Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Abstract Background Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in signal transduction in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous study we identified ten ZjMAPKs and five ZjMAPKKs in the Chinese jujube genome. We found some members of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs may play key roles in the plant’s response to phytoplasma infection. But how these ZjMAPKKs are modulated by ZjMAPKKKs during the response process remains uncertain. Little information is available regarding MAPKKKs in Chinese jujube. Results A total of 56 ZjMAPKKKs were identified in the jujube genome. All contain the key S-TKc (serine/threonine protein kinase) domain which is distributed among all 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses show these ZjMAPKKKs can be classified into two subfamilies. Of these, 41 belong to the Raf subfamily and 15 to the MEKK subfamily. In addition, the ZjMAPKKKs in each subfamily share the same conserved motifs and gene structures. Only one pair of ZjMAPKKKs (15/16, on Chromosome 5) was found to be tandem duplicated. Using qPCR, the expression profiles of these MAPKKKs were investigated in response to infection with phytoplasma. In the three main infected tissues (witches’ broom leaves, phyllody leaves, apparently normal leaves), ZjMAPKKK26 and 45 were significantly up-regulated and ZjMAPKKK3, 43 and 50 were significantly down-regulated. While the ZjMAPKKK4, 10, 25 and 44 were significantly and highly induced in sterile cultivated tissues infected by phytoplasma, while ZjMAPKKK6, 7, 17, 18, 30, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 46, 52 and 46 53 were significantly down-regulated. Conclusions For the first time, we present an identification and classification analysis of ZjMAPKKKs. Some ZjMAPKKKs genes possibly play key roles in response to phytoplasma infection. This study provides an initial understanding for the mechanisms through which ZjMAPKKKs are involved in the response of Chinese jujube to phytoplasma infection.

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Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

10.21203/rs.2.9872/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

ZhiGuo Liu ◽

Lixin Wang ◽

Chaoling Xue ◽

Yuetong Chu ◽

Weilin Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Kinase Domain ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Chinese Jujube ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Wide Range ◽

Phytoplasma Infection ◽

Gene Structures

Abstract Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in signal transduction in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous study, we identified ten ZjMAPKs and five ZjMAPKKs in the Chinese jujube genome. We found that some members of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs may play key roles in the plant’s response to phytoplasma infection. However, how these ZjMAPKKs are modulated by ZjMAPKKKs during the response process has not been elucidated. Little information is available regarding MAPKKKs in Chinese jujube.Results: A total of 56 ZjMAPKKKs were identified in the jujube genome. All of these kinases contain the key S-TKc (serine/threonine protein kinase) domain, which is distributed among all 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses show that these ZjMAPKKKs can be classified into two subfamilies. Specifically, 41 ZjMAPKKKs belong to the Raf subfamily, and 15 belong to the MEKK subfamily. In addition, the ZjMAPKKKs in each subfamily share the same conserved motifs and gene structures. Only one pair of ZjMAPKKKs (15/16, on chromosome 5) was found to be tandemly duplicated. Using qPCR, the expression profiles of these MAPKKKs were investigated in response to infection with phytoplasma. In the three main infected tissues (witches’ broom leaves, phyllody leaves, and apparently normal leaves), ZjMAPKKK26 and -45 were significantly upregulated, and ZjMAPKKK3, -43 and -50 were significantly downregulated. ZjMAPKKK4, -10, -25 and -44 were significantly and highly induced in sterile cultivated tissues infected by phytoplasma, while ZjMAPKKK6, -7, -17, -18, -30, -34, -35, -37, -40, -41, -43, -46, -52 and -53 were significantly downregulated.Conclusions: For the first time, we present an identification and classification analysis of ZjMAPKKKs. Some ZjMAPKKK genes may play key roles in the response to phytoplasma infection. This study provides an initial understanding of the mechanisms through which ZjMAPKKKs are involved in the response of Chinese jujube to phytoplasma infection.

