Dysbiosis of saliva microbiome in patients with oral lichen planus

Abstract Background : Oral microbiota is not only important for maintaining oral health but also plays a role in oral diseases. However, studies regarding microbiome changes in oral lichen planus(OLP)are very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the characteristic microbial profile in the saliva of OLP patients, with or without erosive lesions, and compare that with recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), a common oral immunological disorder that also shows multiple erosive/ulcerative lesions. Methods : Whole saliva samples were collected from 20 patients with OLP (10 each for erosive (E) and non-erosive (NE) groups), 10 patients with RAU (U group), and 10 healthy controls (C). DNA was extracted from the saliva samples, and the 16S rDNA gene V4 hypervariable region was analyzed using Illumina sequencing. Results were assessed with alpha- and beta-diversity, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size, and the data was analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation,Wilcoxon and Kruskal test. Results: We obtained 4949 operational taxonomic units from the V4 region in all saliva samples. Community composition analysis showed a clear decreased relative abundance of genera Streptococcus and Sphingomonas in saliva from RAU patients when compared to the other three groups. Relative abundance of Lautropia and Gemella were higher in E group,whereas relative abundance of Haemophilus and Neisseria were higher in NE group when compared to C group. Abiotrophia and Oribacterium were higher in OLP (combining E and NE groups), while Eikenella and Aggregatibacter were lower when compared to C group. There was statistically significance in α-diversity between E and RAU groups( p <0.05). Significant differences in β-diversity were detected in bacteria between E and C; NE and C; as well as E and NE groups. Conclusion： We found that salivary microbiome in OLP was significantly different from that found in RAU; and these changes may be related to the underlying disease process rather than presence of ulcerative/erosive lesions clinically. In addition, our findings in bacterial relative abundance in OLP were significantly different from the previously reported findings, which points to the need for further research in salivary microbiome of OLP.

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Cytokines Levels and Salivary Microbiome Play A Potential Role in Oral Lichen Planus Diagnosis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54615-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maria Fernanda Marques Silva de Carvalho ◽

Denise Cavalieri ◽

Sabrina Do Nascimento ◽

Talita Gomes Baeta Lourenço ◽

Danielle Viana Ribeiro Ramos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Epithelial Tissue ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Cytokine Analysis ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Oral Lichen

AbstractOral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic Th1-mediated inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of the skin and oral mucosa that can have various clinical presentations. Lesions are usually bilateral and often painful. While cutaneous Lichen Planus (LP) lesions are self-limiting, the oral lesions are chronic and rarely remissive. The diagnosis of oral lichen planus (OLP) is often challenging, and confirmation by histopathological criterion is generally advised. The aim of our study was to identify the cytokines present in OLP-suggestive lesions and in non-specific inflammatory lesions (NSIL) used as controls. Moreover, assess cytokines protein levels and oral microbiota composition in whole saliva samples. Histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry and gene expression were used as techniques to analyze the oral mucosal tissue samples. ELISA was conducted to analyze salivary cytokine levels and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to determine the salivary microbiome. As a result we observed larger number of infiltrated lymphocytes (p = 0.025), as well, more T CD4 lymphocytes in the epithelial tissue (p = 0.006) in OLP samples compared to NSIL. In addition, the OLP samples displayed more apoptotic cells compared to NSIL (p = 0.047). Regarding the cytokine analysis, IFN-γ and IL-33 were more expressed in OLP lesions than in NSIL samples (p < 0.001; p = 0.026). Furthermore, our results demonstrated higher levels of IFN-γ protein expression in the saliva of OLP group compared to controls (p = 0.0156). We also observed noted differences in the oral microbiota composition between OLP and NSIL saliva samples. In conclusion, OLP lesions presented larger numbers of apoptotic and inflammatory cells, higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-33 compared to NSIL, and these lesions also differ regarding oral microbiota composition. These results are consistent with the Th-1-mediated chronic inflammation nature of oral lichen planus investigated lesions and displayed unique features that could be used as a diagnostic tool.

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Is Topical Application of Hyaluronic Acid in Oral Lichen Planus Effective? A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10227988 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 7988

Author(s):

Corinna Bruckmann ◽

Rudolf Seemann ◽

Klemens Rappersberger ◽

Xiaohui Rausch-Fan ◽

Hady Haririan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Before And After ◽

Crossover Phase ◽

Lost To Follow Up ◽

Oral Lichen

Hyaluronic acid (HA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects and, thus, could be promising in the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of topical hyaluronic acid, compared to placebo, on salivary levels of calprotectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and bacteria, as well as clinical and subjective parameters. Fourteen patients with confirmed OLP were included. After random selection, patients started with either 0.2% hyaluronic acid or a placebo gel for 6 weeks. Following a wash-out period, the groups changed the application. Whole saliva, clinical parameters, and questionnaires were evaluated before and after the intervention, as well as after the crossover phase. Salivary calprotectin, IL-6, and inflammation-related bacteria were determined by ELISA and PCR, respectively. There were no significant differences in clinical or subjective outcome parameters, salivary levels of IL-6, calprotectin, or bacteria after the application of hyaluronic acid, compared to placebo. However, only nine patients completed the study, as five out of seven patients starting with placebo were lost to follow-up. Significant effects of HA on inflammatory mediators and clinical parameters in OLP patients could not be proven, although a trend in clinical severity improvement could be observed.

