis. The infection rates of all vertically-transmitted symbionts differed between the study sites, and none of them was present in all tested ticks, suggesting facultative associations with I. ricinus. The proportions in which symbionts occurred in populations of I. ricinus were highly variable, but geographically close study sites expressed similar proportions. These patterns were in contrast to what we observed for the horizontally-transmitted pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Lastly, nearly 12% of tested nymphs were free of any targeted microorganisms, which is in line with the microbiome analyses.Conclusions: Our results show that the microbiome of I. ricinus is highly variable, but changes gradually and ticks originating from geographically close forest sites express similar bacterial communities. This suggests that geography-related factors affect the infection rates of vertically-transmitted symbionts in I. ricinus. Since some symbionts, such as R. helvetica can cause disease in humans, we propose that public health investigations consider geographical differences in its infection rates.

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