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Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their response to phytoplasma stress in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

10.21203/rs.2.9872/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

ZhiGuo Liu ◽

Lixin Wang ◽

Chaoling Xue ◽

Yuetong Chu ◽

Weilin Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Duplication Event ◽

Kinase Domain ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Chinese Jujube ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Phytoplasma Infection ◽

Gene Structures

Abstract Backgrounds Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in signal transduction in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In the previous study we have identified 10 ZjMAPKs and 5 ZjMAPKKs in Chinese jujube genome and found some crucial members of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs might function importantly in the process of phytoplasma infection. But how these ZjMAPKKs were modulated by ZjMAPKKKs during this process is still elusive and little information is known about the MAPKKKs in Chinese jujube. Results In the current study, 56 ZjMAPKKKs were identified in the jujube genome and all of them contain the key S-TKc (serine/threonine protein kinase) domain which distributed in all 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these ZjMAPKKKs could be classified into two subfamilies, of which 41 belonged to Raf, and 15 to MEKK subfamily. In addition, the ZjMAPKKKs in each subfamily share the same conserved motifs and gene structures, one pair of ZjMAPKKKs (15/16) was the only tandem duplication event on Chromosome 5. Furthermore, the expression profiles of these MAPKKKs in response to phytoplasma disease were investigated by qPCR. In the three main infected tissues (witches’ broom leaves, phyllody leaves, apparent normal leaves), the ZjMAPKKK26 and 45 were significantly up regulated and the ZjMAPKKK3, 43 and 50 were down regulated. While the ZjMAPKKK4, 10, 25 and 44 were significant highly induced in the sterile cultivated tissues infected by phytoplasma, and the ZjMAPKKK7, 30, 35, 37, 40, 41, 43 and 46 were significantly down regulated. Conclusions The identification and classification analysis of ZjMAPKKKs was firstly reported and some key individual ZjMAPKKKs genes might play essential roles in response to phytoplasma infection. This could provide initial understanding for the mechanism that how the ZjMAPKKKs were involved in jujube - phytoplasma infection.

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Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their response to phytoplasma stress in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

10.21203/rs.2.9872/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

ZhiGuo Liu ◽

Lixin Wang ◽

Chaoling Xue ◽

Yuetong Chu ◽

Weilin Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Duplication Event ◽

Kinase Domain ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Chinese Jujube ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Phytoplasma Infection ◽

Gene Structures

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Three Main Genes in the MAPK Cascade Involved in the Chinese Jujube-Phytoplasma Interaction

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10050392 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 392 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhiguo Liu ◽

Zhihui Zhao ◽

Chaoling Xue ◽

Lixin Wang ◽

Lili Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Profiles ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Chinese Jujube ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽

Broom Disease ◽

Phytoplasma Infection

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important economic forest species and multipurpose fruit tree in the family of Rhamnaceae. Phytoplasmas are significant prokaryotic pathogens, associated with more than 1000 plant diseases. Jujube witches’ broom disease (JWB) is a typical phytoplasma disease, caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly universal signal transduction modules and play crucial roles in regulating innate immune responses in plants. Thus, in the current study, systematical expression profiles of 10 ZjMPK and 4 ZjMPKK genes were conducted in plantlets with JWB disease, plantlets recovered from JWB disease, the tissues showing different disease symptoms, and resistant/susceptible cultivars infected by JWB phytoplasma. We found that most ZjMPK and ZjMKK genes exhibited significant up- or down-regulation expression under phytoplasma infection, but the top three differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were ZjMPK2, ZjMKK2 and ZjMKK4, which showed the biggest times of gene’s significant difference expression in all materials. Based on STRING database analysis, ZjMKK2 and ZjMPK2 were involved in the same plant-pathogen interaction pathway, and Yeast two-hybrid screening showed that ZjMKK2 could interact with ZjMPK2. Finally, we deduced a pathway of jujube MAPK cascades which response to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’ infection. Our study presents the first gene-family-wide investigation on the systematical expression analysis of MAPK and MAPKK genes in Chinese jujube under phytoplasma infection. These results provide valuable information for the further research on the signaling pathway of phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube.

