scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie Hicks ◽  
Julie A Long ◽  
Tom E Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Hpt Axis

Abstract Background: High egg producing hens ( HEPH ) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH ) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens ( LEPH ). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results: In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid ( HPT ) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells. Conclusions: Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects more prominent in LEPH. Responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol may be due to desensitization to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, due to up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the regulatory role of the HPT axis and beta-estradiol on ovulation rates in turkey hens.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie Hicks ◽  
Julie A Long ◽  
Tom E Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Hpt Axis

Abstract Background: High egg producing hens (HEPH) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens (LEPH). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results: In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells.Conclusions: Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects more prominent in LEPH. Responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol may be due to desensitization to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, due to up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the regulatory role of the HPT axis and beta-estradiol on ovulation rates in turkey hens.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie A. Hicks ◽  
Julie A. Long ◽  
Tom E. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Hpt Axis

Abstract Background High egg producing hens (HEPH) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens (LEPH). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells. Conclusions Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects more prominent in LEPH. Responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol may be due to desensitization to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, due to up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the regulatory role of the HPT axis and beta-estradiol on ovulation rates in turkey hens.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie Hicks ◽  
Julie A Long ◽  
Tom E Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Hpt Axis

Abstract Background: High egg producing hens ( HEPH ) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH ) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens ( LEPH ). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results: In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid ( HPT ) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells. Conclusions: Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects more prominent in LEPH. Responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol may be due to desensitization to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, due to up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the regulatory role of the HPT axis and beta-estradiol on ovulation rates in turkey hens.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie Hicks ◽  
Julie A Long ◽  
Tom E Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Hpt Axis

Abstract Background: High egg producing hens ( HEPH ) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH ) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens ( LEPH ). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results: In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid ( HPT ) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells. Conclusions: Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects more prominent in LEPH. Responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol may be due to desensitization to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, due to up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the regulatory role of the HPT axis and beta-estradiol on ovulation rates in turkey hens.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie Hicks ◽  
Julie A Long ◽  
Tom E Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
Differential Responsiveness ◽  
Hpt Axis

Abstract Background: High egg producing hens (HEPH) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens (LEPH). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results: In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells.Conclusions: Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Furthermore, thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone being more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects being more prominent in LEPH. Differential responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment may be due to desensitization of target genes to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, in response general up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the full role that the HPT axis and beta-estradiol upstream regulation play in egg production rates in turkey hens.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone receptor β2 is strongly up-regulated at all levels of the hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroidal axis during late embryogenesis in chicken

2007 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia V H Grommen ◽  
Lutgarde Arckens ◽  
Tim Theuwissen ◽  
Veerle M Darras ◽  
Bert De Groef
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Receptor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Hpt Axis

In this study, we tried to elucidate the changes in thyroid hormone (TH) receptor β2 (TRβ2) expression at the different levels of the hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroidal (HPT) axis during the last week of chicken embryonic development and hatching, a period characterized by an augmented activity of the HPT axis. We quantified TRβ2 mRNA in retina, pineal gland, and the major control levels of the HPT axis – brain, pituitary, and thyroid gland – at day 18 of incubation, and found the most abundant mRNA content in retina and pituitary. Thyroidal TRβ2 mRNA content increased dramatically between embryonic day 14 and 1 day post-hatch. In pituitary and hypothalamus, TRβ2 mRNA expression rose gradually, in parallel with increases in plasma thyroxine concentrations. Using in situ hybridization, we have demonstrated the presence of TRβ2 mRNA throughout the diencephalon and confirmed the elevation in TRβ2 mRNA expression in the hypophyseal thyrotropes. In vitro incubation with THs caused a down-regulation of TRβ2 mRNA levels in embryonic but not in post-hatch pituitaries. The observed expression patterns in pituitary and diencephalon may point to substantial changes in TRβ2-mediated TH feedback active during the perinatal period. The strong rise in thyroidal TRβ2 mRNA content could be indicative of an augmented modulation of thyroid development and/or function by THs toward and after hatching. Finally, THs proved to exert an age-dependent effect on pituitary TRβ2 mRNA expression.