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The feasibility of monitoring NF-κB associated cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 in whole saliva for the malignant transformation of oral lichen planus

Molecular Carcinogenesis ◽

10.1002/mc.20113 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Nelson L. Rhodus ◽

Bin Cheng ◽

Sandra Myers ◽

Lindsay Miller ◽

Vu Ho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malignant Transformation ◽

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Oral Lichen

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p53 as a Neoplastic Biomarker in Patients with Erosive and Plaque Like Forms of Oral Lichen Planus

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1259 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah ◽

Farzaneh Agha-Hosseini

Keyword(s):

Clinical Significance ◽

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Control Group ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

The Mean ◽

Unstimulated Whole Saliva ◽

Oral Lichen ◽

Mean Concentration

ABSTRACT Aim Unstimulated whole salivary p53 was assessed in patients suffering from erosive and plaque-like form of oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and methods Eighteen patients with erosive form, 17 patients suffering from plaque-like form and 38 noninvolvement subjects were enrolled. The unstimulated whole saliva p53 level was assayed by ELISA. Results The mean concentration of salivary p53 was significantly higher in patients with plaque-like form compared to both patients with erosive form and the control group. Conclusion We conclude that plaque like form of OLP is important in view of the potential for malignancy and is not safety form. Clinical significance It seems that all forms of OLP must be considered accurately, should be followed up with biannual examinations, and if possible, assessment of salivary p53 every year. How to cite this article Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I. p53 as a Neoplastic Biomarker in Patients with Erosive and Plaque Like Forms of Oral Lichen Planus. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1):1-3.

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Comparative analysis of whole saliva proteomes for the screening of biomarkers for oral lichen planus

Inflammation Research ◽

10.1007/s00011-006-5145-8 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 405-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

L. -L. Yang ◽

X. -Q. Liu ◽

W. Liu ◽

B. Cheng ◽

M. -T. Li

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Oral Lichen

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Salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in oral lichen planus

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1080/09629350410001688530 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 131-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Sonja Pezelj-Ribaric ◽

Ivana Brekalo Prso ◽

Maja Abram ◽

Irena Glazar ◽

Gordana Brumini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽

Lichen Planus ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Clinical Forms ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Oral Lichen ◽

Necrosis Factor

OBJECTIVE: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, presenting in various clinical forms. The etiology of OLP is still unknown but mounting evidence points to the immunologic basis of this disorder.Aim: Our study was undertaken to quantify the salivary levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the reticular and the erosive/atrophic forms of OLP, compared with age-matched healthy control volunteers.Subjects and methods: Whole saliva from 40 patients with active lesions of OLP, as well as from 20 healthy persons, was investigated for the presence of TNF-α by enzyme immunoassay.Results: Salivary TNF-α levels were significantlly increased in patients with OLP in comparison with healthy subjects. The presence of TNF-α showed positive correlation to clinical forms of OLP, being significantly higher in the erosive/atrophic type than in the reticular type of disease.Conclusion: Saliva provides an ideal medium for the detection of pro-inflammatory markers of the oral cavity. In patients with OLP, TNF-α levels in saliva are elevated, correlating with the severity of illness. Salivary TNF-α analysis may be a useful diagnostic tool and a potential prognostic marker in OLP.

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Quantitative Analysis of Salivary TNF-αin Oral Lichen Planus Patients

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2015/283465 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. Malarkodi ◽

S. Sathasivasubramanian

Keyword(s):

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Mean Values ◽

Binomial Proportion ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B ◽

Oral Lichen

Objective. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level in oral lichen planus patients and to compare the levels of TNF-αbetween saliva and serum of OLP and controls.Methods. Serum and whole saliva from 30 patients with active lesions of oral lichen planus (OLP) and 30 healthy persons were investigated for the presence of TNF-αby enzyme immunoassay. Student’s independentt-test and two-sample binomial proportion test were used to calculate significance of the mean values of TNF-alpha in serum and saliva and to determine the proportions of the detected and nondetected samples in both groups.Results. Proportion of detection and the mean of detectability between saliva and serum of Group B show an almost equal value, which suggests that saliva can be a good alternate to serum to analyze TNF-αin oral lichen planus patients.

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