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MSK1 activity is controlled by multiple phosphorylation sites

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20041501 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 387 (2) ◽

pp. 507-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

Claire E. McCOY ◽

David G. CAMPBELL ◽

Maria DEAK ◽

Graham B. BLOOMBERG ◽

J. Simon C. ARTHUR

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

P38 Mapk ◽

Kinase Domain ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Extracellular Signal ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Ribosomal S6 Kinase ◽

In Cells

MSK1 (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase) is a kinase activated in cells downstream of both the ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades. In the present study, we show that, in addition to being phosphorylated on Thr-581 and Ser-360 by ERK1/2 or p38, MSK1 can autophosphorylate on at least six sites: Ser-212, Ser-376, Ser-381, Ser-750, Ser-752 and Ser-758. Of these sites, the N-terminal T-loop residue Ser-212 and the ‘hydrophobic motif’ Ser-376 are phosphorylated by the C-terminal kinase domain of MSK1, and their phosphorylation is essential for the catalytic activity of the N-terminal kinase domain of MSK1 and therefore for the phosphorylation of MSK1 substrates in vitro. Ser-381 is also phosphorylated by the C-terminal kinase domain, and mutation of Ser-381 decreases MSK1 activity, probably through the inhibition of Ser-376 phosphorylation. Ser-750, Ser-752 and Ser-758 are phosphorylated by the N-terminal kinase domain; however, their function is not known. The activation of MSK1 in cells therefore requires the activation of the ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK cascades and does not appear to require additional signalling inputs. This is in contrast with the closely related RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) proteins, whose activity requires phosphorylation by PDK1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1) in addition to phosphorylation by ERK1/2.

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KSR1 Modulates the Sensitivity of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation in T Cells without Altering Fundamental System Outputs

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.01634-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 2082-2091 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Joseph Lin ◽

Angus Harding ◽

Emanuele Giurisato ◽

Andrey S. Shaw

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Mapk Activation ◽

Cell Fate Decisions ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Wide Range ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein

ABSTRACT Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that regulate cell fate decisions. They generate a wide range of signal outputs, including graded and digital responses. In T cells, MAPK activation is digital in response to T-cell-receptor stimulation; however, whether other receptors on T cells that lead to MAPK activation are graded or digital is unknown. Here we evaluate MAPK activation in T cells at the single-cell level. We show that T cells responded digitally to stimulation with superantigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells, whereas they responded in a graded manner to the chemokine SDF-1, demonstrating that the system output of the MAPK module is highly plastic and determined by components upstream of the MAPK module. These findings also confirm that different MAPK system outputs are used by T cells to control discrete biological functions. Scaffold proteins are essential for proper MAPK signaling and function as they physically assemble multiple components and regulators of MAPK cascades. We found that the scaffold protein KSR1 regulated the threshold required for MAPK activation in T cells without affecting the nature of the response. We conclude that KSR1 plays a central role in determining the sensitivity of T-cell responses and is thus well positioned as a key control point.

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Suppressors of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae pkc1 mutation identify alleles of the phosphatase gene PTC1 and of a novel gene encoding a putative basic leucine zipper protein.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/141.4.1275 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 141 (4) ◽

pp. 1275-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K N Huang ◽

L S Symington

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Leucine Zipper ◽

Mapk Pathway ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Growth Defect ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Basic Leucine Zipper ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Synthetically Lethal

Abstract The PKC1 gene product, protein kinase C, regulates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, which is implicated in cell wall metabolism. Previously, we identified the pkc1-4 allele in a screen for mutants with increased rates of recombination, indicating that PKC1 may also regulate DNA metabolism. The pkc1-4 allele also conferred a temperature-sensitive (ts) growth defect. Extragenic suppressors were isolated that suppress both the ts and hyperrecombination phenotypes conferred by the pkc1-4 mutation. Eight of these suppressors for into two complementation groups, designated KCS1 and KCS2. KCS1 was cloned and found to encode a novel protein with homology to the basic leucine zipper family of transcription factors. KCS2 is allelic with PTC1, a previously identified type 2C serine/threonine protein phosphatase. Although mutation of either KCS1 or PTC1 causes little apparent phenotype, the kcs1 delta ptc1 delta double mutant fails to grow at 30 degrees. Furthermore, the ptc1 deletion mutation is synthetically lethal in combination with a mutation in MPK1, which encodes a MAPK homologue proposed to act in the PKC1 pathway. Because PTC1 was initially isolated as a component of the Hog1p MAPK pathway, it appears that these two MAPK cascades share a common regulatory feature.