scholarly journals Differences in in vitro responses of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal hormonal axis between low and high egg producing turkey hens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Julie A. Long ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Tom E. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Differential Responsiveness

ABSTRACTLow egg producing hens (LEPH) ovulate less frequently than high egg producing hens (HEPH) and exhibit differences in mRNA levels for components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, suggesting differential responsiveness to trophic stimulation. Ovulation frequency is governed by the production and feedback of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian follicle steroid hormones, which are regulated by HPG axis stimulation and inhibition at the hypothalamic level. Pituitary and follicle cells from LEPH and HEPH were subjected to in vitro hormonal treatments to stimulate or inhibit the HPG axis, followed by expression analysis of mRNA levels for HPG axis genes and radioimmunoassays for steroid hormone production. Statistical analysis was performed using the mixed models procedure of SAS. Pituitary cells from HEPH showed up-regulation of genes associated with ovulation stimulation, whereas LEPH cells showed up-regulation of genes associated with inhibition of ovulation. HEPH follicle cells displayed a higher sensitivity and responsiveness to gonadotropin treatment. Level of egg production impacted ovulation-related gene expression in pituitary cells as well as steroid hormone production in follicle cells, with HEPH displaying a greater positive response to stimulation. These findings indicate that differences in egg production among turkey hens likely involve differential responsiveness of the cells within the HPG axis.

Effect of the antioxidant TK 12627 (Irganox) on monodeiodination and on the levels of messenger ribonucleic acid of 5′-deiodinase type I and spot 14

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Liang ◽  
O Morin ◽  
AG Burger
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Triethylene Glycol ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Spot 14

Until now, most potent inhibitors of monodeiodination are iodinated, propylthiouracil being an exception. We report here studies on a new non-iodinated substance, triethylene glycol bis-3-(3-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl) propionate (TK 12627 or Irganox), which is used as a very efficient antioxidant in the chemistry of plastics. The studies were performed with 23 hypothyroid rats that received Irganox in their daily food (8 mg·day−1·(100 g body wt)−1) for 3 weeks. Thyroxine (T4) metabolism was studied by implanting minipumps delivering 2.3 nmol T4·dayℒ1·(100 g body wt)ℒ1 for 1 week. On day 1 before sacrifice, another minipump containing [125I]-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3, 2.6 μCi/day) and [131I]-3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT3, 2.1 μCi/day) was implanted. The results showed that with Irganox treatment serum T4 concentrations were higher (p<0.05). Serum T3 concentrations markedly decreased (1.07±0.07 vs 0.65±0.04 nmol/l), accompanied by a decrease of free T3 concentrations (p<0.001). Serum rT3 concentrations increased by 50% (p<0.001). Serum thyrotropin levels were mostly unmeasurable. The plasma clearance rate decreased slightly for T4 (19%, p<0.05) and remarkably for rT3 (46.7%, p<0.001). The conversion rate of T4 to rT3 did not change. Deiodinase type I (5′D-I) activity decreased in both liver and kidney tissues by 54% and 52%, respectively, and correlated with T3 (r2 = 0.79 and 0.65, respectively). Brain deiodinase type III (5D-III) was unchanged and type II (5′D-II) was unmeasurable. The relative abundance of 5′D-I messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels decreased by 40% in liver and 42% in kidney and it correlated with serum T3 levels also (r2 = 0.71 and 0.72, respectively). The amount of hepatic spot 14 mRNA also decreased by 41% (p<0.05); however, the abundance of hepatic beta-actin mRNA was not affected by the treatment. In an additional experiment. Irganox-treated rats received 2 nmol T3 ·day−1·(100 g body wt)−1; this treatment prevented the changes in mRNA levels of 5′D-I and spot 14 but did not prevent the decrease of 5′D-I activity in either liver or kidney. In vitro studies with liver microsomes showed that Irganox is a specific non-competitive inhibitor of 5′D-I activity, with a Ki of 12 μmol/l. These studies suggest that Irganox, by inhibiting 5′D-I activity, can effect thyroid hormone monodeiodination followed by changes of mRNA levels of some thyroid hormone-dependent target genes.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis During Follicle Development in Turkey Hens With Low and High Egg Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Brady ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Liu ◽  
Julie A. Hicks ◽  
Julie A. Long ◽  
Tom E. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Ovarian Steroidogenesis ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Hpt Axis ◽  
In Cells