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Exercise-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2004346 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 227-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Yun Chau Long ◽

Ulrika Widegren ◽

Juleen R. Zierath

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Muscle Contraction ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Mapk Cascades ◽

Extracellular Signal ◽

Mapk Signalling ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Response To Exercise

Exercise training improves glucose homeostasis through enhanced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Muscle contraction through physical exercise is a physiological stimulus that elicits multiple biochemical and biophysical responses and therefore requires an appropriate control network. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways constitute a network of phosphorylation cascades that link cellular stress to changes in transcriptional activity. MAPK cascades are divided into four major subfamilies, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, p38 MAPK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5. The present review will present the current understanding of parallel MAPK signalling in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise and muscle contraction, with an emphasis on identifying potential signalling mechanisms responsible for changes in gene expression.

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Naringenin: A Promising Therapeutic Agent against Organ Fibrosis

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2021/1210675 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Yanfei Du ◽

Jun Ma ◽

Yu Fan ◽

Xinyu Wang ◽

Shuzhan Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fibrotic Disorders ◽

Organ Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the final common pathology of most chronic diseases as seen in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and skin and contributes to nearly half of death in the developed countries. Fibrosis, or scarring, is mainly characterized by the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by myofibroblasts. Despite immense efforts made in the field of organ fibrosis over the past decades and considerable understanding of the occurrence and development of fibrosis gained, there is still lack of an effective treatment for fibrotic diseases. Therefore, identifying a new therapeutic strategy against organ fibrosis is an unmet clinical need. Naringenin, a flavonoid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, has been found to confer a wide range of pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer benefits and thus potentially exerting preventive and curative effects on numerous diseases. In addition, emerging evidence has revealed that naringenin can prevent the pathogenesis of fibrosis in vivo and in vitro via the regulation of various pathways that involved signaling molecules such as transforming growth factor-β1/small mother against decapentaplegic protein 3 (TGF-β1/Smad3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), sirtuin1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Targeting these profibrotic pathways by naringenin could potentially become a novel therapeutic approach for the management of fibrotic disorders. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the antifibrotic roles of naringenin in vivo and in vitro and their underlying mechanisms of action. As a food derived compound, naringenin may serve as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of fibrotic disorders.

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MAPK cascade gene family in Camellia sinensis: In-silico identification, expression profiles and regulatory network analysis

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07030-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Archita Chatterjee ◽

Abhirup Paul ◽

G. Meher Unnati ◽

Ruchika Rajput ◽

Trisha Biswas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Regulatory Network ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Mapk Cascade ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Functional Study ◽

A Genome ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein

Abstract Background Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade is a fundamental pathway in organisms for signal transduction. Though it is well characterized in various plants, there is no systematic study of this cascade in tea. Result In this study, 5 genes of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MKK) and 16 genes of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MPK) in Camellia sinensis were found through a genome-wide search taking Arabidopsis thaliana as the reference genome. Also, phylogenetic relationships along with structural analysis which includes gene structure, location as well as protein conserved motifs and domains, were systematically examined and further, predictions were validated by the results. The plant species taken for comparative study clearly displayed segmental duplication, which was a significant candidate for MAPK cascade expansion. Also, functional interaction was carried out in C. sinensis based on the orthologous genes in Arabidopsis. The expression profiles linked to various stress treatments revealed wide involvement of MAPK and MAPKK genes from Tea in response to various abiotic factors. In addition, the expression of these genes was analysed in various tissues. Conclusion This study provides the targets for further comprehensive identification, functional study, and also contributed for a better understanding of the MAPK cascade regulatory network in C. sinensis.

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