Low and high egg producing hens exhibit gene expression differences related to ovarian steroidogenesis. High egg producing hens display increased expression of genes involved in progesterone and estradiol production, in the granulosa layer of the largest follicle (F1G) and small white follicles (SWF), respectively, whereas low egg producing hens display increased expression of genes related to progesterone and androgen production in the granulosa (F5G) and theca interna layer (F5I) of the fifth largest follicle, respectively. Transcriptome analysis was performed on F1G, F5G, F5I, and SWF samples from low and high egg producing hens to identify novel regulators of ovarian steroidogenesis. In total, 12,221 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between low and high egg producing hens across the four cell types examined. Pathway analysis implied differential regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, particularly thyroid hormone transporters and thyroid hormone receptors, and of estradiol signaling in low and high egg producing hens. The HPT axis showed up-regulation in high egg producing hens in less mature follicles but up-regulation in low egg producing hens in more mature follicles. Estradiol signaling exclusively exhibited up-regulation in high egg producing hens. Treatment of SWF cells from low and high egg producing hens with thyroid hormone in vitro decreased estradiol production in cells from high egg producing hens to the levels seen in cells from low egg producing hens, whereas thyroid hormone treatment did not impact estradiol production in cells from low egg producing hens. Transcriptome analysis of the major cell types involved in steroidogenesis inferred the involvement of the HPT axis and estradiol signaling in the regulation of differential steroid hormone production seen among hens with different egg production levels.

scholarly journals The Role of the FOXO1/β2-AR/p-NF-κB p65 Pathway in the Development of Endometrial Stromal Cells in Pregnant Mice under Restraint Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1478
Author(s):  
Jiayin Lu ◽  
Yaoxing Chen ◽  
Zixu Wang ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Yulan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Pregnant Mice

Restraint stress causes various maternal diseases during pregnancy. β2-Adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and Forkhead transcription factor class O 1 (FOXO1) are critical factors not only in stress, but also in reproduction. However, the role of FOXO1 in restraint stress, causing changes in the β2-AR pathway in pregnant mice, has been unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the β2-AR pathway of restraint stress and its impact on the oxidative stress of the maternal uterus. In the study, maternal mice were treated with restraint stress by being restrained in a transparent and ventilated device before sacrifice on Pregnancy Day 5 (P5), Pregnancy Day 10 (P10), Pregnancy Day 15 (P15), and Pregnancy Day 20 (P20) as well as on Non-Pregnancy Day 5 (NP5). Restraint stress augmented blood corticosterone (CORT), norepinephrine (NE), and blood glucose levels, while oestradiol (E2) levels decreased. Moreover, restraint stress increased the mRNA levels of the FOXO family, β2-AR, and even the protein levels of FOXO1 and β2-AR in the uterus and ovaries. Furthermore, restraint stress increased uterine oxidative stress level. In vitro, the protein levels of FOXO1 were also obviously increased when β2-AR was activated in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). In addition, phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (p-NF-κB p65) and its target genes decreased significantly when FOXO1 was inhibited. Overall, it can be said that the β2-AR/FOXO1/p-NF-κB p65 pathway was activated when pregnant mice were under restraint stress. This study provides a scientific basis for the origin of psychological stress in pregnant women.

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